September theme: Community 🏘️
Teaser
complete, supply, full, poly-, folk, filbert
Full Text
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Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁- to fill, full, numerous
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Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁ti
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Hellenic
- Classical Greek πλῆτο plêto
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Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁st sigma perfective
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Proto-Indo-European *h₁n̥-pleh₁st "in-fill"
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Indo-Iranian *HápraHt
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Indo-Aryan
- Sanskrit 𑀅𑀧𑁆𑀭𑀸𑀢𑁆 áprāt to fill
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Proto-Indo-European *pípleh₁ti reduplicate imperfective
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Hellenic
- Classical Greek πίμπλημι pímplēmi I fill, I satisfy
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Indo-Iranian *píparti
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Indo-Aryan
- Sanskrit 𑀧𑀺𑀧𑀭𑁆𑀢𑀺 píparti to fill, to satisfy, to fulfil, to inflate, to blow
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Iranian
- Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬨𐬞𐬁𐬟𐬭𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬌
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Proto-Indo-European *pl̥néh₁ti nasal infix imperfective
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Indo-Iranian *pr̥náHti
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Indo-Aryan
- Sanskrit 𑀧𑀾𑀡𑀸𑀢𑀺 pṛnā́ti fulfill, nourish, inflate
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Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁yeti ye imperfective
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Italic *plējezi
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Latin plēre to fill, to fulfill
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Latin complēre to fill up, to complete
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Latin *accomplēre
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Old French
- French accomplir to accomplish, to achieve
- English accomplish
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Central Romance
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Italian compiere to finish, to complete, to reach an age
- English comply
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Western Romance
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Spanish cumplir to fulfill, to complete, to reach an age
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Spanish cumplimiento compliance, completion, formality
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Italian complimento ceremony, congratulations, compliment
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French compliment compliment
- English compliment
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Latin complētus
- English complete
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Latin complēmentum complement (that which completes)
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French complément complement
- English complement
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Latin dēplēre to empty out, to drain, to exhaust
- English deplete
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Latin explēre to fill out
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Latin explētus filled out, completed
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Latin explētīvus serving to fill out, filler
- English expletive
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Latin implēre to fill up, to satisfy, to fulfill
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Central Romance
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Italian empire to fill, to overflow archaic
- Italian riempire to fill in, to fill up, to stuff, to heap
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Eastern Romance
- Romanian umple to fill, to stuff, to cram
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Western Romance
- French emplir to fill
- Spanish henchir to swell, to fill
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Latin implēmentum
- English implement
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Latin replēre to fill again, to replenish, to restore, to satisfy
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Latin replētus refilled, satisfied
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Western Romance
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Old French
- French replet plump, chubby
- English replete
- Spanish repleto replete, full
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Latin supplēre to make up for, to replace, to fill up, to supply, to supplement
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Central Romance
- Italian sopperire to provide (for)
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Old French souploier
- French suppléer to supply, to replace
- English supply
- Spanish suplir to substitute, to supply, to eke out
- Italian supplire to stand in (for), to make up (for)
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Latin supplēmentum
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Western Romance
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French supplément supplement
- English supplement
- Spanish suplemento supplement
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Latin amplus large, spacious, magnificent
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Central Romance
- Italian ampio wide, broad, loose, spacious
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Western Romance
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French ample plentiful, abundant, ample
- English ample
- Spanish ancho wide, broad, proud
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- Welsh ami frequent
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Proto-Indo-European *pelh₁sḱéti iterative
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Proto-Indo-European *h₁én-pelh₁sḱéti in-filling
- Old Armenian յեղց yełcʿ full
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Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₁dʰwḗh₁s
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Hellenic
- Classical Greek πλῆθος plêthos large number, majority, crowd, mob, general public
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Italic *plēðūs
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Latin plēbs plebeians, common people
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Central Romance
- Italian pieve rural parish church
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Brythonic *pluïβ
- Welsh plwyf parish, community, poor relief
- English pleb
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French plèbe
- English plebe
- Italian plebe common people, rabble, riff raff
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Latin plēbēius
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Medieval Latin plebeianus
- English plebeian
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Latin plēbiscītum
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French plébiscite
- English
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Italic *plēðros
- Oscan 𐌐𐌋𐌝𐌚𐌓𐌉𐌊𐌔 plífriks plebeian
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Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₁nós full
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Balto-Slavic *pílˀnas full
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Baltic
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East Baltic
- Lithuanian pìlnas full
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Slavic *pьlnъ full
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East Slavic
- Russian полный polnyj full, complete, perfect, stout
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South Slavic
- Serbo-Croatian пун pun full, compelte, occupied, plump
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West Slavic
- Polish pełny full
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Celtic *ɸlānos full
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Brythonic *lọn full
- Welsh llawn full, abundant, fully, very
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Old Irish lán full
- Irish lán full
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Germanic *fullaz full, whole, entire
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East Germanic
- Gothic 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌻𐍃 fulls full, whole, entire
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North Germanic
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Old Norse fullr full
- Danish fuld full, complete, drunk
- Icelandic fullur full, drunk
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West Germanic *full
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Old English full full, complete, entire
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Middle English ful full, very
- English full
- Scots fou full, well-fed, drunk
- Yola vull full
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Frankish
- Dutch vol full
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Old High German foll full
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Old High German Follberht personal name: Fully-Bright
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German Vollbrecht
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English Fulbright
- English Fulbright Program
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Middle High German voll
- German voll full, drunk
- Yiddish פֿול ful full
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Finnic *pullas round, thick
- Finnish pullea plump, round
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Samic *polnē hill, mound
- Northern Sami boldni
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Germanic *fullijaną to fill, to make full
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East Germanic
- Gothic 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 fulljan to fill
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North Germanic
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Old Norse fylla to fill, to complete
- Danish fylde to fill, to load, to reach an age, to stuff (cooking)
- Icelandic fylla to fill
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West Germanic *fullijan
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Old English fyllan to fill
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Middle English
- English fill
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Old English fullfyllan to fulfill
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Middle English
- English fulfill
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Frankish
- Dutch vullen to fill
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Old High German fullen to fill
- German füllen to fill, to stuff (cooking)
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Indo-Iranian *pr̥Hnás full, filled
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Indo-Aryan *pr̥Hnás
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Sanskrit 𑀧𑀽𑀭𑁆𑀡 pūrṇá filled, complete, past, satisfied, powerful, selfish
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Magadhi
- Bengali পূর্ণ purnô full, whole, complete
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Sauraseni
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Hindustani
- Hindi पूरा pūrā whole, complete, fulfilled
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Northwestern Sauraseni
- Punjabi ਪੂਰਾ pūrā
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- Pali puṇṇa
- Telugu పూర్ణము pūrṇamu full, complete, powerful, pie filling
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Sanskrit 𑀧𑀽𑀭𑁆𑀡𑀺𑀫𑀸 pūrṇimā (day/night of) full moon
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Sauraseni
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Pali
- Malay purnama moon
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Iranian *pr̥Hnáh
- Avestan 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬀
- Pashto پر pur
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Northern Iranian
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Saka *purrəh
- Khotani purrä
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Western Iranian
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Northwestern Iranian
- Kurdish pir piř very
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Old Persian *𐎱𐎼𐎴 *purna
- Persian پر por full
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Italic *plēnos
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Latin plēnus full, satisfied, plump
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Central Romance
- Italian pieno full
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Insular Romance
- Sardinian prenu full
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Eastern Romance
- Romanian plin full
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Western Romance
- French plein full, plenty, solid, mid-
- Spanish lleno full
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Latin plenitas fullness, abundance
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Western Romance
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Old French plenté fullness, abundance
- English plenty
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Latin plēnitūdō fullness, abundance
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Western Romance
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French plénitude plentitude, fullness
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English plenitude
- English plentitude
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- Spanish plenitud plentiude
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Latin plēnārius full, complete, absolute
- French plénier complete, entire, plenary
- English plenary
- Italian plenario plenary
- Spanish plenario plenary
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Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁ros full
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Italic *plēros
- Latin plērus most, almost all
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Proto-Indo-European *pléh₁res?
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Hellenic
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Classical Greek πλήρης plḗrēs full, complete
- Greek πλήρης plíris full, complete
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Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₁tós full
- Albanian plotë full
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Indo-Iranian *praHtás
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Indo-Aryan
- Sanskrit 𑀧𑁆𑀭𑀸𑀢 prātá
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Proto-Indo-European *pélh₁us full, much, many Caland adjective
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Germanic *feluz
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Germanic *felu many, much, very
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West Germanic
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Frankish *filo
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Frankish *Filoberht personal name: Very-Bright
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Old French Filibert
- French Philibert spelling altered by association with Philippe, etc.
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Old French nois de filbert hazelnut ripen around St. Philibert's Day
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Middle English filbert-note hazelnut
- English filbert
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- Dutch veel many, much, frequently
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Proto-Indo-European *polh₁ús much, many
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Hellenic *polús
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Hellenic *polúpos
- Mycenaean Greek 𐀡𐀬𐀡𐀆 po-ru-po-de octopus
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Classical Greek πολύπους polúpous
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Latin polypus
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Central Romance
- Italian polpo octopus
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Western Romance
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Old French *puelve
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French pieuvre octopus
- Italian piovra
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- Spanish pulpo octopus
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- English polyp
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Classical Greek πολῠ́ς polús many
- English poly-
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Classical Greek πλείων pleíōn more
- English Pl(e)iocene
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Classical Greek πλεῖστος pleîstos most
- English Pleistocene
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Proto-Indo-European pléh₁yōs very many, very full, more
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Italic *plēōs
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Latin plūs more
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Central Romance
- Italian più more
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Western Romance
- French plus more
- English plus
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Latin plūrālis plural, moreness
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Old French plurel
- French pluriel
- English plural
- Italian plural
- Spanish plural
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Latin manipulus handful, team, maniple (pre-Marian tactical unit)
- English maniple
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Proto-Indo-European *ploh₁us
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Proto-Indo-European *dwiploh₁us two-filled, double, ambivalent, doubtful
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Germanic *twīflaz doubt
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East Germanic
- Gothic 𐍄𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍆𐌻 tweifl doubt
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West Germanic
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Frankish
- Dutch twijfel doubt
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Old High German zwīfal doubt
- German Zweifel doubt
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Old Saxon
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Middle Low German twīvel doubt
- Danish tvivl doubt
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Hellenic
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Classical Greek δῐπλόος diplóos two-fold, folded in half, double, compound, doubtful
- Greek διπλός diplós two-fold, double, dual
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Classical Greek δῐ́πλωμᾰ díplōma doubled thing, folded paper, double pot
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Latin diplōma letter of recommendation, diploma
- English diploma
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Latin diplōmaticus related to a letter of recommendation, diplomatic
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French diplomatique
- English diplomatic
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French diplomate diplomat back-formed
- English diplomat
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Italic *dwiplos
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Latin duplus double
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Central Romance
- Italian doppio double, dual, two-faced
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Insular Romance
- Sardinian dopiu
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Western Romance
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French double
- English double
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German doppeln to double
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German doppel-
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German Doppelgänger
- English doppelganger
- Japanese ドッペルゲンガー dopperugengā
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- Spanish doble
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- English duple
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Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₁yós
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Old Armenian լի li full, abundant, perfect, whole
- Armenian լի li full, packed, abundant, rich
- Old Armenian լնում lnum to fill, to load, to complete, to spread
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Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₁gos
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Pre-Germanic *pulkaz
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Germanic *fulką folk
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North Germanic
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Old Norse fólk people
- Danish folk people, men, crew
- Icelandic fólk people
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West Germanic
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Old English folc people, nation, tribe, crowd
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English folk
- English filk
- Scots fowk folk, people
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Frankish *folk
- Dutch volk people, nation, tribe, common folk, working classes
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Vulgar Latin *fulcus
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Central Romance
- Italian folla crowd, mob, host
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Western Romance
- French foule crowd, multitude, host
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Old High German folk
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German Volk people, nation, tribe, common folk, working classes, crowd, swarm, hive
- Translingual Volkswagen
- Yiddish פֿאָלק
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Germanic *fulkiją collection of people, band, company, troop
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North Germanic
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Old Norse fylki district, county, shire, battalion
- Danish fylke county
- Icelandic fylki province, county, state, matrix, array
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West Germanic
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Old English fylċe
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Old English fylċian to marshall troops
- English filch
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Germanic *fulkijaz
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North Germanic
- Old Norse fylkir chief, king
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Balto-Slavic pulkas
- Lithuanian pul̃kas flock, crowd, regiment
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Slavic *pъlkъ
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East Slavic пълъкъ pŭlŭkŭ
- Russian полк regiment
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South Slavic
- Serbo-Croatian пу̑к pȗk folk, people
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West Slavic
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Polish pułk regiment
- German Pulk mob, throng, crowd
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Proto-Indo-European ?
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Hellenic
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Classical Greek πλήθω plḗthō I am full, I swell
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Classical Greek πληθώρη plēthṓrē fullness
- Greek πληθώρα plithóra
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Latin plēthōra plethora
- English plethora
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Proto-Indo-European *pelh₁nuti "~not-fulling?"
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Old Armenian հեղում hełum pour, pour out, empty. spread, shed
- Armenian հեղել hełel to spill
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Visual
Collected English words
polyp, comply, compliment, complete, complement, accomplish, deplete, expletive, implement, replete, supply, supplement, ample, pleb, plebe, plebeian, None, full, fill, fulfill, plenty, plenitude, plentitude, plenary, poly-, Pl(e)iocene, Pleistocene, plus, plural, maniple, folk, filk, Volkswagen, filch, plethora, diploma, diplomatic, diplomat, double, doppelganger, duple, Fulbright, filbert, Fulbright Program