September theme: Community 🏘️

Teaser

complete, supply, full, poly-, folk, filbert

Full Text

• Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁- to fill, full, numerous

  • Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁ti

    • Hellenic

      • Classical Greek πλῆτο plêto
  • Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁st sigma perfective

    • Proto-Indo-European *h₁n̥-pleh₁st "in-fill"

      • Indo-Iranian *HápraHt

        • Indo-Aryan

          • Sanskrit 𑀅𑀧𑁆𑀭𑀸𑀢𑁆 áprāt to fill
  • Proto-Indo-European *pípleh₁ti reduplicate imperfective

    • Hellenic

      • Classical Greek πίμπλημι pímplēmi I fill, I satisfy
    • Indo-Iranian *píparti

      • Indo-Aryan

        • Sanskrit 𑀧𑀺𑀧𑀭𑁆𑀢𑀺 píparti to fill, to satisfy, to fulfil, to inflate, to blow
      • Iranian

        • Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬨𐬞𐬁𐬟𐬭𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬌
  • Proto-Indo-European *pl̥néh₁ti nasal infix imperfective

    • Indo-Iranian *pr̥náHti

      • Indo-Aryan

        • Sanskrit 𑀧𑀾𑀡𑀸𑀢𑀺 pṛnā́ti fulfill, nourish, inflate
  • Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁yeti ye imperfective

    • Italic *plējezi

      • Latin plēre to fill, to fulfill

        • Latin complēre to fill up, to complete

          • Latin *accomplēre

            • Old French

              • French accomplir to accomplish, to achieve
              • English accomplish
          • Central Romance

            • Italian compiere to finish, to complete, to reach an age

              • English comply
          • Western Romance

            • Spanish cumplir to fulfill, to complete, to reach an age

              • Spanish cumplimiento compliance, completion, formality

                • Italian complimento ceremony, congratulations, compliment

                  • French compliment compliment

                    • English compliment
          • Latin complētus

            • English complete
          • Latin complēmentum complement (that which completes)

            • French complément complement

              • English complement
        • Latin dēplēre to empty out, to drain, to exhaust

          • English deplete
        • Latin explēre to fill out

          • Latin explētus filled out, completed

            • Latin explētīvus serving to fill out, filler

              • English expletive
        • Latin implēre to fill up, to satisfy, to fulfill

          • Central Romance

            • Italian empire to fill, to overflow archaic

              • Italian riempire to fill in, to fill up, to stuff, to heap
          • Eastern Romance

            • Romanian umple to fill, to stuff, to cram
          • Western Romance

            • French emplir to fill
            • Spanish henchir to swell, to fill
          • Latin implēmentum

            • English implement
        • Latin replēre to fill again, to replenish, to restore, to satisfy

          • Latin replētus refilled, satisfied

            • Western Romance

              • Old French

                • French replet plump, chubby
                • English replete
              • Spanish repleto replete, full
        • Latin supplēre to make up for, to replace, to fill up, to supply, to supplement

          • Central Romance

            • Italian sopperire to provide (for)
          • Old French souploier

            • French suppléer to supply, to replace
            • English supply
          • Spanish suplir to substitute, to supply, to eke out
          • Italian supplire to stand in (for), to make up (for)
          • Latin supplēmentum

            • Western Romance

              • French supplément supplement

                • English supplement
              • Spanish suplemento supplement
        • Latin amplus large, spacious, magnificent

          • Central Romance

            • Italian ampio wide, broad, loose, spacious
          • Western Romance

            • French ample plentiful, abundant, ample

              • English ample
            • Spanish ancho wide, broad, proud
          • Welsh ami frequent
  • Proto-Indo-European *pelh₁sḱéti iterative

    • Proto-Indo-European *h₁én-pelh₁sḱéti in-filling

      • Old Armenian յեղց yełcʿ full
  • Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₁dʰwḗh₁s

    • Hellenic

      • Classical Greek πλῆθος plêthos large number, majority, crowd, mob, general public
    • Italic *plēðūs

      • Latin plēbs plebeians, common people

        • Central Romance

          • Italian pieve rural parish church
        • Brythonic *pluïβ

          • Welsh plwyf parish, community, poor relief
        • English pleb
        • French plèbe

          • English plebe
        • Italian plebe common people, rabble, riff raff
        • Latin plēbēius

          • Medieval Latin plebeianus

            • English plebeian
        • Latin plēbiscītum

          • French plébiscite

            • English
      • Italic *plēðros

        • Oscan 𐌐𐌋𐌝𐌚𐌓𐌉𐌊𐌔 plífriks plebeian
  • Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₁nós full

    • Balto-Slavic *pílˀnas full

      • Baltic

        • East Baltic

          • Lithuanian pìlnas full
      • Slavic *pьlnъ full

        • East Slavic

          • Russian полный polnyj full, complete, perfect, stout
        • South Slavic

          • Serbo-Croatian пун pun full, compelte, occupied, plump
        • West Slavic

          • Polish pełny full
    • Celtic *ɸlānos full

      • Brythonic *lọn full

        • Welsh llawn full, abundant, fully, very
      • Old Irish lán full

        • Irish lán full
    • Germanic *fullaz full, whole, entire

      • East Germanic

        • Gothic 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌻𐍃 fulls full, whole, entire
      • North Germanic

        • Old Norse fullr full

          • Danish fuld full, complete, drunk
          • Icelandic fullur full, drunk
      • West Germanic *full

        • Old English full full, complete, entire

          • Middle English ful full, very

            • English full
            • Scots fou full, well-fed, drunk
            • Yola vull full
        • Frankish

          • Dutch vol full
        • Old High German foll full

          • Old High German Follberht personal name: Fully-Bright

            • German Vollbrecht

              • English Fulbright

                • English Fulbright Program
          • Middle High German voll

            • German voll full, drunk
            • Yiddish פֿול ful full
      • Finnic *pullas round, thick

        • Finnish pullea plump, round
      • Samic *polnē hill, mound

        • Northern Sami boldni
      • Germanic *fullijaną to fill, to make full

        • East Germanic

          • Gothic 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 fulljan to fill
        • North Germanic

          • Old Norse fylla to fill, to complete

            • Danish fylde to fill, to load, to reach an age, to stuff (cooking)
            • Icelandic fylla to fill
        • West Germanic *fullijan

          • Old English fyllan to fill

            • Middle English

              • English fill
            • Old English fullfyllan to fulfill

              • Middle English

                • English fulfill
          • Frankish

            • Dutch vullen to fill
          • Old High German fullen to fill

            • German füllen to fill, to stuff (cooking)
    • Indo-Iranian *pr̥Hnás full, filled

      • Indo-Aryan *pr̥Hnás

        • Sanskrit 𑀧𑀽𑀭𑁆𑀡 pūrṇá filled, complete, past, satisfied, powerful, selfish

          • Magadhi

            • Bengali পূর্ণ purnô full, whole, complete
          • Sauraseni

            • Hindustani

              • Hindi पूरा pūrā whole, complete, fulfilled
            • Northwestern Sauraseni

              • Punjabi ਪੂਰਾ pūrā
          • Pali puṇṇa
          • Telugu పూర్ణము pūrṇamu full, complete, powerful, pie filling
          • Sanskrit 𑀧𑀽𑀭𑁆𑀡𑀺𑀫𑀸 pūrṇimā (day/night of) full moon

            • Sauraseni

              • Pali

                • Malay purnama moon
      • Iranian *pr̥Hnáh

        • Avestan 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬀
        • Pashto پر pur
        • Northern Iranian

          • Saka *purrəh

            • Khotani purrä
        • Western Iranian

          • Northwestern Iranian

            • Kurdish pir piř very
          • Old Persian *𐎱𐎼𐎴 *purna

            • Persian پر por full
    • Italic *plēnos

      • Latin plēnus full, satisfied, plump

        • Central Romance

          • Italian pieno full
        • Insular Romance

          • Sardinian prenu full
        • Eastern Romance

          • Romanian plin full
        • Western Romance

          • French plein full, plenty, solid, mid-
          • Spanish lleno full
        • Latin plenitas fullness, abundance

          • Western Romance

            • Old French plenté fullness, abundance

              • English plenty
        • Latin plēnitūdō fullness, abundance

          • Western Romance

            • French plénitude plentitude, fullness

              • English plenitude

                • English plentitude
            • Spanish plenitud plentiude
        • Latin plēnārius full, complete, absolute

          • French plénier complete, entire, plenary
          • English plenary
          • Italian plenario plenary
          • Spanish plenario plenary
  • Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁ros full

    • Italic *plēros

      • Latin plērus most, almost all
  • Proto-Indo-European *pléh₁res?

    • Hellenic

      • Classical Greek πλήρης plḗrēs full, complete

        • Greek πλήρης plíris full, complete
  • Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₁tós full

    • Albanian plotë full
    • Indo-Iranian *praHtás

      • Indo-Aryan

        • Sanskrit 𑀧𑁆𑀭𑀸𑀢 prātá
  • Proto-Indo-European *pélh₁us full, much, many Caland adjective

    • Germanic *feluz

      • Germanic *felu many, much, very

        • West Germanic

          • Frankish *filo

            • Frankish *Filoberht personal name: Very-Bright

              • Old French Filibert

                • French Philibert spelling altered by association with Philippe, etc.
                • Old French nois de filbert hazelnut ripen around St. Philibert's Day

                  • Middle English filbert-note hazelnut

                    • English filbert
            • Dutch veel many, much, frequently
  • Proto-Indo-European *polh₁ús much, many

    • Hellenic *polús

      • Hellenic *polúpos

        • Mycenaean Greek 𐀡𐀬𐀡𐀆 po-ru-po-de octopus
        • Classical Greek πολύπους polúpous

          • Latin polypus

            • Central Romance

              • Italian polpo octopus
            • Western Romance

              • Old French *puelve

                • French pieuvre octopus

                  • Italian piovra
              • Spanish pulpo octopus
            • English polyp
      • Classical Greek πολῠ́ς polús many

        • English poly-
        • Classical Greek πλείων pleíōn more

          • English Pl(e)iocene
        • Classical Greek πλεῖστος pleîstos most

          • English Pleistocene
  • Proto-Indo-European pléh₁yōs very many, very full, more

    • Italic *plēōs

      • Latin plūs more

        • Central Romance

          • Italian più more
        • Western Romance

          • French plus more
        • English plus
        • Latin plūrālis plural, moreness

          • Old French plurel

            • French pluriel
            • English plural
          • Italian plural
          • Spanish plural
        • Latin manipulus handful, team, maniple (pre-Marian tactical unit)

          • English maniple
  • Proto-Indo-European *ploh₁us

    • Proto-Indo-European *dwiploh₁us two-filled, double, ambivalent, doubtful

      • Germanic *twīflaz doubt

        • East Germanic

          • Gothic 𐍄𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍆𐌻 tweifl doubt
        • West Germanic

          • Frankish

            • Dutch twijfel doubt
          • Old High German zwīfal doubt

            • German Zweifel doubt
          • Old Saxon

            • Middle Low German twīvel doubt

              • Danish tvivl doubt
      • Hellenic

        • Classical Greek δῐπλόος diplóos two-fold, folded in half, double, compound, doubtful

          • Greek διπλός diplós two-fold, double, dual
          • Classical Greek δῐ́πλωμᾰ díplōma doubled thing, folded paper, double pot

            • Latin diplōma letter of recommendation, diploma

              • English diploma
              • Latin diplōmaticus related to a letter of recommendation, diplomatic

                • French diplomatique

                  • English diplomatic
                  • French diplomate diplomat back-formed

                    • English diplomat
      • Italic *dwiplos

        • Latin duplus double

          • Central Romance

            • Italian doppio double, dual, two-faced
          • Insular Romance

            • Sardinian dopiu
          • Western Romance

            • French double

              • English double
              • German doppeln to double

                • German doppel-

                  • German Doppelgänger

                    • English doppelganger
                    • Japanese ドッペルゲンガー dopperugengā
            • Spanish doble
          • English duple
  • Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₁yós

    • Old Armenian լի li full, abundant, perfect, whole

      • Armenian լի li full, packed, abundant, rich
      • Old Armenian լնում lnum to fill, to load, to complete, to spread
  • Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₁gos

    • Pre-Germanic *pulkaz

      • Germanic *fulką folk

        • North Germanic

          • Old Norse fólk people

            • Danish folk people, men, crew
            • Icelandic fólk people
        • West Germanic

          • Old English folc people, nation, tribe, crowd

            • English folk

              • English filk
            • Scots fowk folk, people
          • Frankish *folk

            • Dutch volk people, nation, tribe, common folk, working classes
            • Vulgar Latin *fulcus

              • Central Romance

                • Italian folla crowd, mob, host
              • Western Romance

                • French foule crowd, multitude, host
          • Old High German folk

            • German Volk people, nation, tribe, common folk, working classes, crowd, swarm, hive

              • Translingual Volkswagen
            • Yiddish פֿאָלק
        • Germanic *fulkiją collection of people, band, company, troop

          • North Germanic

            • Old Norse fylki district, county, shire, battalion

              • Danish fylke county
              • Icelandic fylki province, county, state, matrix, array
          • West Germanic

            • Old English fylċe

              • Old English fylċian to marshall troops

                • English filch
          • Germanic *fulkijaz

            • North Germanic

              • Old Norse fylkir chief, king
      • Balto-Slavic pulkas

        • Lithuanian pul̃kas flock, crowd, regiment
        • Slavic *pъlkъ

          • East Slavic пълъкъ pŭlŭkŭ

            • Russian полк regiment
          • South Slavic

            • Serbo-Croatian пу̑к pȗk folk, people
          • West Slavic

            • Polish pułk regiment

              • German Pulk mob, throng, crowd
  • Proto-Indo-European ?

    • Hellenic

      • Classical Greek πλήθω plḗthō I am full, I swell

        • Classical Greek πληθώρη plēthṓrē fullness

          • Greek πληθώρα plithóra
          • Latin plēthōra plethora

            • English plethora
  • Proto-Indo-European *pelh₁nuti "~not-fulling?"

    • Old Armenian հեղում hełum pour, pour out, empty. spread, shed

      • Armenian հեղել hełel to spill

Visual

Collected English words

polyp, comply, compliment, complete, complement, accomplish, deplete, expletive, implement, replete, supply, supplement, ample, pleb, plebe, plebeian, None, full, fill, fulfill, plenty, plenitude, plentitude, plenary, poly-, Pl(e)iocene, Pleistocene, plus, plural, maniple, folk, filk, Volkswagen, filch, plethora, diploma, diplomatic, diplomat, double, doppelganger, duple, Fulbright, filbert, Fulbright Program