Teaser

light, Lucifer, Nowruz, Waterloo, Roxana, lunar, lynx

Full Text

• Proto-Indo-European *lewk- to shine, to see

  • Proto-Indo-European *lowkéh-ti to be shining, to be visible stative

    • Balto-Slavic *laukeitei to look for?

      • Lithuanian láukti to wait, to expect, to hope for
      • Slavic *lučìti to see? to find? to accomplish?

        • East Slavic

          • Russian лучи́ть lučítʹ
        • South Slavic

          • Serbo-Croatian лу́чити lúčiti to find, to receive, to attain
        • West Slavic

          • Czech lučit to throw
    • Celtic *luketi

      • Celtic *luketad

        • Brythonic *llugad eye

          • Welsh llygad eye
    • Italic *loukeō

      • Latin lūceō I shine, I become visible, I dawn, I am apparent

        • Eastern Romance

          • Romanian a luci to shine, to sparkle, to beam with joy
        • Western Romance

          • French luire to shine, to glimmer
          • Italian lucere to shine archaic
          • Spanish lucir to shine, to show off, to sport
        • Latin lūcidus shining, bright, clear

          • English lucid
        • Latin trānslūceō I shine across, I shine through

          • English translucent
  • Indo-Iranian

    • Indo-Aryan

      • Sanskrit 𑀭𑁄𑀘𑀢𑁂 rocate to shine, be resplendent, enlighten
  • Proto-Indo-European *lewkós shiny adjective

    • Pre-Albanian *lauku

      • Pre-Albanian *laukura

        • Albanian lakuríq naked, empty
    • Celtic *loukos white, eyesight

      • Brythonic *lʉg

        • Middle Welsh llug eyesight, perception
      • Gaulish Leucus
    • Hellenic

      • Mycenaean Greek 𐀩𐀄𐀏 re-u-ka white
      • Ancient Greek λευκός leukós bright, shining, white

        • Ancient Greek Ἄκρα Λευκή Ákra Leukḗ White Summit (place name)

          • Latin Leukante

            • Arabic اَللَقَنْت Al-Laqant

              • Spanish Alicante
        • German Leukämie leukemia

          • English leukemia
    • Indo-Iranian

      • Indo-Aryan

        • Sanskrit 𑀭𑁄𑀓 roká
  • Proto-Indo-European *lewktos bright adjective

    • Albanian lluke blind
    • Germanic *leuhtaz light, brightness

      • East Germanic

        • Gothic 𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 lauhatjan to lighten, to flash with lightening
      • North Germanic

        • Old Norse ljóss bright, shining, fair, evident

          • Danish lys light, bright, blond, cheery
          • Icelandic ljós a light
          • Old Norse Ljósálfr Light Elf
      • West Germanic

        • Old English lēoht light

          • English light
          • Scots licht light
        • Frankish *lioht

          • Dutch licht light, inspiration
        • Old High German lioht

          • German Licht light, candle
          • Yiddish ליכט likht
  • Proto-Indo-European *luksnos

    • Hellenic

      • Ancient Greek λῠ́χνος lúkhnos lamp
  • Proto-Indo-European *léwks shine noun

    • Old Armenian *loycʿ-

      • Old Armenian լուցանեմ lucʿanem to light, to kindle, to inflame

        • Armenian լուցել lucʿel to kindle
    • Italic

      • Latin lūx light

        • Translingual lux SI unit of illumniation (1 lumen/m²)
        • Latin lūcifer light bringer, morning star (Venus)

          • English Lucifer ^[1]
          • English lucifer

            • Dutch lucifer match
    • Indo-Iranian

      • Iranian

        • Northern Iranian

          • Scythian

            • Ossetian рухс ruxs light
        • Western Iranian

          • Old Persian

            • Persian رخش roxš light
  • Proto-Indo-European *léwkos lighting action or result noun

    • Old Armenian լոյս loys light, brightness, splendor, sun, day

      • Armenian լույս luys light, dawn, electricity
    • Indo-Iranian *ráwčas

      • Indo-Aryan

        • Sanskrit 𑀭𑁄𑀘𑀲𑁆 rócas
      • Iranian

        • Avestan 𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬗𐬀𐬵 raočah day
        • Bactrian ρωσο rōso day
        • Pashto ورځ wraź day
        • Western Iranian

          • Kurdish roj day, Sun
          • Old Persian 𐎼𐎢𐎨𐏃 raučah day

            • Persian روز rōz day

              • Persian نوروز Nowruz New Day, New Year's Day in Iranian/Zoroastrian Year

                • English Nowruz
      • Nuristani

        • Ashkun ẓoć
        • Kamviri řuč
  • Proto-Indo-European *léwksmn̥ lighting action or result noun

    • Italic

      • Latin lūmen light, daylight, opening, window, eyes

        • Eastern Romance

          • Romanian lume world, people, humanity
        • Western Romance

          • French lumière light
          • Italian lume light source, star, eyes
          • Spanish lumbre combustible material, fire, firelight, luminosity
        • Translingual lumen SI unit of luminous flux (1 candela-steradian)
        • Latin lūminō I illuminate, I reveal, I brighten

          • Latin illūminō

            • English illuminate
  • Proto-Indo-European *lówkos

    • Balto-Slavic

      • Lithuanian laũkas field, outdoors
    • Germanic *lauhaz clearing

      • North Germanic

        • Old Norse ló

          • Norwegian lo

            • Norwegian Oslo
      • West Germanic

        • Old English lēah clearing, meadow, woodland

          • English Leigh
          • English Beverley beaver meadow place name
        • Frankish *lōh

          • Dutch loo clearing

            • Dutch Waterloo

              • English Waterloo
    • Indo-Iranian

      • Indo-Aryan

        • Sanskrit 𑀮𑁄𑀓

          • Magadhi

            • Bengali লোক lok public, people, others
          • Sauraseni 𑀮𑁄𑀕 loga

            • Madhya

              • Hindi लोग log people
            • Pali

              • Thai โลก lôok land, country, world, humanity
          • Telugu లోకము lōkamu world, humanity, the public, community, life
    • Italic

      • Latin lūcus sacred grove
  • Proto-Indo-European *lowkis non-specific noun

    • Balto-Slavic

      • West Baltic

        • Old Prussian luckis torch, log
      • Slavic *lučь ray, torch

        • East Slavic

          • Russian луч luč ray, beam
        • South Slavic

          • Serbo-Croatian лу̑ч lȗč light archaic
        • West Slavic

          • Polish łuczywo torch
  • Proto-Indo-European *lówksneh₂ moon

    • Old Armenian լուսին lusin moon, month, horseshoe

      • Armenian լուսին lusin moon
    • Balto-Slavic

      • Slavic *lunà moon

        • East Slavic

          • Russian луна́ luná moon
        • West Slavic

          • Polish łuna radiance, glow
    • Indo-Iranian

      • Iranian

        • Avestan 𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬑𐬱𐬥𐬀 raoxšna bright
        • Bactrian Raoxshna Bright (personal name) ^[2]

          • Persian روشنک Roshanak
          • Ancient Greek Ῥωξᾱ́νη Rhōxā́nē

            • Greek Ρωξανη Roxani
            • English Roxana
            • Latin Roxane

              • Italian Rossana
        • Western Iranian

          • Kurdish ron
          • Persian روشن rowšan light, bright

            • Persian روشنی roušani brightness, clearness, clarity

              • Hindi रौशनी rauśnī light, luster, splendor
    • Italic *louksnā

      • Latin lūna moon

        • Sardinian luna moon
        • Eastern Romance

          • Romanian lună moon, month
        • Western Romance

          • French lune moon
          • Italian luna moon
          • Spanish luna moon
        • Latin lūnāris lunar

          • English lunar
  • Proto-Indo-European ? lynx ^[3]

    • Old Armenian

      • Old Armenian լուսանունք lusanunkʿ lynxes only attested in plural
      • Armenian լուսան lusan lynx
    • Balto-Slavic

      • Lithuanian lūšis lynx
      • Slavic *rỳsь lynx

        • East Slavic

          • Russian рысь rysʹ lynx
        • South Slavic

          • Serbo-Croatian ри̏с rȉs lynx
        • West Slavic

          • Polish ryś lynx
        • Romanian râs lynx
    • Celtic

      • Old Irish

        • Middle Irish lug lynx, warrior
    • Germanic *luhsa lynx

      • North Germanic

        • Old Norse *luhǭ

          • Swedish lo lynx
      • West Germanic

        • Old English lox lynx

          • Scots los lynx
        • Frankish *lohs

          • Dutch los lynx
        • Old High German luhs

          • German Luchs lynx
    • Hellenic

      • Greek λύγξ lúnks lynx

        • Latin lynx lynx

          • French lynx lynx

            • English lynx
          • Spanish lince lynx

            • Tagalog linse lynx

Visual

Collected English words

lucid, translucent, leukemia, light, lux, Lucifer, lucifer, Nowruz, lumen, illuminate, Leigh, Beverley, Waterloo, Roxana, lunar, lynx

Footnotes

1. ^

   Lucifer to mean "Christian Antagonist, esp. before his fall", is based on a questionable translation decision in King James.

2. ^

   The Bactrian name Raoxshna, is notably the name of Alexander the Great's Bactrian wife, which is why it spread to Greece and the Europe.

3. ^

   "lynx" is assumed to derived from "light" due its reflective eyes in the dark.

   Kroonen, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (2013) says:

   "All potential cognates show some kind of irregular sound correspondence: the laryngeal of Baltic, the /r/ of Slavic, the /n/ of Greek, the /g/ of Irish. Perhaps, these irregularities result from multiple tabooistic distortions. The alternative is to assume repeated borrowing from a non-Indo-European language (or languages)."