April theme: 🦠
Introduction
*kʷetwer- is too long for a root. The feminine root suggests that there may have been an original root of just *kʷet-. There are also several reasons to believe that none of this is the original word for four:
- Hittite's word for "four", meyawes, is unrelated (Hittite is the oldest attested, and oldest split)
- The word for "eight" *oḱtṓw is a dual, suggesting a lost word for "four" *h₃eḱt-, attested only in Avestan ašti-: "width of four fingers", and likely in Proto-Kartvelian *oxto-: "four".
Note: I haven't written in the meanings for words for "four", "four-", or "forty" if they're in the respective section.
Teaser
four,
tesseract,
squadron,
square,
quarter,
Tetris,
quarantine
Full Text
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Proto-Indo-European *kʷetwóres
- Albanian katër
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Anatolian *gʷetʷóres
- Hittite kutruwan witness a fourth party in a legal preceeding
- Lycian 𐊗𐊁𐊗𐊁𐊕𐊆 teteri
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Old Armenian չորք čʿorkʿ
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Balto-Slavic *ketures
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East Baltic
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Slavic *četỳre
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East Slavic
- Russian четы́ре četýre
- Ukrainian чоти́ри čotýry
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South Slavic
- Old Church Slavonic четꙑре četyre
- Serbo-Croatian чѐтири čètiri
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West Slavic
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Celtic *kʷetwares
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Brythonic *pedwar
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Old Irish cethair
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Pre-Germanic *petwṓr
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Germanic *fedwōr
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East Germanic
- Gothic 𐍆𐌹𐌳𐍅𐍉𐍂 fidwōr
- Crimean Gothic fyder
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North Germanic
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West Germanic *feuwar
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Old English fēower
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Frankish *fiuwar
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Old High German fior
- German vier
- Yiddish פֿיר fir
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Germanic *fedwōr tigwiz four decades, forty
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North Germanic
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Old Norse fjórutigi
- Danish fyrre(tyve)
- Icelandic fjörutíu
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West Germanic
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Old English fēowertiġ
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Frankish *fiurtig
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Old High German fiorzug
- German vierzig
- Yiddish פֿערציק fertsik
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Hellenic *kʷétwores
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Classical Greek τέσσερες tésseres
- Greek τέσσερις tésseris
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English tessera-
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Indo-Iranian *čatwā́ras
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Indo-Aryan *ćatwā́ras
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Sanskrit 𑀘𑀢𑀼𑀭𑁆 catur
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Elu
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Magadhi 𑀘𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀭𑁄 cattāro
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Maharashtri 𑀘𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀭𑁄 cattāro
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Pali catur
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Sauraseni 𑀘𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀭𑁄 cattāro
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Madhya Sauraseni
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Pahari
- Nepali चार cāra
- Punjabi ਚਾਰ chār
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Western Sauraseni
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Sanskrit 𑀘𑀢𑀼𑀭𑀗𑁆𑀕 cátur-aṅga four limbs, four parts, army, chess
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Pali caturaṅga
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Middle Persian čatrang
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Arabic شطرنج šaṭranj chess
- English shatranj
- Persian شطرنج šatranj
- Spanish ajedrez chess
- Swahili sataranji chess
- Georgian ჭადრაკი č̣adraḳi chess
- Mongolian шатар šatar chess
- Telugu చతురంగము caturaṅgamu
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Iranian *čaθwā́rah
- Avestan 𐬗𐬀𐬚𐬡𐬀𐬭 caθβar
- Bactrian σοφαρο sofaro
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Northern Iranian
- Pashto څلور shalór
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Western Iranian
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Northwestern Iranian
- Balochi چار cár
- Kurdish çar
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Old Persian
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Nuristani *čatā́ra
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Italic *kʷettwōr
- Oscan 𐌐𐌄𐌕𐌕𐌉𐌖𐌓 pettiur
- Umbrian 𐌐𐌄𐌕𐌖𐌓 petur
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Latin quattuor
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Central Romance
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Eastern Romance
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Insular Romance
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Western Romance
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French quatre
- Spanish cuatro
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Latin quadrus square, four-cornered
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Vulgar Latin *quadrellus
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Central Romance
- Italian quadrello quarrel, quarry tile
- Dalmatian cadrial brick
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Western Romance
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Old French quarel
- French carreau square, quarrel (tile, windowpane, crossbow bolt)
- English quarrel
- Spanish cuadrillo # (number sign)
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Latin quadrāre I make square
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Vulgar Latin *quadraria quarry "squaring-place"
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Western Romance
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Old French quarrière
- French carrière quarry
- English quarry
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Vulgar Latin *exquadrare to make square lit. "to square out"
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Vulgar Latin *exquadra
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Central Romance
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Italian squadra square (tool), team, squad, crew
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French escouade squad, sqaudron
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Italian squadrone squadron augmentative
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Western Romance
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Old French esquarre
- French équerre square (tool)
- English square
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Latin quārtus
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Central Romance
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Western Romance
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French quart fourth, quarter
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Latin quartarium
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Latin quaternī
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Old French quaier
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French cahier
- English quire
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Vulgar Latin *quartus
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Vulgar Latin *quartō
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Vulgar Latin *exquartō
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Western Romance
- French écarter to spread out, to separate, to diverge, to dismiss
- Lusitanian petranioi
- Thracian κετρι ketri
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Tocharian *śǝtwer
- Arshian śtwar
- Kushean śtwer
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Proto-Indo-European *kʷetwr̥-
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Old Armenian քառ- kʿaṙ-
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Armenian քառ- kʿaṙ-
- Armenian քառուղի kʿaṙułi crossroads, intersection lit. "four-way"
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Germanic *feþur-
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East Germanic
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Gothic 𐍆𐌹𐌳𐌿𐍂- fidur-
- Gothic 𐍆𐌹𐌳𐌿𐍂𐍆𐌰𐌻𐌸𐍃 fidurfalþs four-fold
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North Germanic
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Old Norse fer-
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Icelandic fer-
- Icelandic ferfet square foot
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West Germanic
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Hellenic
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Classical Greek τετρα- tetra-
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English tetra-
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Russian тетра- tetra-
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Russian Те́трис Tɛ́tris Tetris
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Italic
- Phrygian διθυρ-
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Proto-Indo-European *kʷetwr̥-(d)ḱomt forty
- Old Armenian քառասուն kʿaṙasun
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Balto-Slavic
- Lithuanian keturiasdešimt
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Hellenic
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Classical Greek τεσσᾰρᾰ́κοντᾰ tessarákonta
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Indo-Iranian *čatwārHćát
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Indo-Aryan *ćatwārHśát
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Sanskrit 𑀘𑀢𑁆𑀯𑀸𑀭𑀺𑀁𑀰𑀢𑁆 catvāriṃśát
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Iranian *čatwārHcát
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Western Iranian
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Northwestern Iranian
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Old Persian
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Italic
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Latin quadrāgintā
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Central Romance
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Italian quaranta
- Italian quarantina about forty, forty days
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Venetian quaranta
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Venetian quarantena about forty, forty days
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Latin quadrāgēsimus fortieth
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Latin quadrāgēsima Lent, Christian forty day fast
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Vulgar Latin *quarēsima
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Central Romance
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Eastern Romance
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Insular Romance
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Western Romance
- French carême Lent
- Spanish Cuaresma
- Albanian kreshmë Lent
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Old Irish Corgus
Visual
Collected English words
four,
forty,
tessera-,
tesseract,
shatranj,
quarrel,
quarry,
squad,
squadron,
square,
quarto,
quart,
quarter,
cahier,
quire,
tetra-,
tetrapod,
Tetris,
quadr(i)-,
quad,
quarantine
Footnotes