Word Family - Potis

Introduction

Proto-Indo-European *pótis: "head of household, master, husband"—which I have a tendency to anglicize as a homophone of POTUS—is the origin of words like "despot", "non compos mentis", and "nepotism".

Teaser

Poseidon, power, possible, possible, hospitality, possess, nephew, nepotism, Neptune

Full Text

Proto-Indo-European *pótis husband, master of household, self?
- Pre-Albanian *pati
  - Albanian pata had suppletive aorist, optative, and admirative forms of kam
- Hellenic *pótis
  - Hellenic *Poti Gdaone Divine name: Husband of the Earth? vocative ^[1]
    
    Mycenaean Greek 𐀡𐀮𐀆𐀺𐀚 po-se-da-wo-ne Divine name: Poseidon ^[1]
    
    Classical Greek Ποσειδῶν Poseidôn ^[1]
    
    English Poseidon ^[1]
  - Classical Greek πόσις pósis husband
- Indo-Iranian *pátiš
  - Indo-Aryan *pátiṣ
    
    Sanskrit 𑀧𑀢𑀺 pati husband, lord, master, owner, sovereign
    
    Magadhi
    
    Assamese পৈ poi husband
    
    Sauraseni
    
    Nepali पोइ poi husband
    
    Hindi पति pati husband, master, lord
    
    Hindi करोड़पति karoṛpati person worth more than 10 million (crore) rupees, millionaire
    
    Kawi
    
    Javanese ꦥꦠꦶꦃ patih vizier, queen (chess)
    
    Malay patih mister, vizier, prime minister
    
    Pali 𑀧𑀢𑀺 pati
    
    Khmer ប្ដី pdəy husband
    
    Sanskrit 𑀅𑀥𑀺𑀧𑀢𑀺 adhipati ruler, commander, king lit. "over-lord"
    
    Kawi
    
    Javanese ꦲꦢꦶꦥꦠꦶ adipati king, regent, sovereign
    
    Pali 𑀅𑀥𑀺𑀧𑀢𑀺 adhipati
    
    Khmer អធិបតី ʼaʼthipaʼdəy chief, chairman, president
    
    Thai อธิบดี à-típ-bɔɔ-dii overlord, king of kings, suzerain, supervisor, chief executive, chief justice
  - Iranian *pátiš
    
    Avestan 𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 paiti husband, lord, master
    
    Western Iranian *patiš
    
    Northwestern Iranian
    
    Medean *patiš
    
    Elamite 𒁁𒋾𒆜 bat-ti-iš
    
    Parthian 𐭐𐭕𐭉 pty
    
    Old Armenian պետ pet chief, commander
    
    Armenian պետ pet chief, commander
    
    Old Georgian პეტობა ṗeṭoba lordship, supremacy
    
    Old Persian
    
    Middle Persian *padi-
    
    Middle Persian pādišāh
    
    Middle Persian -𐭯𐭲𐭩 -pty -lord, -master
    
    Persian ـبد -bod -lord, -master
    
    Western Iranian *dasa-patiš ten-commander
    
    Medean *δasapatiš
    
    Elamite 𒆪𒐼𒁁𒋾𒆜 da-šá-bat-ti-iš
    
    Old Persian *daθapatiš
    
    Elamite 𒆪𒊓𒁁𒋾𒆜 da-sa-bat-ti-iš
    
    Classical Greek δεκάρχος dekárkhos
    
    Old Persian *pašcadaθapatiš deputy ten-commander
    
    Elamite bašzadasabattišbe
    
    Western Iranian *sata-patiš hundred-commander
    
    Old Persian *θata-patiš
    
    Elamite 𒊓𒀜𒆪𒁁𒋾𒆜 sa-ad-da-bat-ti-iš
    
    Classical Greek ἑκατόνταρχος commander of a hundred, centurion
    
    Western Iranian *hazára-pátiš thousand-commander
    
    Northwestern Iranian
    
    Medean *hazārapatiš commander of a thousand ^[2]
    
    Old Persian *hazārapatiš
    
    Middle Persian 𐭧𐭦𐭠𐭫𐭥𐭯𐭲 ḥzʾlʿpt
    
    Persian هزاربد hezârbod
    
    Classical Greek ἀζαραπατεῖς azarapateîs
    
    Classical Greek ἀζαβαρίτης azabarítēs
    
    Classical Greek χιλίαρχος khilíarkhos commander of a thousand, tribune, chiliarch ^[2]
    
    Gothic 𐌸𐌿𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍆𐌰𐌸𐍃 þūsundifaþs commander of a thousand, tribune ^[2]
    
    Latin chiliarchus
    
    Classical Syriac ܟܝܠܝܪܟܐ kilirka
    
    Parthian 𐭇𐭆𐭓𐭅𐭐𐭕 hazārpet
    
    Old Armenian հազարապետ hazarapet chiliarch
    
    Armenian հազարապետ hazarapet chiliarch
    
    Georgian ჰაზარაპეტი hazaraṗeṭi
    
    Western Iranian *fšu-pátiš shepherd, sheep-commander
    
    Northwestern Iranian
    
    Old Armenian շպետ špet shepherd
    
    Georgian შპეტი šṗeṭi shepherd
    
    Western Iranian *magu-pátiš head magus, high priest
    
    Northwestern Iranian
    
    Medean *magu-patiš
    
    Old Persian
    
    Middle Persian 𐭬𐭢𐭥𐭯𐭲 mgwpt Zoroastrian priest, mobad
    
    Persian موبد mobad mobad
    
    English mobad
    
    Western Iranian *špada-patiš general, army-commander add more descendants and borrowings
    
    Northwestern Iranian
    
    Medean *aspāδapatiš
    
    Old Armenian ասպարապետ asparapet
    
    Old Armenian սպարապետ sparapet
    
    English sparapet
    
    Parthian 𐭎𐭐𐭀𐭃𐭐𐭕𐭉 spʾdpty
    
    Old Armenian սպարապետ sparapet
    
    Old Persian
    
    Middle Persian 𐭮𐭯𐭠𐭧𐭯𐭲 spʾḥpt
    
    Persian سپهبد sepahbod
    
    Persian اسپهبد espahbod
    
    Old Armenian սպայապետ spayapet
    
    Old Georgian სპაჲპეტი sṗayṗeṭi
    
    English spahbed
- Proto-Indo-European *pótnih₂
  - Balto-Slavic *patī
    
    Baltic
    
    East Baltic
    
    Lithuanian pati wife, oneself, myself, herself
  - Hellenic *pótnia
    
    Mycenaean Greek 𐀡𐀴𐀛𐀊 po-ti-ni-ja lady, divine name/epithet: Lady
    
    Classical Greek πότνια pótnia mistress, lady
  - Indo-Iranian *pátniH
    
    Indo-Aryan
    
    Sanskrit 𑀧𑀢𑁆𑀦𑀻 pátnī wife, mistress, lady
    
    Bengali পত্নী potni wife
    
    Hindi पत्नी patnī wife
    
    Telugu పత్ని patni wife
    
    Indo-Iranian *sapátniH co-wife
    
    Indo-Aryan *sapátniH
    
    Sanskrit 𑀲𑀧𑀢𑁆𑀦𑀻 sapátnī co-wife
    
    Maharashtri 𑀲𑀯𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀻 savattī
    
    Marathi सवत savat co-wife
    
    Pali 𑀲𑀧𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀻 sapattī co-wife
    
    Sauraseni 𑀲𑀉𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀻 saüttī
    
    Madhya Sauraseni
    
    Hindi सौत saut co-wife
    
    Hindi सौतेला sautelā from a different wife, step-, half-
    
    Iranian *hapáθniH
    
    Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬞𐬀𐬚𐬥𐬍 hapaθnī co-wife, concubine
    
    Northern Iranian
    
    Ossetian бин bin
    
    Pashto بن ben co-wife
    
    Western Iranian
    
    Northwestern Iranian
    
    Kurdish ھەوێ hewê co-wife
    
    Parthian 𐭀𐭁𐭅𐭂 ābūg
    
    Persian آموسنی āmwisnī co-wife
    
    Old Armenian ամուսին amusin consort, spouse, married
    
    Armenian ամուսին amusin husband, spouse
    
    Old Persian
    
    Middle Persian 𐭤𐭡𐭥𐭪 hbok
    
    Persian هوو havu co-wife
- Northwest Indo-European *potis
  - Northwest Indo-European *gʰóstipotis guest-master, host
    
    Balto-Slavic
    
    Slavic *gospodь lord, liege
    
    East Slavic господь gospodĭ lord, master
    
    Russian Госпо́дь Gospódʹ Lord, God
    
    Russian осподи́н gospodín gentleman, Mr., master
    
    South Slavic
    
    Old Church Slavonic господь gospodĭ lord, master
    
    Serbo-Croatian Го̏спод Gȍspod Lord, God, Jesus
    
    Italic *hostipotis
    
    Latin hospes host, guest, visitor, stranger
    
    Central Romance
    
    Italian ospite host, guest
    
    Eastern Romance
    
    Romanian oaspete guest
    
    Western Romance
    
    Old French oste innkeeper, landlord, host
    
    French hôte host, guest, innkeeper
    
    English host someone giving hospitality
    
    Italian oste innkeeper
    
    Spanish huésped guest, lodger
    
    Latin hospitālis hospitable, generous, pertaining to hospitality or hosts
    
    Latin hospitāle guesthouse, guestroom, hospital
    
    Central Romance
    
    Italian ospedale hospital
    
    Western Romance
    
    Old French ostel shelter, place to stay
    
    French hôtel mansion, townhouse, hotel
    
    English hotel
    
    Italian hotel hotel
    
    Spanish hotel hotel
    
    English hostel
    
    Old Occitan ostal
    
    Occitan ostal house
    
    Spanish hostal hostel
    
    Old French hospital
    
    French hôpital
    
    English hospital
    
    Italian ospitale hospitable, friendly, welcome
    
    Spanish hospital hospital
    
    Latin hospitalitas
    
    Central Romance
    
    Italian ospitalità hospitality
    
    Western Romance
    
    French hospitalité hospitality
    
    English hospitality
    
    Spanish hospitalidad hospitality
    
    Latin hospitium hospitality, friendship, lodgings, poor-house
    
    Central Romance
    
    Italian ospizio nursing home, hospice
    
    Eastern Romance
    
    Romanian ospăț feast, banquet
    
    Western Romance
    
    French hospice hospice
    
    English hospice
    
    Koine Greek ὁσπίτιον hospítion
    
    Byzantine Greek σπίτιν spítin
    
    Greek σπίτι spíti house, home
    
    Welsh ysbyty hospital
  - Balto-Slavic *patis
    
    Baltic
    
    East Baltic
    
    Lithuanian pàts husband, oneself, myself, himself
    
    Balto-Slavic *pati-bḗˀgāˀ husband-fleeing
    
    Slavic *potьběga divorced woman
    
    East Slavic
    
    Russian подпега podpega
    
    South Slavic
    
    Old Church Slavonic подъбѣга podŭběga
    
    West Slavic
    
    Czech podběha concubine
    
    Old Polish poćbiega tramp, vagabond
  - Germanic *fadiz master, commander, lord, husband
    
    East Germanic
    
    Gothic *faþs
    
    Gothic 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌸𐍆𐌰𐌸𐍃 brūþfaþs bridegroom
    
    Gothic 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍆𐌰𐌸𐍃 hundafaþs centurion
    
    Gothic 𐌸𐌿𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍆𐌰𐌸𐍃 þūsundifaþs commander of a thousand, tribune ^[2]
    
    North Germanic
    
    Old Norse *fǫðr
    
    Old Norse Alfǫðr divine epithet: Mighty Lord or Lord of All (of Odin)
  - Italic *potis master, in control of, able
    
    Latin potis able, possible
    
    Italic *pot-essi to be master of, to be able
    
    Oscan 𐌐𐌖𐌕𐌉𐌉𐌀𐌃 putiiad may he be able to attested in 3sg subjunctive, equivalent to Latin possit
    
    Latin potesse to be able, can, may
    
    Vulgar Latin potere
    
    Central Romance
    
    Dalmatian potar can, to be able
    
    Italian potere can, may, to be able, to be possible
    
    Eastern Romance
    
    Romanian a putea to be able, can, may, to be possible
    
    Romanian putere ability, power, strength, means
    
    Insular Romance
    
    Sardinian podi
    
    Western Romance
    
    Old French pooir can, to be able
    
    French pouvoir can, to be able, may
    
    English power
    
    Welsh pŵer power
    
    Spanish poder to be able, can
    
    Latin posse ability, power, force
    
    Latin posse comitatus
    
    English posse
    
    Italic *pot-iðlis masterable
    
    Latin possibilis possible
    
    English possible
    
    Italic *potistāts mastery
    
    Latin potestas
    
    Central Romance
    
    Italian potestà
    
    Italian podestà
    
    Italian Podestà occupational surname: Mayor
    
    English Podesta
    
    Italic *poti-sedezi
    
    Latin possidere to have, to own, to possess, to occupy, to control literally "able to sit (on
    
    Central Romance
    
    Italian possedere to possess, to own, to master
    
    Western Romance
    
    Old French posseoir
    
    English possess
    
    Spanish poseer to possess, to own
    
    French posséder to own, to possess
    
    Italic *potēnts able, masterful
    
    Latin potens able, powerful, potent
    
    English potent
    
    Latin potentatus
    
    English potentate
    
    Oscan 𐌐𐌞𐌕𐌝𐌀𐌍𐌔 pútíans
    
    Italic *kompotis
    
    Latin compos
    
    Latin non compos mentis
- Proto-Indo-European *wiḱpótis head of household, lord, chief
  - Pre-Albanian *dzwāpt
    
    Albanian zot master, boss, lord, sir, Mr.
  - Balto-Slavic *wiśpatis
    
    East Baltic
    
    Lithuanian viēšpats lord
  - Indo-Iranian *wićpátiš
    
    Indo-Aryan *wiśpátiṣ
    
    Sanskrit 𑀯𑀺𑀰𑁆𑀧𑀢𑀺 viśpáti chief, headman
    
    Iranian *wicpátih
    
    Avestan 𐬬𐬍𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 vīspaiti chief, master
  - Tocharian
    
    Arshian wikpots chief, master
  - Proto-Indo-European *wiḱpótnih mistress of the settlement, lady
    
    Pre-Albanian *dzwāptnjā
    
    Albanian zonjë lady, Mrs.
    
    Albanian zonjë e mirë smallpox
    
    Balto-Slavic
    
    Baltic
    
    East Baltic
    
    Lithuanian viēšpati lady, mistress, queen
    
    West Baltic
    
    Old Prussian waispattin mistress of household
    
    Indo-Iranian *wićpátniH
    
    Indo-Aryan *wiśpátniH
    
    Sanskrit 𑀯𑀺𑀰𑁆𑀧𑀢𑁆𑀦𑀻 viśpátnī mistress of household, lady
- Proto-Indo-European *déms pótis master of the house
  - Hellenic *déspotis
    
    Classical Greek δεσπότης despotes house-master, slave-owner
    
    Greek δεσπότης despótis despot, tyrant, lord, bishop, master
    
    Medieval Latin despota
    
    French despote
    
    English despot
    
    Classical Greek ἀδέσποτος adéspotos without master or owner, authorless, ungovernable
    
    Greek αδέσποτος adéspotos ownerless, stray (animal), undirected, stray (projectile)
  - Indo-Iranian *dámspatiš
    
    Indo-Aryan *dámspatiṣ
    
    Sanskrit 𑀤𑀫𑁆𑀧𑀢𑀺 dámpati master of the house
    
    Sanskrit 𑀤𑀫𑁆𑀧𑀢𑀻 dampatī husband and wife dual
    
    Hindi दंपति dampati husband and wife, married couple
    
    Kawi 𑼣𑼪𑽁𑼦𑼡𑼷 dampatī husband and wife, a couple, a pair
    
    Telugu దంపతులు dampatulu husband and wife
    
    Iranian *dámspatiṣ
    
    Avestan 𐬛𐬇𐬧𐬔⸱𐬞𐬀𐬙𐬋𐬌𐬴 də̄ṇg.patōiṣ̌ master of the house
  - Proto-Indo-European *déms potnih₂ mistress of the house
    
    Hellenic *déspoňňa
    
    Classical Greek δέσποινα déspoina lady, mistress, queen, princess
    
    Greek δέσποινα déspoina Miss (style of address), hostess, lady
    
    Greek δεσποινίς desponís
    
    Greek δις dis Miss, Ms. (abbreviation)
    
    Classical Greek Δέσποινα Déspoina divine epithet, daughter of Demeter and Poseidon
    
    Greek Δέσποινα Déspoina personal name: Lady, divine epithet: Our Lady (of Mary)
    
    English Despoina
    
    Indo-Iranian *dmáHnas pátniH
    
    Iranian *dmaHnapaθniH mistress of the house
    
    Avestan 𐬛𐬆𐬨𐬄𐬥𐬋⸱𐬞𐬀𐬚𐬥𐬍 dəmąnō.paθnī
    
    Northern Iranian
    
    Sogdian 𐫔𐫂𐫀𐫖𐫁𐫀𐫗 δβʾmbʾn lady, queen
    
    Pashto مېرمنه mermëna lady, woman, wife
    
    Western Iranian *manapaθni
    
    Northwestern Iranian
    
    Parthian 𐭁𐭀𐭌𐭁𐭉𐭔𐭍 bāmbīšn lady, queen more often written as an aramaeogram: 𐭌𐭋𐭊𐭕𐭄 mlkth
    
    Old Armenian բամբիշ(ն) bambiš(n) lady, queen
    
    Armenian բամբիշ bambiš lady, queen
    
    Old Persian *mānapašnī
    
    Middle Persian 𐭡𐭠𐭬𐭡𐭱𐭭 bāmbšn queen more often written as an aramaeogram: 𐭬𐭫𐭪𐭲𐭠 mlkta
    
    Middle Chinese 防步率 buaŋ bɔh ʂwih Sasanian royal wife or concubine
- Proto-Indo-European *(h₂)népōt(iyo)s grandson, descendant ^[3]
  - Pre-Albanian *nepō
    
    Albanian nip nephew, grandson
    
    Pre-Albanian *nepōtś(i)ā
    
    Albanian mbesë niece, grandaughter
  - Hellenic *hənepťios? ^[3]
    
    Classical Greek ἀνεψιός anepsiós (first) cousin ^[3]
    
    Greek ανιψιός anipsiós nephew
    
    Byzantine Greek ἀνεψιν nephew, niece diminutive
    
    Greek ανίψι anípsi nephew, niece
    
    Pontic Greek ανέψι anépši
    
    Laz ანიმსე animse nephew, niece
  - Hellenic *nepťios? ^[3]
    
    Hellenic *he-nepťios? ^[3]
    
    Classical Greek ἀνεψιός anepsiós (first) cousin ^[3]
    
    Greek ανιψιός anipsiós nephew
    
    Byzantine Greek ἀνεψιν nephew, niece diminutive
    
    Greek ανίψι anípsi nephew, niece
    
    Pontic Greek ανέψι anépši
    
    Laz ანიმსე animse nephew, niece
  - Indo-Iranian *(H)nápāts grandson, descendant
    
    Indo-Aryan
    
    Sanskrit 𑀦𑀧𑀸𑀢𑁆 descendant, grandson, son
    
    Northwestern Sauraseni
    
    Kalasha nawáw grandchild
    
    Iranian nápāth
    
    Avestan 𐬥𐬀𐬞𐬁𐬝 napāt̰
    
    Western Iranian
    
    Northwestern Iranian
    
    Kurdish nevî grandchild
    
    Old Persian 𐎴𐎱𐎠 n-p-a grandson
    
    Middle Persian 𐭭𐭡 nb
    
    Persian نوه nave grandchild
    
    Indo-Iranian *(H)nápātkás
    
    Nuristani *napāká
    
    Ashkun nëvë grandson
    
    Kamviri navo grandson
    
    Indo-Iranian *HápaHam nápāts divine name: descendant of waters
    
    Indo-Aryan *Hapā́m nápāts
    
    Vedic Sanskrit 𑀅𑀧𑀸𑀁 𑀦𑀧𑀸𑀢𑁆 apā́ṃ nápāt Apam Napat
    
    Iranian *Hapā́m napāts
    
    Avestan 𐬀𐬞𐬄𐬨 𐬥𐬀𐬞𐬁𐬙 apąm napāt Apam Napat
  - Northwest Indo-European népōt(iyo)s grandson, nephew
    
    Balto-Slavic *nepātjas
    
    Baltic
    
    East Baltic
    
    Old Lithuanian nepuotis grandchild
    
    Finnic *nëpada
    
    Estonian nõbu cousin
    
    Finnish nepaa cousin (archaic)
    
    Slavic *ne(p)tьjь nephew
    
    East Slavic
    
    Ukrainian нетии netyy
    
    South Slavic
    
    Serbo-Croatian нећак nećak nephew
    
    West Slavic
    
    Old Polish nieć nephew
    
    Celtic *neɸūts nephew
    
    Brythonic *nei
    
    Welsh nai nephew
    
    Welsh neigarwch nepotism
    
    Primitive Irish ᚅᚔᚑᚈᚈᚐ niotta (sororal) nephew's attested in genitive
    
    Old Irish nia (sororal) nephew
    
    Irish nia nephew
    
    Celtic *kom-neɸūts
    
    Brythonic *köβ̃n
    
    Welsh caifn distant cousin (archaic)
    
    Germanic *nefōd
    
    Germanic *nefô nephew, grandson
    
    North Germanic
    
    Old Norse nefi nephew, kinsman
    
    West Germanic *nefō
    
    Old English nefa nephew, grandson, stepson
    
    English neve
    
    Frankish *nevo
    
    Dutch neef cousin, nephew
    
    Old High German nevo
    
    German Neffe nephew
    
    Italic *nepōts
    
    Latin nepos grandson, nephew, descendant oblique nepot-
    
    Central Romance
    
    Dalmatian nepaut grandson, nephew
    
    Italian nipote grandchild, nephew or niece
    
    Italian nepotismo nepotism originally, the phenomenon of popes appointing their nephews as cardinals
    
    French népotisme
    
    English nepotism
    
    Eastern Romance
    
    Romanian nepot grandson, nephew, descendant
    
    Insular Romance
    
    Sardinian nabodi
    
    Western Romance
    
    Old French nevod early Old French
    
    Old French neveu late Old French
    
    French neveu
    
    English nephew
    
    Latin Nechtan nepos Uerb
    
    Italic *neptōnos or *neptūnos if not from *nepōts ^[4]
    
    Albanian nip nephew, grandson
    
    Latin Neptunus divine name: Neptune ^[4]
    
    Western Romance
    
    Old French netun marine monster
    
    French lutin imp, pixie
    
    English Neptune ^[4]
  - Proto-Indo-European *néptih₂ granddaughter
    
    Indo-Iranian *náptiH
    
    Indo-Aryan *naptíH
    
    Sanskrit 𑀦𑀧𑁆𑀢𑀻 naptī́ granddaughter
    
    Prakrit 𑀡𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀻 ṇattī
    
    Maharashtri
    
    Marathi नात nāt granddaughter
    
    Iranian *náptiH
    
    Avestan 𐬥𐬀𐬞𐬙𐬍 naptī
    
    Northwest Indo-European *neptis granddaughter, niece
    
    Celtic *nextī niece
    
    Brythonic *nėθ niece
    
    Welsh nith niece
    
    Old Irish necht
    
    Irish neacht niece
    
    Pictish ᚅᚓᚆᚆᚈᚑᚅᚅ nehhtonn personal name
    
    Old Irish Nechtan divine name
    
    Old Irish *Nechtan aue Uerb
    
    Latin Nechtan nepos Uerb
    
    Germanic *niftiz granddaughter, niece
    
    North Germanic
    
    Old Norse nipt kinsowman, sister, daughter
    
    Icelandic nift
    
    West Germanic *nifti
    
    Old English nift niece, granddaughter, stepdaughter
    
    Frankish *nifta
    
    Dutch nicht niece, cousin
    
    Old High German nifta
    
    German Nifte archaic
    
    Old High German niftila diminutive
    
    German Niftel archaic
    
    Italic *neptis
    
    Latin neptis granddaughter
    
    Late Latin neptia granddaughter, niece
    
    Western Romance
    
    Old French niece
    
    French nièce
    
    English niece
    
    Late Latin nepta granddaughter, niece
    
    Central Romance
    
    Dalmatian niapta niece
    
    Insular Romance
    
    Sardinian netta
    
    Western Romance
    
    Spanish nieta granddaughter
    
    Spanish nieto grandson
    
    Spanish bisnieta great-grandaughter (twice-granddaughter)

Visual

Collected English words

spahbed, hospital, hospice, mobad, niece, hostel, hotel, sparapet, potentate, Neptune, despot, neve, Podesta, host, potent, possible, hospitality, possess, posse, Despoina, Poseidon, nephew, nepotism, power

Footnotes

^
I believe that Ποσειδῶν Poseidôn is fairly firmly *Poti Gdaone: "Husband of the Earth", with the divine name for the Earth *Gda(n) instead of the normal χθών khthṓn from *dʰǵʰōm (possibly from inter-dialect or Paleo-Balkan borrowing?). This is most directly supported by the Mycenaean pair of words: 𐀁𐀚𐀯𐀆𐀃𐀚 e-ne-si-da-o-ne: "Shaker of the Earth" (Classical ἐννοσίγαιος ennosígaios or ἐνοσίχθων enosíkhthōn, epithets of Poseidon) vs. 𐀡𐀮𐀆𐀺𐀚 po-se-da-wo-ne, apparently Ποσειδῶν Poseidôn.
^
The Old Medean military title *hazārapatiš: "commander of a thousand" was both borrowed into Greek as ἀζαραπατεῖς azarapateîs/ ἀζαβαρίτης azabarítēs and also calqued as χιλίαρχος khilíarkhos. Though the Greeks probably couldn't have known it, their word for a thousand—χίλιοι—is related to the Medean word *hazāram! Both are from PIE *ǵʰéslom: "numerous, thousand".

Then! Gothic calqued the Greek χιλίαρχος khilíarkhos as 𐌸𐌿𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍆𐌰𐌸𐍃 þūsundifaþs, with a completely different word for thousand… but returning to a cognate of the Medean word for commander: faþs/patiš!
^
In Proto-Indo-European *(h₂)népōts, the laryngeal is reconstructed on the basis of Greek ἀνεψιός anepsiós: "(first) cousin". The alternative is that the Greek is *sm̥-neptiyos: "co-grandson" and there isn't a laryngeal (though that would be expected to be *ἁνεψιός *hanepsiós instead).

If there is not in fact a laryngeal, *(h₂)népōts might be *né-pōts: "not the master of the household", i.e. "dependent, young unmarried relative, just some kid who lives here".)
^
Neptune could be from *n̥bʰtós: "misty, damp"—or it has been suggested that Latin Neptunus may be from *(h₂)népōts: "grandson, descendant", which is supported by parallel to the Indo-Iranian divinity Apam Napat: "Grandson of Waters". In Zoroastrianism, Apam Napat is sometimes part of a ruling triad with Ahura Mazda and Mithra, which has parallels to the triad of Zeus/Poseidon/Hades (and the Vedic Trimurti Bahma/Vishnu/Shiva).

The Norse kenning for fire sǣvar niþr : "grandson of the sea" is suggested to continue the same theme (Apam Napat is also associated with fire emerging from water). The Homeric Greek epithet for seals is also brought to mind: νέποδες καλῆς Ἁλοσύδνης: "descendants of the beautiful Sea-Daughter".

If all three of these possible connections hold, then Neptune is distantly related to Poseidon!

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