August theme: Earth and Water 🌎🌊

Teaser

chthonic, algorithm, humus, Demeter, Gaea, George, geometry, chameleon, camomile, humility, Daoine Sidhe, human

Full Text

• Proto-Indo-European *dʰéǵʰm̥ earth singular

  • Anatolian

    • Hittite 𒋼𒂊𒃷 te-e-kán / tēkan earth
  • Proto-Indo-European *dʰǵʰōm the earth, the lands collective
  • Albanian dhe earth
  • Anatolian

    • Hittite *tagān

      • Hittite ta-ga-an-zi-pa-aš earth-goddess
  • Balto-Slavic *źemē earth

    • East Baltic

      • Lithuanian žẽmė land, earth

        • Lithuanian Žemyna Earth Mother goddess
        • Lithuanian žemýnas continent
    • West Baltic

      • Old Prussian samyen soil, field
    • Slavic *zemljà earth, soil, land

      • East Slavic

        • Russian земля́ zemljá earth, soil, land

          • Russian Но́вая Земля́ Nóvaja Zemljá New Land (place name)

            • English Novaya Zemla
            • English Nova Zembla
      • West Slavic

        • Polish ziemia earth, soil, land
    • Finnic *soomi

      • Finnish Suomi Finland

        • English Suomi
    • Celtic *gdū

      • Old Irish dú spot, place
    • Hellenic *tʰkʰṓn

      • Classical Greek χθών khthṓn ground, soil, earth, country

        • English chthonic within or under the earth, related to the underworld
        • Classical Greek αὐτόχθων autókhthōn indigenous

          • English autocthonic earliest inhabitant of an area, aborigine
        • Classical Greek ἐνοσίχθων enosíkhthōn earthshaking (epithet of Poseidon)
        • Classical Greek χαμουλκός khamoulkós a kind of machine, a crane? lit. "earth-dragger"

          • Latin chamūlcus a kind of chariot

            • French camion truck (freight motor vehicle) one of several possible origins

              • Italian camion truck
              • Serbo-Croatian камѝо̄н kamìōn truck
              • Spanish camión truck, bus
              • Turkish kamyon truck
  • Indo-Iranian

    • Indo-Aryan *gẓʰá(m)Hs

      • Vedic Sanskrit jẓhám

        • Sanskrit 𑀓𑁆𑀱𑀫𑁆 kṣám ground, earth

          • Sanskrit 𑀓𑁆 kṣá field, fieldworker, peasant
        • Sauraseni

          • Romani them country, land, world

            • Romani Amaro Baro Them Ancestral Homeland lit. "Our Great Land"
    • Iranian *já(m)Hs

      • Avestan 𐬰𐬃 zā̊
      • Northern Iranian

        • Scythian

          • Ossetian зӕхх zæxx Earth, soil, earthen floor
      • Western Iranian

        • Kurdish zevî farmland
        • Old Persian *zmiš

          • Persian زمی zami archaic

            • Persian زمین zamin earth, land, soil

              • Persian زمین Zamin Earth (planet)
          • Old Persian 𐎢𐎺𐎠𐎼𐏀𐎷𐎡𐏁 u-v-a-r-z-mi-i-š / ʰUvārazmiš Khwarazm/Chorasmia ^[1]

            • Persian خوارزم xwârazm Khwarazm/Chorasmia

              • English Khwarazm
              • Russian Хоре́зм Xorézm Khwarazm/Chorasmia
              • Turkish Harezm Khwarazm/Chorasmia
              • Arabic خوارزم ḵawārizm Khwarazm/Chorasmia

                • Arabic خوارزمي ḵawārizmiyy Chorasmian

                  • Persian خوارزمی xwârazmi (Muhammad ibn Musa) al-Khwarizmi
                  • Arabic الخوارزمي al-ḵawārizmiyy the Chorasmian, (originally habitational surname/epithet), (Muhammad ibn Musa) al-Khwarizmi

                    • Arabic خوارزمية ḵawārizmiyya algorithm
                    • English al-Khwarizmi
                    • Medieval Latin Algorizmi

                      • Medieval Latin algorismus algorithm

                        • Old French augorisme

                          • Middle English augrym calculation with Arabic numerals, Arabic numerals, ciphering

                            • Welsh awgrym suggestion, hint, clue
                        • Spanish guarismo digit, Arabic numeral
                        • Medieval Latin algorithmus algorithm with s changed to th by association with Greek arithmós

                          • Armenian ալգորիթմ algoritʿm algorithm
                          • French algorithme

                            • English algorithm

                              • Japanese アルゴリズム arugorizumu algorithm
                              • Korean 알고리즘 algorijeum algorithm
                            • Greek ​​αλγόριθμος algórithmos algorithm
                            • Persian الگوریتم algoritm algorithm
                          • German Algorithmus algorithm
                          • Italian algoritmo algorithm
            • Akkadian 𒄷𒈠𒊑𒄑𒈠𒀪 ḫu-ma-ri-iz-ma-ʾ Khwarazm/Chorasmia
            • Egyptian 𓆼𓃭𓐠𓅓𓈉 ḫꜣ-rw-sꜣ-m.LAND Khwarazm/Chorasmia
            • Elamite 𒈠𒊏𒆜𒈪𒆜 ma-ra-iš-mi-iš Khwarazm/Chorasmia
            • Classical Greek Χορασμία Khwarazm/Chorasmia

              • Latin Chorasmia

                • English Chorasmia
            • Old Persian 𐎢𐎺𐎠𐎼𐏀𐎷𐎡𐎹 u-v-a-r-z-mi-i-y / ʰUvārazmīya a Chorasmian

              • Persian خوارزمی xwârazmi (Muhammad ibn Musa) al-Khwarizmi
  • Italic

    • Latin humus ground, soil

      • English humus amorphous organic matter in soil
      • Latin humō I bury

        • Latin exhumō I dig up, I exhume

          • Western Romance

            • French exhumer to exhume

              • English exhume
            • Italian esumare to exhume
            • Spanish exhumar to exhume
  • Thracian *zem Earth

    • Thracian *Zemele

      • Classical Greek Σεμέλη Semélē Mother of Dionysus

        • English Semele
        • Etruscan 𐌔𐌄𐌌𐌋𐌀 Semla
    • Tocharian

      • Arshian tkaṃ earth, ground
    • ?

      • Hellenic *Da Earth

        • Mycenaean Greek *da Earth

          • Mycenaean Greek 𐀁𐀚𐀯𐀆𐀃𐀚 E-ne-si-da-o-ne Earth-shaker (Poseidon)
        • Classical Greek δᾶ dâ Earth

          • Classical Greek Δημήτηρ Dēmḗtēr Divinity of the Fertility of the Earth and Harvest ^[2]

            • English Demeter
      • Hellenic *Ga Earth

        • Mycenaean Greek

          • Mycenaean Greek 𐀔𐀏 ma-ka Mother Earth
        • Classical Greek γῆ gê land, earth, country, soil

          • Classical Greek γαῖᾰ gaîa land, country, earth (material), earth (element)

            • Classical Greek Γαῖα Gaîa Earth, personified as a goddess

              • Latin Gaea Greek goddess of the Earth

                • English Gaea
              • English Gaia
          • Classical Greek γεωργός geōrgós tilling the ground, farmer "earth-work"

            • Classical Greek Γεώργιος Geṓrgios

              • Latin Geōrgius

                • English George
          • Classical Greek γεωμετρία geōmetría land measurement, surveying, geometry "earth-measure"

            • Latin geōmetria geometry

              • Western Romance

                • French géométrie geometry

                  • English geometry
          • Classical Greek γεωγράφος geōgráphos geography "earth-drawing"

            • Latin geōgraphia geography

              • Western Romance

                • French géographie geography

                  • English geography
  • Proto-Indo-European *dʰǵʰm̥meh₂y on the ground, to the ground probably a fossilized declension

    • Hellenic

      • Classical Greek χᾰμαί khamaí on the ground, near the ground, to the ground

        • Classical Greek χᾰμαίδρῡς khamaídrūs wall germander "ground-oak"

          • Latin chamaedrys

            • French germandrée

              • English germander
              • German Gamander
            • Italian camedrio avens
        • Classical Greek χᾰμαιλέων khamailéōn chameleon ^[3]

          • Greek χαμαιλέοντας chamailéontas chameleon
          • Latin chamaeleōn chameleon

            • Western Romance

              • Old French cameleon chameleon

                • French caméléon chameleon
                • English chameleon
              • Italian camaleonte chameleon
              • Spanish camaleón chameleon
          • Russian хамелео́н xameleón chameleon
        • Classical Greek χᾰμαίμηλον khamaímēlon (Roman) camomile "ground-apple"

          • Greek χαμομήλι chamomíli camomile
          • Latin chamaemēlon

            • French camomille camomile

              • English camomile
          • Translingual Chamaemelum taxonomic genus of camomile
    • Indo-Iranian

      • Indo-Aryan

        • Sanskrit 𑀓𑁆𑀱𑁆𑀫𑀬𑀸 kṣmayā́
    • Italic *homei

      • Latin humī
  • Proto-Indo-European *dʰǵʰemelo- near the ground

    • Hellenic

      • Classical Greek χθαμαλός khthamalós sunken, flat, creeping also, epithet of Ithaca
    • Italic

      • Latin humilis near the ground, lowly, humble

        • Western Romance

          • French humble humble

            • English humble
          • Italian umile humble
          • Spanish humilde humble, lower class
        • Old Irish umal humble, obedient

          • Irish umhal humble, obedient
        • Latin humilitās insignificane, humilitian, submissiveness

          • Western Romance

            • French humilité humility

              • English humility
            • Italian umiltà humility
            • Sicilian umirtà humility

              • Italian omertà code of silence, espeically among the Mafia

                • English omerta
            • Spanish humildad humility
  • Proto-Indo-European *dʰǵʰmen- on the earth

    • Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰmṓ earthling, human, mortal

      • Balto-Slavic *źmō̃

        • Old Lithuanian žmuõ human, man

          • Lithuanian žmogùs human with some other root mixed in
      • Celtic *gdonyos person

        • Brythonic *dün person, human

          • Welsh dyn folks, man, person
        • Gaulish *-gdonio people, mortals

          • Gaulish 𐌕𐌄𐌖𐌏𐌙𐌕𐌏𐌍𐌉𐌏𐌍 deuogdonion of gods and mortals ^[4]
        • Old Irish duine person

          • Irish duine person, human

            • Irish daonna human, humane, kindly
            • Irish Daoine Maithe fairies, Aos Sí (lit. the Good People)
            • Irish Daoine Sí fairies, Aos Sí (lit. People of the Mounds)

              • English Daoine Sidhe
      • Germanic *gumô man

        • East Germanic

          • Gothic 𐌲𐌿𐌼𐌰 guma man
        • North Germanic

          • Old Norse gumi man

            • Icelandic gumi man archaic, poetic
        • West Germanic

          • Old English guma man

            • Scots gome man
          • Old High German gomo man
        • Germanic *brūdigumô bride's-man, husband, bridegroom

          • North Germanic

            • Old Norse brúðgumi bridegroom

              • Danish brudgom bridegroom
              • Icelandic brúðgumi bridegroom
          • West Germanic

            • Old English brȳdguma bridegroom

              • English bridegroom ^[5]
            • Frankish

              • Dutch bruidegom bridegroom
            • Old High German brūtigomo bridegroom

              • German Bräutigam bridgegroom
      • Italic

        • Latin homō human, person, man acc.: hominem

          • Sardinian ómine
          • Eastern Romance

            • Romanian om human
          • Western Romance

            • French homme man from accusative hominem
            • French on someone, people, one from nominative homō
            • Italian uomo man
            • Spanish hombre man

              • French hombre a Spanish card game, ombre

                • English ombre
          • Latin hūmānus having to do with humans, humane

            • Eastern Romance

              • Romanian uman human, humane
            • Western Romance

              • French humain human

                • English human
              • Spanish humano
            • Latin hūmānitās humanity

              • Western Romance

                • French humanité humanity

                  • English humanity
                • Italian umanità humanity
                • Spanish humanidad humanity

Visual

Collected English words

Novaya Zemla, Nova Zembla, Suomi, chthonic, autocthonic, Khwarazm, al-Khwarizmi, algorithm, Chorasmia, humus, exhume, Semele, Demeter, Gaea, Gaia, George, geometry, geography, germander, chameleon, camomile, Chamaemelum, humble, humility, omerta, Daoine Sidhe, bridegroom, ombre, human, humanity

Footnotes

1. ^

   Khwarazm—also called Chorasmia—is a historical oasis region of Central Asia, now straddling the border of Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. The city of Khiva has often been the de jure or de facto capital of the region. The second element of the name is almost certainly Iranian *jámHs: "earth, land". The name has been proposed as "low-land", "dark-soil-land", or "sun-land".

   The Persian mathematician Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi (c. 780–847) is named for the region—al-Khwarizmi: "the Chorasmian". He was either personally or ancestrally from Khwarazm.

   He is regarded as the founder of algebra, and translations of his work al-Kitāb al-Mukhtaṣar fī Ḥisāb al-Jabr wal-Muqābalah: "The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing" is both the namesake of "algebra" (al-Jabr: "the completion, the restoration") and the work that introduced Indo-Arabic numeral system to Europe.

   His own name was borrowed as the word "algorithm".

   The zm in his name is cognate to Greek geo- in geometry and geography (one of his other famous books is his translation and update of Ptolemy's _Geography_).

2. ^

   There are many possibilities for the first element in Demeter, e.g. des- (as in Desponia), meaning "house", or dea (cf. ζειά), a kind of grain.

3. ^

   Ancient Greek χᾰμαιλέων khamailéōn: "chameleon" is a calque of Akkadian 𒌨𒈤𒊭𒆠 nēšu ša qaqqari: "chameleon, lizard". nēšu ša qaqqari was translated literally as "lion of the ground" but would probably be better translated as "predator that crawls".

4. ^

   From the Gallo-Etruscan Vercelli inscription http://mnamon.sns.it/index.php?page=Esempi&id;=61⟨=en#370

5. ^

   With the loss of the Old English guma, -gome in Middle English bridegome is conflated with grome (Modern groom) meaning "boy, youth". There are two different possibilities about whether Middle English gome and grome were originally any relation to each other:

   A) grome could be unrelated to gome, and instead related to "grow" and "green", possibly Germanic *grōmô. But that root is usually only used for plant growth (thus, "green"), not human/animal growth.

   Or B) this could be a recollapsing of two words that were originally the same, with gome having been previously modified with an intrusive 'r' to create grome (compare: hoarse from hās and cartridge from cartouche). But the same modification would have had to have happened in other branches of Germanic, compare Icelandic gromr: "boy" vs. gumi: "man (poetic)": and Middle Dutch grom: "boy" vs. gome: "man"