Teaser

arctic, Ursa Major, Arthur, Miranda, smile

Full Text

• Proto-Indo-European *h₂erd- *h₂erdi- edge, point

  • Proto-Indo-European *h₂erdih₁yéti

    • Germanic *artijaną to provoke, to annoy, to sting

      • North Germanic

        • Old Norse erta

          • Old East Norse

            • Danish erte
          • Old West Norse

            • Icelandic erta to irritate, to tease, to provoke
  • Proto-Indo-European *h₂órdis a point, a sting noun

    • Indo-Iranian *Hórdiš

      • Indo-Aryan

        • Sanskrit अलिः aliḥ bumble bee, scorpion, crow, enemy

          • Sanskrit अली alī Scorpio
    • Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥dh₂éḱh₃s bee-eater?, bear

      • Anatolian

        • Hittite 𒄯𒁖𒂵𒀸 ḫar-tág-ga-aš bear
      • Proto-Indo-European *h₂ŕ̥dḱos

        • Pre-Albanian *artsa bear

          • Old Albanian ar bear

            • Albanian ari bear back-formed from Old Albanian plural
        • Old Armenian արջ arǰ bear irregular -ǰ-, possibly contamination from arǰn: "black"

          • Armenian արջ arǰ bear
        • Celtic *artos bear

          • Brythonic *arθ

            • Breton arzh bear
            • Cornish arth bear
            • Welsh arth bear
          • Celtiberian

            • Basque hartz bear
          • Gaulish *artos

            • Gaulish *Artio

              • Latin Artio Gaulish bear divinity
          • Old Irish art bear, warrior
          • Noric *Artes

            • Noric 𐌀𐌓𐌕𐌄𐌁𐌖𐌈𐌆 Artebudz personal name: Bear-?
          • Celtic *Artorīxs personal name: Bear-King

            • Brythonic *Arθorīɣ

              • Welsh Arthur

                • English Arthur
                • Spanish Arturo Arcturus

                  • Spanish Arturito Little Arthur, R2-D2
            • Gaulish *Artorīx

              • Gaulish *Artorīgios (son) of Artorīx

                • Latin Artorius

                  • Welsh Arthur

                    • English Arthur
                    • Spanish Arturo Arcturus

                      • Spanish Arturito Little Arthur, R2-D2
          • Celtic *Artognāwos personal name: Bear-Wisdom

            • Brythonic *Artognọw

              • Old Breton Artgnou
              • Latin Artognou
        • Hellenic *árktos

          • Classical Greek ἄρκτος arktos bear, north "north" from the position of Ursa Major in the sky

            • Classical Greek Ἄρκτος Arktos Ursa Major

              • Latin Arctus Ursa Major, north
            • Translingual Ursus arctos taxonomic species name of the brown bear
            • Byzantine Greek ἀρκουδα arkouda

              • Greek αρκουδα arkouda bear
            • Classical Greek ἀρκτικος arktikos having to do with Ursa Major, northern

              • Latin arcticus northern, arctic

                • French arctique

                  • English arctic
              • Classical Greek ἀνταρκτικος antarktikos south, antarctic "away from the bear"

                • Latin antarcticus

                  • English antarctic
                  • Latin Antarctica

                    • English Antarctica
            • Classical Greek Ἀρκτοῦρος Arktoûros Arcturus (the star) lit. "Bear-Watcher", a star near Ursa Major

              • Greek Αρκτούρος Arktoúros Arcturus
              • Latin Arctūrus Arcturus (the star), Boötes (the constellation)

                • Welsh Arthur

                  • English Arthur
                  • Spanish Arturo Arcturus

                    • Spanish Arturito Little Arthur, R2-D2
                • Spanish Arturo Arcturus

                  • Spanish Arturito Little Arthur, R2-D2
                • English Arcturus

                  • Japanese アークトゥルス Ākuturusu Arcturus
                • French Arcturus Arcturus
            • Classical Greek ἀρκτόμυς arktómus steppe marmot
            • Classical Greek ἄρκιον árkion burdock lit. "little bear"

              • Translingual Arctium taxonomic genus name of burdock
          • Hellenic

            • Mycenaean Greek 𐀀𐀏 a-ka
            • Classical Greek ἀρκάς Arkás Arcas, an Arcadian
            • Hellenic

              • Mycenaean Greek 𐀀𐀏𐀆 a-ka-de Arcadia
              • Classical Greek Ἀρκαδία Arkadía Arcadia

                • Greek Αρκαδία Arkadía
                • Latin Arcadia

                  • English Arcadia
                  • French Arcadie

                    • French Acadie

                      • English Acadia
                      • French Acadien

                        • French Cadien

                          • English Cajun
                • Coptic ⲧⲀⲣⲕⲁⲇⲓⲁ tArkadia Arcadia
          • Hellenic

            • Mycenaean Greek 𐀀𐀳𐀖𐀵 a-te-mi-to Artemis
            • Classical Greek Ἄρτεμις Ártemis

              • Latin Artemis

                • English Artemis
              • Classical Greek ἀρτεμισία artemisía (flower) of Artemis, mugwort

                • Latin artemisia mugwort

                  • Western Romance

                    • French armoise mugwort
                  • Translingual Artemisia taxonomic genus of mugwort and related plants
                  • English artemisia
                • Classical Greek Ἀρτεμισία Artemīsíā personal name: (she) of Artemis

                  • Greek Αρτεμισία Artemisía
                  • Latin Artemisia
              • Classical Greek Ἀρτεμίσιον Artemísion (place) of Artemis, Artemisium

                • Greek Αρτεμίσιο Artemísio Artemisium
                • Latin Artemisium

                  • English Artemisium
              • Classical Greek Ἀρτεμίσιος Artemísios (month) of Artemis, a month in some Classical Greek calendars, April
        • Indo-Iranian *Hŕ̥ćšas

          • Indo-Aryan *Hŕ̥ćṣas

            • Sanskrit ऋक्षः ṛ́kṣa bear, ape, constellation, star, astrological mansion

              • Pali 𑀅𑀘𑁆𑀙 accha bear
              • Sauraseni 𑀭𑀺𑀘𑁆𑀙 riccha

                • Madhya Sauraseni

                  • Hindi रीछ rīch bear
                • Northwestern Sauraseni

                  • Kalasha ič̣ bear
                • Western Sauraseni

                  • Romani rish bear
              • Thai ฤกษ์ rə̂ək bear, Ursa Major, star
          • Iranian *Hŕ̥šah

            • Avestan 𐬀𐬭𐬴𐬀 arṣ̌a bear
            • Pashto يږ yëģ bear
            • Scythian

              • Saka

                • Khotani arrä bear
              • Scythian

                • Ossetian арс ars bear
            • Sogdo-Bactrian

              • Sogdian ašša bear
            • Western Iranian

              • Northwestern Iranian

                • Kurdish hirç bear
              • Old Persian *r̥šah

                • Middle Persian 𐭧𐭫𐭮 ḥrs

                  • Persian خرس xers bear
          • Nuristani *írca

            • Kamviri ić bear
            • Ashkun ić bear
          • Finnic *karhu

            • Finnish karhu bear
        • Italic *orssos

          • Latin ursus bear

            • Central Romance

              • Italian orso bear
            • Eastern Romance

              • Romanian urs bear

                • Romanian ursar bear tamer

                  • Vlax Romani Vursari
                  • English Ursari
            • Western Romance

              • Old French urs / ors

                • Middle French

                  • French ours bear
                • Old French urson / orson bear cub

                  • Middle French

                    • French ourson bear cub
                  • Old French Orson personal name: Bear Cub

                    • Middle English

                      • English Orson
              • Spanish oso bear
            • Translingual Ursus taxonomic genus of bears

              • Translingual Ursus arctos taxonomic species name of the brown bear
        • Proto-Indo-European *h₂ordk̑éh₂ she-bear

          • Albanian arushë she-bear
          • Italic *orssā she-bear

            • Latin ursa she-bear

              • Central Romance

                • Italian orsa she-bear
              • Eastern Romance

                • Romanian ursă she-bear
              • Western Romance

                • Old French

                  • Middle French

                    • French ourse she-bear
                • Spanish osa she-bear
              • Latin Ursa Major

                • English Ursa Major
              • Latin Ursula personal name: Little She-Bear

                • English Ursula
        • Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥tḱwéh₂

          • Balto-Slavic *irśtwā́ˀ

            • Baltic

              • East Baltic

                • Lithuanian irštvà bear's den
  • Proto-Indo-European *h₂érdis point, sting e-grade variant of noun

    • Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥dh₂éḱh₃s bee-eater?, bear

      • Anatolian

        • Hittite 𒄯𒁖𒂵𒀸 ḫar-tág-ga-aš bear
      • Proto-Indo-European *h₂ŕ̥dḱos

        • Pre-Albanian *artsa bear

          • Old Albanian ar bear

            • Albanian ari bear back-formed from Old Albanian plural
        • Old Armenian արջ arǰ bear irregular -ǰ-, possibly contamination from arǰn: "black"

          • Armenian արջ arǰ bear
        • Celtic *artos bear

          • Brythonic *arθ

            • Breton arzh bear
            • Cornish arth bear
            • Welsh arth bear
          • Celtiberian

            • Basque hartz bear
          • Gaulish *artos

            • Gaulish *Artio

              • Latin Artio Gaulish bear divinity
          • Old Irish art bear, warrior
          • Noric *Artes

            • Noric 𐌀𐌓𐌕𐌄𐌁𐌖𐌈𐌆 Artebudz personal name: Bear-?
          • Celtic *Artorīxs personal name: Bear-King

            • Brythonic *Arθorīɣ

              • Welsh Arthur

                • English Arthur
                • Spanish Arturo Arcturus

                  • Spanish Arturito Little Arthur, R2-D2
            • Gaulish *Artorīx

              • Gaulish *Artorīgios (son) of Artorīx

                • Latin Artorius

                  • Welsh Arthur

                    • English Arthur
                    • Spanish Arturo Arcturus

                      • Spanish Arturito Little Arthur, R2-D2
          • Celtic *Artognāwos personal name: Bear-Wisdom

            • Brythonic *Artognọw

              • Old Breton Artgnou
              • Latin Artognou
        • Hellenic *árktos

          • Classical Greek ἄρκτος arktos bear, north "north" from the position of Ursa Major in the sky

            • Classical Greek Ἄρκτος Arktos Ursa Major

              • Latin Arctus Ursa Major, north
            • Translingual Ursus arctos taxonomic species name of the brown bear
            • Byzantine Greek ἀρκουδα arkouda

              • Greek αρκουδα arkouda bear
            • Classical Greek ἀρκτικος arktikos having to do with Ursa Major, northern

              • Latin arcticus northern, arctic

                • French arctique

                  • English arctic
              • Classical Greek ἀνταρκτικος antarktikos south, antarctic "away from the bear"

                • Latin antarcticus

                  • English antarctic
                  • Latin Antarctica

                    • English Antarctica
            • Classical Greek Ἀρκτοῦρος Arktoûros Arcturus (the star) lit. "Bear-Watcher", a star near Ursa Major

              • Greek Αρκτούρος Arktoúros Arcturus
              • Latin Arctūrus Arcturus (the star), Boötes (the constellation)

                • Welsh Arthur

                  • English Arthur
                  • Spanish Arturo Arcturus

                    • Spanish Arturito Little Arthur, R2-D2
                • Spanish Arturo Arcturus

                  • Spanish Arturito Little Arthur, R2-D2
                • English Arcturus

                  • Japanese アークトゥルス Ākuturusu Arcturus
                • French Arcturus Arcturus
            • Classical Greek ἀρκτόμυς arktómus steppe marmot
            • Classical Greek ἄρκιον árkion burdock lit. "little bear"

              • Translingual Arctium taxonomic genus name of burdock
          • Hellenic

            • Mycenaean Greek 𐀀𐀏 a-ka
            • Classical Greek ἀρκάς Arkás Arcas, an Arcadian
            • Hellenic

              • Mycenaean Greek 𐀀𐀏𐀆 a-ka-de Arcadia
              • Classical Greek Ἀρκαδία Arkadía Arcadia

                • Greek Αρκαδία Arkadía
                • Latin Arcadia

                  • English Arcadia
                  • French Arcadie

                    • French Acadie

                      • English Acadia
                      • French Acadien

                        • French Cadien

                          • English Cajun
                • Coptic ⲧⲀⲣⲕⲁⲇⲓⲁ tArkadia Arcadia
          • Hellenic

            • Mycenaean Greek 𐀀𐀳𐀖𐀵 a-te-mi-to Artemis
            • Classical Greek Ἄρτεμις Ártemis

              • Latin Artemis

                • English Artemis
              • Classical Greek ἀρτεμισία artemisía (flower) of Artemis, mugwort

                • Latin artemisia mugwort

                  • Western Romance

                    • French armoise mugwort
                  • Translingual Artemisia taxonomic genus of mugwort and related plants
                  • English artemisia
                • Classical Greek Ἀρτεμισία Artemīsíā personal name: (she) of Artemis

                  • Greek Αρτεμισία Artemisía
                  • Latin Artemisia
              • Classical Greek Ἀρτεμίσιον Artemísion (place) of Artemis, Artemisium

                • Greek Αρτεμίσιο Artemísio Artemisium
                • Latin Artemisium

                  • English Artemisium
              • Classical Greek Ἀρτεμίσιος Artemísios (month) of Artemis, a month in some Classical Greek calendars, April
        • Indo-Iranian *Hŕ̥ćšas

          • Indo-Aryan *Hŕ̥ćṣas

            • Sanskrit ऋक्षः ṛ́kṣa bear, ape, constellation, star, astrological mansion

              • Pali 𑀅𑀘𑁆𑀙 accha bear
              • Sauraseni 𑀭𑀺𑀘𑁆𑀙 riccha

                • Madhya Sauraseni

                  • Hindi रीछ rīch bear
                • Northwestern Sauraseni

                  • Kalasha ič̣ bear
                • Western Sauraseni

                  • Romani rish bear
              • Thai ฤกษ์ rə̂ək bear, Ursa Major, star
          • Iranian *Hŕ̥šah

            • Avestan 𐬀𐬭𐬴𐬀 arṣ̌a bear
            • Pashto يږ yëģ bear
            • Scythian

              • Saka

                • Khotani arrä bear
              • Scythian

                • Ossetian арс ars bear
            • Sogdo-Bactrian

              • Sogdian ašša bear
            • Western Iranian

              • Northwestern Iranian

                • Kurdish hirç bear
              • Old Persian *r̥šah

                • Middle Persian 𐭧𐭫𐭮 ḥrs

                  • Persian خرس xers bear
          • Nuristani *írca

            • Kamviri ić bear
            • Ashkun ić bear
          • Finnic *karhu

            • Finnish karhu bear
        • Italic *orssos

          • Latin ursus bear

            • Central Romance

              • Italian orso bear
            • Eastern Romance

              • Romanian urs bear

                • Romanian ursar bear tamer

                  • Vlax Romani Vursari
                  • English Ursari
            • Western Romance

              • Old French urs / ors

                • Middle French

                  • French ours bear
                • Old French urson / orson bear cub

                  • Middle French

                    • French ourson bear cub
                  • Old French Orson personal name: Bear Cub

                    • Middle English

                      • English Orson
              • Spanish oso bear
            • Translingual Ursus taxonomic genus of bears

              • Translingual Ursus arctos taxonomic species name of the brown bear
        • Proto-Indo-European *h₂ordk̑éh₂ she-bear

          • Albanian arushë she-bear
          • Italic *orssā she-bear

            • Latin ursa she-bear

              • Central Romance

                • Italian orsa she-bear
              • Eastern Romance

                • Romanian ursă she-bear
              • Western Romance

                • Old French

                  • Middle French

                    • French ourse she-bear
                • Spanish osa she-bear
              • Latin Ursa Major

                • English Ursa Major
              • Latin Ursula personal name: Little She-Bear

                • English Ursula
        • Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥tḱwéh₂

          • Balto-Slavic *irśtwā́ˀ

            • Baltic

              • East Baltic

                • Lithuanian irštvà bear's den
    • Hellenic

      • Classical Greek ἄρδις árdis point of an arrow

Visual

Collected English words

Arthur, Ursus arctos, arctic, antarctic, Antarctica, Arcturus, Arctium, Arcadia, Acadia, Cajun, Artemis, Artemisia, artemisia, Artemisium, Ursari, Orson, Ursus, Ursa Major, Ursula

Footnotes

1. ^

   Belmonte de Miranda is just an example place name, one of many in Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian. The habitational surname comes from many of them.

2. ^

   Miranda as an English personal name is first used in Shakespeare's _The Tempest_. It is a notably characteristic of the character Miranda that she both wonders at, and is wondered at.

   Miranda's most famous line is: "O wonder! How many goodly creatures are there here! How beauteous mankind is! O brave new world, That has such people in't.".

   And when Ferdinand first sees her, he addresses her "O you wonder!", and since they are theoretically speaking Italian, he's effectively calling her by her actual name.

3. ^

   In many descendants, Germanic *smirāną: "to mock, deride" was merged into *smirwijaną: "to smear", from *smerwą: "grease, butter, fat".

4. ^

   Latin cōmis/cōmitās: "smile with"; not to be confused with comes/comitis: "go with"