September theme: Fire 🔥

Teaser

brew, broil, breed, ferment, burn, bourbon, broth, bread

Full Text

• Proto-Indo-European *bʰrewh₁- to boil, to brew

  • Proto-Indo-European *bʰrewh₁-ti primary verb

    • Albanian mbruaj to knead
    • Celtic

      • Old Irish bruithid boils, seethes, cooks

        • Irish bruith to boil, to bake, to burn
    • Germanic *brewwanã to brew

      • North Germanic

        • Old Norse brugga to brew

          • Danish brygge to brew
          • Icelandic brugga to brew, to scheme
      • West Germanic

        • Old English brēowan to brew

          • English brew
        • Frankish *breuwan

          • Dutch brouwen to brew
        • Old High German briuwan to brew

          • German brauen to brew
        • West Germanic *brōan o-grade intensive

          • Frankish *brōjan

            • Dutch broeien to be hot, to heat up

              • Dutch broeikas greenhouse
            • Old French bruir to burn

              • Old French brusler

                • French brûler

                  • French crème brûlée

                    • English crème brûlée
                • English broil
          • Old High German *bruoen

            • German brühen to pour hot water over, to brew, to put a pot on
            • Old High German firbruoen

              • German verbrühen to scald
        • West Germanic *brōdi heat, warmth, incubation, brood, breeding

          • Old English brōd

            • English brood
          • Old High German bruot

            • German Brut brood, offspring
          • West Germanic *brōdijan to keep warm, to brood, to breed

            • Old English brēdan

              • English breed
            • Frankish *bruoden

              • Dutch broeden
            • Old High German bruoten

              • German brüten
    • Italic

      • Latin ferveō I am hot, I burn, I boil

        • Eastern Romance

          • Romanian a fierbe to boil, to simmer, to scald
        • Western Romance

          • Italian fervere to be fervid, to be feverish ^[1]
          • Spanish hervir to boil
        • Latin fervens hot, burning, zealous, impetuous

          • French fervent fervent

            • English fervent
          • Italian fervente fervent, ardent
          • Spanish hirviente boiling, enraged
          • Latin fermentum fermentation, yeast, anger

            • Latin fermentō I ferment, I make rise, I leaven, I cause to swell, I cause to spoil

              • Western Romance

                • French fermenter to ferment

                  • English ferment
                • Italian fermentare to ferment
                • Spanish fermentar to ferment
              • Eastern Romance

                • Romanian frământa to knead, to stir, to fuss
  • Proto-Indo-European *bʰrowh₁-ti o-grade intensive
  • Proto-Indo-European *bʰr̥wh₁wós

    • Celtic *berwos boiled, boiling

      • Brythonic

        • Welsh berw boiled, boiling, stew, agitation, waterfall

          • Welsh berwi to boil
  • Proto-Indo-European *bʰrewh₁tus seethe, burn abstract noun

    • Albanian burth mouth burning (animal disease)
    • Celtic

      • Old Irish breóaid to burn

        • Irish breoigh to sicken, to weaken
    • Germanic *brandaz fire, burning, torch, sword

      • North Germanic

        • Old Norse brandr

          • Danish brand (large, destructive) fire
          • Icelandic brandur burning log, sword
      • West Germanic

        • Old English brand fire, burning, torch, sword

          • English brand

            • Japanese ブランド burando brand in the modern, commercial sense
            • English firebrand
        • Frankish *brand fire, torch, sword

          • Dutch brand fire
          • Vulgar Latin *brandus fire, torch, sword

            • French branler to shake, to masturbate
            • Vulgar Latin *brandio I brandish (a sword)

              • French brandir to brandish

                • English brandish
              • Italian brandire to brandish, to wave
        • Old High German brant

          • German Brand fire
      • Samic *prāntē

        • Northern Sami ráddi ember
  • Proto-Indo-European *bʰrewh₁néw-ti transitive imperfective

    • Germanic *brinnanã to burn, to be on fire

      • East Germanic

        • Gothic 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 brinnan to burn
      • North Germanic

        • Old Norse brinna to burn

          • Danish brænde to burn, to roast, to cremate, to sting
          • Icelandic brenna to burn
      • West Germanic

        • Old English biernan to burn

          • English burn
        • Old High German brinnan to burn

          • German brinnen to burn archaic
  • Proto-Indo-European *bʰréh₁wr̥ well, spring, source r/n-stem noun

    • Old Armenian աղբիւր ałbiwr fountain, spring

      • Armenian աղբյուր ałbyur spring, fountain, source

        • Armenian սկզբնաղբյուր skzbnałbyur primary source, original copy
    • Celtic *borvō foam, bubbling water

      • Gaulish Boruō hot spring, Divinity of Healing Hot Springs

        • Latin Borvo
        • Gaulish *Borwānicos

          • Latin Borbanus place name (a spa town), Bourbon or Boulbon

            • Western Romance

              • French Bourbon (l'Archambault) ^[2]

                • English Bourbon

                  • English bourbon
              • Occitan Borbon

                • French Boulbon
            • Latin Aquae Borvonis place name (a spa town), Bourbonne-les-Bains

              • Western Romance

                • French Bourbonne-les-Bains
        • Gaulish Bormō

          • Latin Bormos

            • Western Romance

              • Occitan Bòrmas (dei Mimòsas)

                • French Bormes-les-Mimosas
            • German Worms

              • English Worms

                • English Diet of Worms
      • Old Irish Berbae river name, the River Barrow

        • Irish Bhearú

          • English Barrow
    • Germanic *brunnô wellspring, fountain, brook

      • East Germanic

        • Gothic 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌰 brunna source, wellspring

          • Crimean Gothic brunna spring, fountain, source
      • North Germanic

        • Old Norse brunnr

          • Danish brønd well
          • Icelandic brunnur well, spring, source
          • Scots brin brook, rivulet
      • West Germanic

        • Old English burne A stream, brook, river, or other running water

          • English bourn
          • Scots burn small river
        • Frankish

          • Dutch bron well
        • Old High German brunno well

          • German Brunnen well
    • Hellenic *pʰrḗwər

      • Classical Greek φρέᾱρ phréār well
    • Italic

      • Latin Furrina Divinity of unknown portfolio, associated with water

        • Latin Furrinalia
    • Indo-Iranian

      • Indo-Aryan

        • Sanskrit 𑀪𑀼𑀭𑁆𑀯𑀦𑁆 bhúrvan restless movement of water
  • Proto-Indo-European *bʰrutos

    • Celtic

      • Brythonic

        • Welsh brwd hot, fervent, avid
    • Germanic *bruþã broth

      • West Germanic

        • Old English broþ broth

          • English broth
        • Frankish *brod

          • Medieval Latin brodium broth

            • French brouet broth
            • Italian brodo broth
    • Italic *fruto-

      • Latin defruto to reduce to a syrup (by boiling)
    • Tocharian *präts

      • Old Chinese *pɯds boil

        • Middle Chinese 沸 pʉiH boil

          • Mandarin 沸 fèi to boil
          • Middle Chinese 煮沸 to boil

            • Mandarin 煮沸 zhǔfèi to boil
            • Japanese 煮沸 shafutsu boiling
        • Middle Korean pur fire

          • Korean 불 bul fire, fireplace

            • Korean 불고기 bulgogi grilled meat dish lit. "fire-meat"

              • English bulgogi Korean grilled meat dish
  • Proto-Indo-European *bʰrutus

    • Celtic *brutus fermentation, boiling heat

      • Old Irish bruth raging, violent or boiling heat

        • Irish bruth heat, rash, surf
  • Proto-Indo-European *bʰobʰro- reduplication

    • Old Armenian բորբ borb bright, burning

      • Armenian բորբ borb bright, burning
  • Proto-Indo-European *bʰrowh₁tó-?

    • Germanic *braudã bread ^[3]

      • East Germanic

        • Gothic *brauþ

          • Crimean Gothic broe bread
          • Visigothic

            • Portuguese broa cornbread, broa

              • English broa
      • North Germanic

        • Old Norse brauð bread

          • Danish brød bread
          • Icelandic brauð bread, loaf, livelihood
      • West Germanic

        • Old English brēad

          • English bread
          • Scots breid bread
        • Frankish

          • Dutch brood bread, baked good, livelihood
        • Old High German brōt bread

          • German Brot bread, loaf, livelihood
          • Yiddish ברויט broyt bread, loaf, livelihood

Visual

Collected English words

brew, crème brûlée, broil, brood, breed, fervent, ferment, brand, firebrand, brandish, burn, Bourbon, bourbon, Worms, Diet of Worms, Barrow, bourn, broth, bulgogi, broa, bread

Footnotes

1. ^

   Despite the similarity of meaning and sound between "fervor" and "fever", "fever" comes from a different root. Italic merged of /*bʰ/ and /*dʰ/ (and /*gʷʰ/), creating the misleading similarity between fervor and fever from the originally very different roots: *bʰer- and *dʰegʷʰ-, respectively.

2. ^

   Bourbon l'Archembault (Latin Borbanus and probably Gaulish *Borwanicos) is a French spa town (and thus solidly under the purview of the Gaulish god Borwō, divinity of healing springs). "l'Archembault" part of the name refers to the House Dampierre Lords of Bourbon from c. 900 to 1249, of whom 9 out of 12 were named Archambaud.

   After Archambaud IX, Lordship of Bourbon passed to each of his two daughters in turn, then to his granddaughter Beatrice, Lady of Bourbon, and then to Beatrice's son Louis I, Duke of Bourbon, whose father was the 6th son of Saint Louis IX Capet of France, thus founding the House of Bourbon as a cadet branch of House Capet.

   The direct House Capet male line failed in 1328 and kingship passed to House Valois (another cadet branch) and then to House Bourbon (technically Bourbon-Vendôme) in 1589 with the end of the Valois male line.

3. ^

   It's disputed whether *braudą comes from *bʰrewh₁- or not. Assuming it's true, there's some reason to believe that there was a period in which *braudą "bread" meant leavened (i.e. fermented or "brewed") bread, while the older word, *hlaibaz "loaf", meant unleavened bread.