January theme: 98, 99, 100! 💯
Introduction
This is the 100th Word Family Friday in 100 weeks, and the last before I take a break for a few weeks to work on infrastructure and pad my buffer. I originally had a different idea, but then I realized I of course had to do "hundred", because it's such an important word in the history of historical linguistics. Indo-European languages have been grouped into "centum languages" and "satem languages" since Peter von Bradke in 1890.
Centum languages merge /ḱ/ with /k/, but keep /kʷ/ distinct. Celtic, Germanic, Hellenic, and Italic languages are canonical centum languages. The group is named for the Latin centum: "hundred". (Note c is pronounced /k/ in Classical Latin, even before a front vowel as in centum, despite later palatalization affecting nearly all modern Romance pronunciation).
Satem languages merge /kʷ/ with /k/, but keep /ḱ/ distinct (generally becoming a sibilant: /s/, /ʃ/, or /ɕ/). Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic are canonical satem languages. The group is named for Avestan sata: "hundred" (acc. satem).
The smaller branches, Albanian, Anatolian, Armenian, and Tocharian, do not fit as neatly into either category. Some Anatolian languages preserve all three series separately, though Hittite has a later sound change which mimics centumisation. Tocharian merges all three series (as well as losing the voicing distinction, so no less than 9 PIE phonemes are all collapsed into /k/). Albanian and Armenian are both considered to show incomplete satemisation (though pretty darn complete at least in the case of Armenian).
Teaser
hand, ten, decimal, hundred, cent, thousand
Full Text
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Pre-Proto-Indo-European **ḱemt? hand?? [1]
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Pre-Proto-Indo-European **de-ḱm̥t? two hands
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Proto-Indo-European *déḱm̥ ten
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Proto-Albanian *detsati
- Albanian dhjetë
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Old Armenian տասն tasn
- Armenian տասը tasə
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Balto-Slavic *dešimtis
- Lithuanian dešimt
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Slavic *desętь
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East Slavic десѧть desętĭ
- Russian де́сять désjatʹ
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South Slavic
- Old Church Slavonic десѧть desętĭ
- Serbo-Croatian десет deset
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West Slavic
- Polish dziesięć
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Celtic *dekam
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Brythonic *deg
- Welsh deg
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Old Irish deich
- Irish deich
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Germanic *tehun
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East Germanic
- Gothic 𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐌽 taihun
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North Germanic
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Old Norse tíu
- Danish ti
- Icelandic tíu
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West Germanic
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Old English tīen
- English ten
- Scots tene
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Frankish *tian
- Dutch tien
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Old High German zehan
- German zehn
- Yiddish צען
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Old Saxon tehan
- Low German teihn
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Germanic *tehundô tenth
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East Germanic
- Gothic 𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰 taihunda tenth
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North Germanic
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Old Norse tíundi tenth
- Danish tiende tithe
- Icelandic tíundi tenth
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Old Norse tíund tithe
- Icelandic tíund tithe
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West Germanic
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Old English tēoþa tenth
- English tithe
- English tenth
- Scots teind tithe [2]
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Frankish *tiando
- Dutch tiende tenth
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Old High German zehanto
- German zehnte tenth
- Yiddish צענט tsent tenth
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Hellenic *dékə
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Ancient Greek δέκα déka
- Greek δέκα déka
- English deca-
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Indo-Iranian *dáĉa
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Indo-Aryan *dáśa
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Dardic *dáša
- Kashmiri دَہ dah
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Sanskrit 𑀤𑀰 dáśa
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Elu
- Sinhala දහය dahaya
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Magadhi 𑀤𑀰 daśa
- Bengali দশ dôś
- Rohingya doc
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Maharashtri 𑀤𑀳 daha
- Marathi दहा dahā
- Pali dasa
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Sauraseni 𑀤𑀲 dasa
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Madhya
- Hindi दस das
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Pahari
- Nepali दस dasa
- Punjabi ਦਸ das
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Iranian *dáĉa
- Avestan dasā
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Northern Iranian
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Saka *dasa
- Khotani daso
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Scythian
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Alanian *δas
- Ossetian дӕс dæs
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- Pashto لس las
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Western Iranian
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Northwestern Iranian
- Kurdish deh
- Parthian 𐫅𐫘 ds
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Old Persian *daθa
- Persian ده dah
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Nuristani *dáĉ
- Kamviri dúć
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Italic *dekem
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Latin decem
- Sardinian deghe
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Eastern Romance
- Dalmatian dic
- Romanian zece
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Western Romance
- French dix
- Italian dieci
- Spanish diez
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Latin decānus leader of a group of ten people, dean
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Western Romance
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Old French deien
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French doyen dean, doyen
- English doyen
- English dean
- Spanish deán dean
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- Italian decano dean, doyen
- Spanish degano ranch administrator
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Latin decimō
- English decimate
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Latin *decumo-mēnsris of/in the tenth month
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Latin december
- English December
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Medieval Latin decimalis
- English decimal
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Tocharian *śäk [3]
- Arshian śäk
- Kushean śak
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Proto-Indo-European *(d)ḱm̥tóm hundred lit. "tenth"?
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Balto-Slavic *śimta-
- Lithuanian šimtas
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Slavic *sъto irregular, **sęto would be expected
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East Slavic
- Russian сто sto
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South Slavic
- Old Church Slavonic съто sŭto
- Serbo-Croatian сто̑ stȏ
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West Slavic
- Polish sto
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Celtic *kantom
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Brythonic *kant
- Welsh cant
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Old Irish cét
- Irish céad
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Dacian
- Romanian sută
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Germanic *hundã hundred [4]
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East Germanic
- Gothic 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳 hund
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West Germanic
- Old English hund
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Frankish *hund
- Dutch hond old unit of land area, 100 roeden
- Old High German hund
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Germanic *hundaradã hundred lit. "hundred-count" [4]
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North Germanic
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Old Norse hundrað
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Danish hundred
- Kalaallisut untriti
- Icelandic hundrað
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West Germanic
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Old English hundred
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English hundred
- Hawaiʻian haneli
- Scots hunder
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Frankish *hundert
- Dutch honderd
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Old Saxon hunderod
- Low German hunnert
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Middle High German hundert
- German Hundert
- Yiddish הונדערט hundert
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Hellenic *he-kətón hundred lit. "one-hundred? the-hundred?"
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Ancient Greek ἑκατόν hekatón
- Greek εκατό ekató
- English hecato-
- Arcadocypriot ἑκοτόν hekotón
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Indo-Iranian *ĉatám
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Indo-Aryan *śatám
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Dardic *šatá
- Kashmiri şath
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Sanskrit 𑀰𑀢 śatá
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Elu
- Sinhala සියය siyaya
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Magadhi 𑀰𑀢 śata
- Bengali শত śôt
- Rohingya cót
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Maharashtri 𑀲𑀅 saä
- Marathi -शे -śe
- Pali sata
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Sauraseni 𑀲𑀤 sada
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Madhya
- Hindi सौ sau
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Pahari
- Nepali सय saya
- Punjabi ਸੌ sau
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West Indo-Aryan
- Romani šel
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Iranian
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Avestan satəm
- English satem
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Northern Iranian
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Scythian
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Alanian
- Ossetian сӕдӕ sædæ
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- Pashto سل sël
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Western Iranian
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Northwestern Iranian
- Kurdish sed
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Old Persian *θata-
- Persian صد sad
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Finno-Ugric *śata
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Finnic *sata
- Finnish sata
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Mordvinic
- Erzya сядо sjado
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Permic *śod
- Udmurt сю sju
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Samic *čuotē
- Northern Sami čuođi
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Ugric
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Hungarian száz
- Hungarian százszorszép daisy lit. "hundred-times-beautiful"
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Italic *kentom
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Latin
- Sardinian
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Eastern Romance
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Dalmatian ciant
- Albanian qind
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Western Romance
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French cent
- English cent
- Italian cento
- Spanish ciento
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Latin centuria century, 100 of anything
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French centurie
- English century
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Latin centuriō centurion, commander of 100 soldiers
- English centurion
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Latin centēnārius hundredfold, containing hundred
- English centenary
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Arabic قِنْطَار qinṭār hundredweight, 100 riṭl
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Medieval Latin quintale hundredweight, 100 pounds
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French quintal hundredweight, 100 pounds or 100 kilograms
- English quintal hundredweight, 100 pounds or 100 kilograms
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Latin centipelliō third stomach of a ruminant; psalterium, omasum lit. "hundred-skin"
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Eastern Romance
- Romanian cimpoi stomach of a ruminant, bellows, bagpipe
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Western Romance
- Italian centopelle tripe
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French centi-
- English centi-
- English centum
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Tocharian *känte
- Arshian känt
- Kushean kante
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Proto-Indo-European *tuh₂s-ḱm̥tóm?
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Balto-Slavic *tūˀsantis
- Lithuanian tūkstantis
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Slavic *tỳsǫti
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East Slavic
- Russian ты́сяча týsjača
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South Slavic
- Old Church Slavonic тꙑсѧщи tysęšti
- Serbo-Croatian тѝсућа tìsuća
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West Slavic
- Polish tysiąc
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Finnic *tuhat
- Finnish tuhat
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Germanic *þūsundī
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East Germanic
- Gothic 𐌸𐌿𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌹 þusundi
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North Germanic
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Old Norse þúsund
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Danish tusinde
- Kalaallisut tuusinti
- Icelandic þúsund
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West Germanic
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Old English þūsend
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English thousand
- Hawaiʻian kaukani
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Frankish *thūsunt
- Dutch duizend
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Old High German thūsunt
- German tausend
- Yiddish טויזנט toyznt
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Old Saxon thūsund
- Low German dusend
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Visual
Collected English words
hand, ten, tithe, tenth, deca-, doyen, dean, decimate, December, decimal, hundred, hecato-, satem, cent, century, centurion, centenary, quintal, centi-, centum, thousand
Footnotes
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**ḱm̥t is a possible origin for Germanic *handuz: "hand", in which case *déḱm̥ is derivable as *de-ḱm̥t: "two-hands". But *handuz has no certain cognates in other branches and is often considered of non-PIE origin.
One of the more common PIE words for "hand", *ǵʰes-, is used in *(sm̥-)ǵʰéslom: "(one) handful, many, thousand", the origin of Armenian հազար hazar, Greek χίλια chília, Latin mīlle, Sanskrit 𑀲𑀳𑀲𑁆𑀭 sahásra, all meaning "thousand".
A transparent word for "ten" in Pre-PIE would not be unexpected, as PIE shows signs of a recent transition from five-based to ten-based counting.
This is typologically common. Note the Swadesh list includes numbers 1-5, but not above.
I wish we had more number pronunciations for Anatolian, which is the oldest distinct branch and so would provide more information about any recent changes in the PIE number system, but written Anatolian languages almost always use non-phonetic logograms for numbers. The only Anatolian numbers attested phonetically are two, three, and four. Hittie dān: "two" and tēries: "three" have expected forms, but meyawes: "four" is unexpected.
This is not enough information to reach much of a conclusion. Though given that A) Uralic shows signs of transitioning from three-based counting to five-based counting before transitioning to ten-based, and B) there is other evidence of variation in the word "four", such as the possible derivation of *oḱtṓw: "eight" as a dual of the same root as gives Georgian ოთხი otxi: "four".
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"But at the end o seven years/ They pay their teind to hell"
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Note that Tocharian is a centum language; ś here is a reflex of PIE d, not PIE ḱ.
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Germanic *hundã: "hundred" is gradually replaced by *hundaradã: "hundred-count", possibly because it merges phonologically with *hundaz: "dog (hound)" in most Germanic languages. *hundã still appears in some of the oldest written Germanic languages, but has effectively disappeared in all modern Germanic languages.