July theme: Architecture 🏛️

Teaser

column, excel, hill, Celsius, Stockholm, Sherlock Holmes

Full Text

• Proto-Indo-European *kelH- to rise, to be tall

  • Proto-Indo-European *kl̥néHti ne- imperfective

    • Italic *kelnezi

      • Italic *eɣskelnezi

        • Latin excellere to elevate, to raise up, to rise, to exult, to excel

          • Italian eccellere to excel
          • French exceller to excel

            • English excel
          • Latin excellēns rising, exulting, excelling, distinguished, excellent

            • Italian eccellente
            • French excellent

              • English excellent
            • Spanish excelente
          • Latin excelsus elevated, lofty, excelling

            • Latin excelsior more elevated, more excellent

              • English excelsior
        • South Picene 𐌄𐌟𐌄𐌋𐌔𐌉𐌕 exelsit they raise, they erect
      • Italic *antikelnezi *anti-kelnezi to rise in front of

        • Latin antecellere to surpass, to excel, to outdo
      • Italic *praikelnezi to rise before

        • Latin praecellere to surpass, to excel, to outdo
  • Proto-Indo-European *kólHnos

    • Balto-Slavic

      • East Baltic

        • Lithuanian kálnas hill, mountain, heap
    • Proto-Indo-European *kʷolh₁sos *kolHsos neck

      • Balto-Slavic *kaklas neck

        • Baltic

          • East Baltic

            • Latvian kakls neck, throat
            • Lithuanian kaklas neck, collar
          • Finnic *kakla

            • Finnish kaula neck
      • Germanic *halsaz neck

        • Germanic *frijahalsaz free, not imprisoned, freedom, liberty lit. "free-neck"

          • East Germanic

            • Gothic 𐍆𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌻𐍃 freihals freedom, liberty
          • North Germanic

            • Old Norse frjáls

              • Icelandic frjáls free
              • Old Norse frelsa to free, to rescue

                • Danish frelse to save, to rescue, to redeem
          • West Germanic

            • Old English frēols freedom, immunity, privilege, peace, festival
        • East Germanic

          • Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌻𐍃 hals neck
        • North Germanic

          • Old Norse hals neck

            • Danish hals neck, throat
            • Icelandic háls neck, throat, a person (metonymically)
        • West Germanic

          • Old English heals neck, prow of a ship

            • English halse
            • English hause
            • English hawse

              • English hawser partly, but mostly from Norman haucier: "to raise, to lift" from altus
            • Scots hause

              • Scots hausebane collar bone
          • Frankish *hals

            • Dutch hals neck, throat
          • Old High German hals

            • German Hals neck, throat
            • Yiddish האַלדז haldz neck
        • Germanic *halsōną to neck, to embrace

          • North Germanic

            • Old Norse halsa

              • Swedish halsa to chug
          • West Germanic

            • Old English *healsian

              • Middle English halsen to embrace
      • Italic *kʷolsos

        • Latin collus / collum neck

          • Central Romance

            • Italian collo neck, collar, package
          • Insular Romance

            • Sardinian coddu neck
          • Western Romance

            • Old French col

              • French cou neck
              • French col collar, neck (of a vase, etc.)

                • English col
            • Spanish cuello neck, collar
          • Latin collāris of the neck, collared

            • Old French coler

              • French colier
              • English collar

                • Irish coiléar collar, truss
  • Proto-Indo-European *kolHmn̥

    • Italic *kolamen

      • Latin columen stalk, top, roof, summit, acme
      • Latin culmen stalk, top, roof, summit, acme

        • Medieval Latin culmino

          • Italian culminare to culminate (in)
          • Spanish culminar to culminate, to reach the highest point
          • Medieval Latin culminatus past participle

            • English culminate
    • Proto-Indo-European *kélHmneh₂

      • Italic *kolamnā

        • Latin columna column, pillar

          • Eastern Romance

            • Romanian corună supporting beam, crownpiece of a bridle
          • Central Romance

            • Italian colonna column, pillar, traffic jam
          • Western Romance

            • Old French columne

              • French colonne column, pillar

                • Russian колонна kolonna column, pillar
                • French colonnade colonnade collective

                  • English colonnade
              • English column
            • Old French colombe

              • French colombe joist, upright
    • Proto-Indo-European *kl̥Hmnos?

      • Germanic *hulmaz hill, mound, small island

        • Germanic *Burgundahulmaz High Island

          • North Germanic

            • Old Norse Burgundaholmr Bornholm

              • Old East Norse

                • Danish Bornholm

                  • Danish Holm habitational surname: Island(er)

                    • Danish Holm Ø Holm Island (Islander Island)
          • Germanic *bergundijô a Burgundian

            • Latin Burgundiones

              • Latin Burgundia

                • Western Romance

                  • Old French

                    • French Bourgogne

                      • English Bourgogne
                • English Burgundy

                  • English Burgundy wine / burgundy

                    • English burgundy
        • North Germanic

          • Old Norse holmr

            • Old East Norse

              • Danish holm small island

                • Danish Holm habitational surname: Island(er)

                  • Danish Holm Ø Holm Island (Islander Island)
            • Swedish holme

              • Swedish Stockholm place name: Log Island

                • English Stockholm
                • New Latin Holmia Stockholm

                  • New Latin holmium

                    • Translingual Ho
                    • English holmium
              • Swedish Ekholm ornamental surname: Oak-Island
            • Old West Norse

              • Icelandic hólmur small island, duelling ground

                • Icelandic Stykkishólmur place name: Chunk Island
            • Middle English holme

              • English holm

                • English Holm Island
              • English Holme Fen
              • English Holmes

                • English Sherlock Holmes
        • West Germanic

          • Old English holm

            • Middle English holme

              • English holm

                • English Holm Island
              • English Holme Fen
              • English Holmes

                • English Sherlock Holmes
          • Frankish

            • Dutch holm small island
            • Old French

              • French Le Houlme
              • Norman hou small island (place name element)

                • Norman Lihou
                • Norman Tatihou
                • Norman Les Écréhous Écré- is equivalent to skerry
          • Old Saxon

            • Low German

              • German Holm small island
        • Slavic *xъ̃lmъ hill from an undetermined Germanic language

          • East Slavic хълмъ xŭlmŭ

            • Russian холм xolm hill
          • South Slavic

            • Bulgarian хълм hǎlm hill
            • Old Church Slavonic хлъмъ xlŭmŭ (small) hill
            • Serbo-Croatian хум hum small hill, barrow
          • West Slavic

            • Czech chlum hill
            • Old Polish chelm hill

              • Polish Chełm
              • Polish Chełmno
  • Proto-Indo-European *kolHweh

    • Balto-Slavic

      • Baltic

        • East Baltic

          • Lithuanian kalvà hill
  • Proto-Indo-European *kelHntos

    • Italic

      • Latin celsus lofty, high, tall, elevated, proud, noble

        • Medieval Latin Celsius surname as a translation of Swedish estate name Högen

          • French Celsius named after Anders Celsius by the Comité international des poids et mesures in 1948
          • Translingual °C
          • English Celsius
  • Proto-Indo-European *kl̥Hnís hill, height

    • Germanic *hulliz hill

      • West Germanic *hulli

        • Old English hyll hill

          • English hill
        • Frankish hul hill

          • Dutch hil hill
    • Italic *kolnis

      • Latin collis hill

        • Central Romance

          • Italian colle hill, pass through hills
        • Insular Romance

          • Sardinian codhu
        • Western Romance

          • Spanish collado hill, mountain pass
  • Proto-Indo-European *kolHōneh₂

    • Hellenic

      • Classical Greek Κολώνη Kolṓnē place name: Hills? a few hillside village
  • Proto-Indo-European *kolHbʰon

    • Hellenic

      • Classical Greek κολοφών kolophṓn summit, top, finishing

        • Latin colophon final notice on a manuscript or book, finishing touch

          • English colophon

Visual

Collected English words

excel, excellent, excelsior, culminate, colonnade, column, Stockholm, Ho, holmium, holm, Holm Island, Holme Fen, Holmes, Sherlock Holmes, °C, Celsius, hill, colophon, halse, hause, hawse, hawser, col, collar, Bourgogne, Burgundy, Burgundy wine, burgundy