September theme: Community 🏘️

Introduction

Latin words munio: "fortifiation" (English munitions) and murus: "wall" (English mural) appear to come from a *mey- root, so could be related, but are more likely connected to *mewtʰi- which gives various words about "pole, stick, post, picket"

Teaser

municipal, common, communicate, Mithra, migrate, mix, miscellaneous, mutual, miss

Full Text

• Proto-Indo-European *mey- to exchange, to intermingle

  • Proto-Indo-European *moynos

    • Italic *moinos

      • Latin munus service, duty, obligation, public office

        • Latin municeps citizen (duty-taker)

          • Latin municipium township, town

            • Central Romance

              • Italian municipo town council, town hall, government office
          • Latin municipalis to do with citizens or local government

            • French municipal municipal

              • English municipal
        • Latin munerare to honor (service), to reward (service)

          • Latin remunerare to reward, to recompense

            • English remunerate
        • Latin immunis exempt from duty or public service

          • English immune
  • Proto-Indo-European *moynis

    • Proto-Indo-European *ḱom-moynis

      • Germanic *gamainiz shared, communal, public, common, ordinary ^[1]

        • East Germanic

          • Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 gamains common, shared, vulgar, unclean
        • West Germanic

          • Old English ġemǣne common, general, mutual

            • English mean
          • Frankish *gimēni

            • Dutch gemeen in common, lower class, plebeian
          • Old High German gimeini

            • German gemein mean, common
            • Polish gmina commune, township, municipality, kahal
      • Italic *kommoinis

        • Latin communis common, ordinary, universal, public, democratic, familiar, courteous

          • Western Romance

            • French commun common, ordinary, low class, communal

              • English common
          • Latin commune

            • English commune
          • Latin communalis

            • English communal
          • Latin communio oblique stem communion-

            • English communion
          • Latin communitas

            • English community
          • Latin communicare

            • Central Romance

              • Italian comunicare to communicate
            • Eastern Romance

              • Romanian a cumineca to receive communion, to communicate
            • Western Romance

              • Spanish comulgar to receive communion, to communicate, to agree with
            • English communicate
            • French communiquer to communicate

              • French communiqué communicated, a thing that has beeb communicated

                • English communique
            • Spanish comunicar to communicate
  • Proto-Indo-European *mitrós

    • Indo-Iranian *mitrás oath, promise, treaty, agreement

      • Indo-Aryan *mitrás

        • Sanskrit 𑀫𑀺𑀢𑁆𑀭 mitrá friend, companion, associate

          • Magadhi 𑀫𑀺𑀢𑁆𑀢 mitta

            • Bengali মিতা mita friend, ally, namesake

              • Bengali মিতালী Mitali a given name
          • Pali mitta friend, friensdhip
          • Sauraseni 𑀫𑀺𑀢𑁆𑀢 mitta

            • Madhya Sauraseni

              • Hindi मीत mīt friend
            • Pahari

              • Punjabi ਮਿੱਤ mitta friend
          • Sanskrit 𑀫𑀺𑀢𑁆𑀭𑀬𑀼 mitrayu

            • Sanskrit 𑀫𑁃𑀢𑁆𑀭𑁂𑀬 maitreya

              • English Maitreya
      • Iranian *miθráh

        • Avestan 𐬨𐬌𐬚𐬭𐬀 miθra contract, agreement, Mithra the Zoroastrian Divinity of Oaths

          • Old Persian 𐎷𐎰𐎼 miθra contract, agreement, Mithra

            • Persian مهر mehr kindness, love, friendship, prosperity, Mithhra, the Sun

              • Persian مهربان mehrabân kind, gracious

                • Hindi मेहरबान meharbān kind
            • Arabic مَهْر mahr contract, signet, seal, marriage portion

              • Persian مهر mahr contract, covenant, marriage portion
            • Classical Greek Μίθρας Míthras Mithra or various Helleno-Zoroastrian syncretic figures of the same name

              • Latin Mithras

                • English Mithra
  • Proto-Indo-European *meygʷ- extension

    • Proto-Indo-European *meygʷeti primary verb

      • Italic

        • Latin migrare to depart, to migrate, to change

          • Central Romance

            • Italian migrare to migrate
          • English migrate
          • Latin emigrare

            • Western Romance

              • Old French

                • French émigrer to emmigrate, to migrate
            • English emigrate
          • Latin immigrare

            • English immigrate
  • Proto-Indo-European *meyḱ- to mix extension

    • Proto-Indo-European *meyḱeti primary verb

      • Indo-Iranian

        • Iranian

          • Northern Iranian

            • Scythian

              • Ossetian ызмис yzmis sand
          • Western Iranian

            • Old Persian

              • Persian آمیختن âmixtan to mix
            • Northwestern Iranian

              • Kurdish ئامێژەن amêjen mixing
    • Proto-Indo-European *méyḱeti root perfective

      • Hellenic

        • Classical Greek ἔμῐκτο émikto I mix, I mingle aorist
    • Proto-Indo-European *miḱsḱéti iterative

      • Germanic *miskijaną

        • Western Romance

          • Old English miscian

            • English mix
          • Frankish *misken

            • Dutch misken
          • Old High German miskian

            • German mischen to mix, to shuffle
      • Hellenic

        • Classical Greek μίσγω mísgō I mix
      • Indo-Iranian *misĉá-

        • Indo-Aryan *misĉá-

          • Sanskrit *micchá-

            • Sanskrit 𑀫𑀺𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀫𑀸𑀦 micchámāna agitated
        • Iranian *āmayxš-

          • Western Iranian

            • Northwestern Iranian

              • Parthian ʾmyxs- to be mixed up with
      • Italic *mikskō

        • Latin miscere to mix, to confuse

          • Latin miscellus mixed

            • Latin miscellaneus mixed, assorted, sundry, miscellaneous

              • English miscellaneous
          • Latin mixtus mixed

            • Western Romance

              • Italian misto mixed
            • Latin mixtura mixturem mixing

              • Central Romance

                • Italian mistura mixture, concoction
              • Western Romance

                • Old French misture mixture

                  • English mixture
            • Latin mixticius of mixed race

              • Central Romance

                • Italian meticcio
              • Western Romance

                • French métis
                • Spanish mestizo
          • Vulgar Latin *misculare

            • Central Romance

              • Italian mescolare to mix, to stir, to blend
            • Vulgar Latin *misclāre syncopated variant

              • Central Romance

                • Italian mischiare to mix, to blend, to shuffle
              • Western Romance

                • Old French *mescler

                  • French mêler to mix, to shuffle, to meddle with

                    • French mélange mixture, blend

                      • English melange
                  • Norman medler

                    • English meddle
                • Spanish mezclar to mix, to blend
      • Proto-Indo-European *miḱsḱó derverbal noun of iterative

        • Celtic *miskos mixture, confusion, among, amidst

          • Old Irish

            • Irish measc to mix, to blend, a jumble, a confusion
          • Celtic *kom-miskos

            • Brythonic *kɨm-mɨsk

              • Welsh cymysg mixed, assorted
            • Old Irish

              • Irish cumasc mixture, compound, alloy
      • Proto-Indo-European *moyḱsḱo alternate form of noun

        • Germanic *maiskaz mixture, mash

          • West Germanic

            • Old English mǣsc

              • English mash
            • Old High German *meisk

              • German Maisch crushed grapes for wine, ground malt for beer
    • Proto-Indo-European *moyḱéye-ti causative

      • Balto-Slavic *maiśeitei

        • Lithuanian maišyti to mix, to stir, to agitate
        • Slavic *mě̄sìti to mix, to knead

          • East Slavic

            • Russian меси́ть mesítʹ to knead (bread), to mix (with water)
            • Ukrainian місити misyty to knead, to work clay, to beat up
          • South Slavic

            • Old Church Slavonic мѣсити měsiti to mix, to blend, to agitate
            • Serbo-Croatian мијѐсити mijèsiti to knead
          • West Slavic

            • Czech mísit to mix
            • Polish miesić to knead
    • Proto-Indo-European *méyḱseti desiderative?

      • Hellenic

        • Classical Greek μειξω meixō I will mix future
      • Indo-Iranian *maykšáyati

        • Indo-Aryan *maykṣáyati

          • Sanskrit 𑀫𑁂𑀓𑁆𑀱𑀬𑀢𑀺 mekṣáyati to mix, to stir, to mingle
    • Proto-Indo-European *meyḱyeti secondary imperfective

      • Balto-Slavic

        • Lithuanian miēši dilute, mix, ferment, sweeten
    • Proto-Indo-European *méyḱtis action noun

      • Balto-Slavic *miśtis

        • Lithuanian mìšti
      • Hellenic *míktis

        • Classical Greek μίξις míxis a mixing, a mingling, intercourse
      • Indo-Iranian *míštiš

        • Iranian

          • Avestan 𐬨𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬌 mišti confusedly
    • Proto-Indo-European *miḱrós adjective

      • Balto-Slavic

        • Lithuanian mìšras mixed
      • Indo-Iranian *miĉrás

        • Indo-Aryan *miśrás

          • Sanskrit 𑀫𑀺𑀰𑁆𑀭 miśra mixed

            • Pali missa
    • Proto-Indo-European *menḱ-

      • Proto-Indo-European *menḱeti

        • Germanic *mangijaną to mix, to knead

          • West Germanic

            • Old English mengan to mix, to mingle, to blend

              • English mingle
            • Frankish *mengen

              • Dutch mengen to mix
            • Old High German mengen

              • German mengen
  • Proto-Indo-European *meytH- extension

    • Proto-Indo-European *méytHeti primary verb

      • Italic *meito

        • Latin mittere to send

          • French mettre

            • French mise placement, bet, appearance

              • French mise en place installation, kitchen preparation, mise en place

                • English mise en place
                • Finnish misata mise en place
          • Latin admittere

            • English admit
          • Latin emittere

            • English emit
            • English emissary
            • Latin missio oblique stem mission-

              • English mission
            • Latin missilis able to be sent, thing to be thrown

              • English missile
            • Late Latin missivus

              • English missive
    • Proto-Indo-European *moytHyeti

      • Germanic *maidijaną

        • East Germanic

          • Gothic 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 maidjan

            • Gothic 𐌹𐌽𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 inmaidjan to transform, to change, to exchange
      • Italic *moitō

        • Latin mutare to alter, to change, to exchange, to barter, to vary

          • Central Romance

            • Italian mutare to change
          • Eastern Romance

            • Romanian a muta to move, to shift
          • Western Romance

            • French muer to moult, to change, to mutate

              • French mue moulting, metamorphosis, transformation

                • English mew originally a cage for moulting birds
            • Spanish mudar to change, to convert, to move, to shed
          • Old English mutian

            • English moult
          • French muter to transfer, to mutate
          • Latin commatare

            • English commute
          • Latin mutabilis

            • English mutable
          • Latin matans

            • English mutant
          • Latin mutatio

            • French mutation substitution, mutation

              • English mutation

                • English mutate
          • Latin mutuus

            • Western Romance

              • French mutuel

                • English mutual
          • Latin permutare

            • English permute
          • Latin transmutare

            • English transmute
    • Proto-Indo-European *mitHtos mutual, reciprocal

      • Germanic *missaz swapped, reversed, mixed up

        • Germanic *missa- mis-, badly, wrongly

          • East Germanic

            • Gothic 𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍃𐌰- missa- mis-
          • North Germanic

            • Old Norse mis- mis-, wrong

              • Danish mis- mis-, wrong
              • Icelandic mis- mis-, wrong
          • West Germanic

            • Old English mis- bad, badly, wrong, lack, failure

              • English mis-
            • Frankish mis(sa)-

              • Dutch mis- mis-
              • French mé(s)- mis-
            • Old High German missa-

              • German mis(s)- mis-
        • Germanic *missijaną to miss, to go wrong, to fail

          • North Germanic

            • Old Norse missa to miss, to lose

              • Danish miste to lose
              • Icelandic missa to lose
          • West Germanic

            • Old English missan to miss, to fail, to escape notice

              • English miss
            • Frankish *missen

              • Dutch missen to miss, to go without, to spare
            • Old High German missen

              • German missen to miss, to lose, to go without

Visual

Collected English words

municipal, remunerate, immune, mean, common, commune, communal, communion, community, communicate, communique, Maitreya, Mithra, migrate, emigrate, immigrate, mix, miscellaneous, mixture, melange, meddle, mash, mingle, mise en place, admit, emit, emissary, mission, missile, missive, mew, moult, commute, mutable, mutant, mutation, mutate, mutual, permute, transmute, mis-, miss

Footnotes

1. ^

   In many descendants, merged or influenced by the unrelated *mainaz: "hurtful, unjust, mean" (which is related to the other meaning of mean, and probably originally meant "intentional").

   See also The Meaning of Meaning :-p