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cook, cook, coach, quiche, cake, kitchen, culinary, abrecock, Pepsi-Cola, biscuit, Budapest

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• Proto-Indo-European *pekʷ- to cook, to ripen

  • Proto-Indo-European *pékʷeti to ripen, to be cooking root imperfective

    • Pre-Albanian *peka

      • Albanian pjek bake, broil, roast
    • Balto-Slavic *pektei to bake

      • East Baltic *keptei metathesis

        • Latvian cept
        • Lithuanian kèpti
      • Slavic *peťì to bake, to put effort into

        • East Slavic печи peči

          • Russian печь pečʹ to bake, to scorch
          • Ukrainian пекти pekty to bake, to roast, to scorch, to scold
        • South Slavic

          • Old Church Slavonic ⱂⰵⱋⰹ / пещи pešti to bake, to worry
          • Bulgarian пека peka to bake, to roast, to burn
          • Serbo-Croatian пећи peći to bake, to roast, to burn
        • West Slavic

          • Czech péct / péci to bake, to roast
          • Polish piec / piyc / piekć to bake, to burn, to worry at
        • Slavic *peťařь *pekařь baker

          • East Slavic

            • Russian пекарь pekarʹ baker
            • Ukrainian пекар pekar baker
          • South Slavic

            • Bulgarian пекар pekar baker
            • Serbo-Croatian пекар / pekar baker
            • Hungarian pék baker
          • West Slavic

            • Czech pekař baker
            • Polish piekarz baker
    • Hellenic *péponts cooking, ripening from the participle *pékʷonts

      • Classical Greek πέπων pépōn ripe, soft, kind, weak

        • Koine Greek μηλοπέπων mēlopépōn melon (Cucumis melo) lit. "ripe/soft/sweet fruit"

          • Latin mēlopepō / mēlopepōnem melon (Cucumis melo)

            • Irish mealbhacán wild carrot, melon
            • Latin mēlō / mēlōnem melon

              • Central Romance

                • Italian melone melon (Cucumis melo)
              • Western Romance

                • Old French melon melon

                  • Middle French

                    • French melon melon
                  • Middle Dutch melone

                    • Dutch meloen melon
                  • Middle English meloun / melon

                    • English melon
                • Spanish melón melon
            • Latin pepō / pepōnem large melon, pumpkin

              • Central Romance

                • Italian popone melon
              • Western Romance

                • Old French

                  • Middle French pepon / pompon melon, cucumber

                    • Middle French

                      • French pompon pompon

                        • English pompom
                    • Dutch pompoen
                    • English pumpion

                      • English pumpkin with the obsolete -kin of resemblance, not the diminutive -kin
                      • Welsh pwmpen pumpkin
                • Old Spanish pepón cucumber, melon

                  • Spanish pepón watermelon
                  • Spanish pepino cucumber, unripe melon diminutive

                    • Spanish pepinillo pickle double diminutive
              • Eastern Romance

                • Romanian pepene melon, watermelon, cucumber (dialectic)
                • Old Albanian pjepënë

                  • Albanian pjepër cantaloupe, cucumber
              • English pepo
    • Indo-Iranian *páčati to cook

      • Indo-Aryan *páćati

        • Sanskrit 𑀧𑀘𑀢𑀺 pácati to cook, to bake, to boil, to digest, to ripen

          • Magadhi

            • Assamese পকা poka to ripen, to mature, ripe
          • Sauraseni

            • Hindustani

              • Hindi पकाना pakānā to cook, to prepare, to ripen, to arrange
      • Iranian *páčati

        • Avestan 𐬞𐬀𐬗𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 pacaiti
        • Pashto پخول paxawә́l to cook
        • Scythian

          • Alanian

            • Ossetian фыцын fycyn to cook
        • Western Iranian

          • Northwestern Iranian

            • Kurdish pehtin
            • Parthian 𐫛𐫇𐫟𐫤𐫗 puḥtn
          • Old Persian

            • Middle Persian

              • Persian پختن poxtan to cook, to bake, to make ready, to ripen
    • Italo-Celtic *kʷékʷeti regular regressive assimilation of *p-kʷ-

      • Celtic *kʷokʷeti ^[1]

        • Brythonic *pobɨd to cook, to bake

          • Welsh pobi to bake, to roast, to have a fever

            • Welsh popty bakery, oven lit. "bake-house" with -tŷ
      • Italic *kʷekʷezi

        • Latin coquere *cocere to cook, to ripen, to roast, to dry

          • Central Romance

            • Italian cuòcere to cook, to bake
          • Eastern Romance

            • Aromanian coc I bake, I ripen
            • Romanian coace to bake, to ripen
            • Albanian kuq I fry, I cook
          • Western Romance

            • Old French cuyre to cook

              • Middle French

                • French cuire to cook
              • Middle English cury ^[2]

                • English curry ^[2]
            • Spanish cocer to boil, to cook, to brew, to chafe

              • Tagalog kusí to cook
          • West Germanic *kokōn to cook

            • Old English *cōcian

              • Middle English

                • English cook
            • Old High German

              • Middle High German

                • German kochen to cook, to boil, to get agitated

                  • German Koch a cook, occupational surname: Cook

                    • English Koch
                    • Hungarian Kocs placename: Cook's (farmstead)?

                      • Hungarian kocsi szekér cart from Kocs, coach ^[3]

                        • Hungarian kocsi cart, carriage, car

                          • German Kutsche carriage, coach

                            • Dutch koets coach
                            • French coche (stage)-coach

                              • English coach ^[3]

                                • French coach coach (trainer)
                                • German Coach coach (trainer)
                                • Japanese コーチ kōchi coach (trainer)
                              • Irish cóiste coach, sidecar
                          • Italian cocchio coach, chariot
                • Yiddish קאָכן kokhn to cook
            • Frankish *kokon

              • Middle Dutch

                • Dutch koken to cook, to boil
            • Old Saxon *kokōn

              • Middle Low German

                • Danish koge to boil, to cook
                • Swedish koka to boil

                  • Finnish kokata to cook
            • Slavic *kuxati

              • East Slavic

                • Ukrainian куховарити kuxovaryty to cook
              • South Slavic

                • Serbo-Croatian кувати kuvati to cook
            • West Germanic *kōkô cake ^[4]

              • Frankish

                • Middle Dutch coeke cake

                  • Dutch koek

                    • French couque
                    • Dutch koekje

                      • English cookie

                        • Cantonese 曲奇 kuk¹ kei⁴ cookie

                          • Mandarin 曲奇 qūqí cookie
                        • French cookie
                        • Hindi कुकी kukī cookie
                        • Russian куки kuki HTTP cookie
                        • Thai คุกกี้ kúk-gîi cookie
              • Old High German kuohho cake, pie

                • Middle High German

                  • German Kuchen

                    • English kuchen
                    • German Lebkuchen

                      • English lebkuchen
                  • Yiddish קוכן kukhn cake
                  • Lorraine Franconian Küeche

                    • French quiche

                      • English quiche

                        • Korean 키슈 kisyu quiche
                      • German Quiche quiche
                      • Greek κις kis quiche
              • Old Saxon *kōko

                • Middle Low German

                  • Low German Kook cake

                    • Low German Kookje cookie, cracker, biscuit
              • Finnic *kakku

                • Finnish kakku cake
                • Finnish kakko a kind of cakey bread, a dumpling
              • West Germanic *kōkilaz little cake, bun diminutive

                • Old English cyċel little cake, morsel

                  • Middle English kichel / kechel

                    • Irish císte cake, tart
                • Old High German kuohhil

                  • Old High German kuohhilīn double diminutive

                    • Middle High German

                      • German Küchlein small cake
              • Old Norse kaka ^[4]

                • Finnic *kakku

                  • Finnish kakku cake
                  • Finnish kakko a kind of cakey bread, a dumpling
                • Old East Norse

                  • Danish kage cake

                    • Kalaallisut kaagi cake
                • Old West Norse

                  • Icelandic kaka cake, cookie

                    • Icelandic legkaka placenta calque of New Latin placenta uterī
                • Middle English cake

                  • English cake
                  • Irish cáca cake
          • Latin coquus / cocus a cook

            • Central Romance

              • Italian cuoco a cook, a chef
            • Western Romance

              • Old French

                • Middle French

                  • French queux a cook obsolete
            • West Germanic *kok a cook

              • Old English cōc a cook

                • Middle English

                  • English cook

                    • Thai กุ๊ก gúk a cook
              • Frankish *kok

                • Middle Dutch

                  • Dutch kok a cook, a chef

                    • French coq a cook rare
                    • Japanese コック kokku a cook, a chef
                    • Russian кок kok ship's cook
            • Brythonic *kog a cook

              • Middle Welsh coc

                • Welsh cog a cook
          • Latin coquīna / cocīna relating to cooking, the skill of cooking, kitchen

            • Central Romance

              • Italian cucina kitchen, cookery, cuisine
              • Venetian

                • Albanian kuzhinë kitchen
                • Greek κουζίνα kouzína kitchen, cuisine
                • Serbo-Croatian кужина kužina kitchen, cuisine regional
            • Western Romance

              • French cuisine kitchen, cuisine

                • English cuisine
                • Malagasy lakozy kitchen
              • Spanish cocina kitchen, stove, cuisine

                • Tagalog kusina kitchen
            • West Germanic *kukinā kitchen

              • Old English cycene / cycen

                • Middle English

                  • English kitchen
                  • Irish cistin kitchen
              • Frankish

                • Middle Dutch

                  • Dutch keuken kitchen, cuisine
              • Old High German chuhhina kitchen

                • Middle High German

                  • German Küche kitchen, cuisine
                  • Yiddish קיך kikh kitchen, cuisine
                • Czech kuchyně kitchen, cuisine

                  • Polish kuchnia kitchen, cuisine, stove

                    • Russian кухня kuxnja kitchen, cuisine

                      • Armenian կուխնի kuxni kichen
                • Serbo-Croatian кухиња kuhinja kitchen, cuisine

                  • Hungarian konyha kitchen, cuisine
              • Old Saxon *kukina

                • Middle Low German

                  • Low German Köken kitchen, cooking, cuisine
                  • Danish køkken kitchen, cuisine
                  • Swedish kök kitchen, cuisine

                    • Finnish kyökki kitchen
            • Latin culīna kitchen, small portable stove

              • Old English cyline

                • Middle English

                  • English kiln
                • Old Norse

                  • Old East Norse

                    • Swedish kölna kiln, oast
              • Latin culīnārius related to cooking or kitchens, culinary

                • French culinaire culinary

                  • English culinary
                • Italian culinario culinary
                • Spanish culinario culinary
          • Latin praecoquere to ripen before, to ripen early

            • Latin praecox early-ripening, premature, precocious

              • English precocious
              • French précoce early, premature, precocious
              • Italian precoce premature, early, hasty, untimely
              • Spanish precoz precocious, early
              • Latin persica praecocia / praecocia early-ripening peaches

                • Koine Greek πραικόκιον praikókion apricot

                  • Byzantine Greek βερικοκκια berikokkía

                    • Aramaic bārqoqa plum, apricot (archaic)

                      • Arabic برقوق barqūq plum, apricot (archaic, dialectic), peach (dialectic)

                        • Catalan albercoc apricot incorporating definite article al-

                          • Catalan abrecoc apricot dialectic pronunciation

                            • English abrecock / apricot
              • Latin mālum praecoquum / praecoquum early-ripening (fruit)

                • Koine Greek πραικόκιον praikókion apricot

                  • Byzantine Greek βερικοκκια berikokkía

                    • Aramaic bārqoqa plum, apricot (archaic)

                      • Arabic برقوق barqūq plum, apricot (archaic, dialectic), peach (dialectic)

                        • Catalan albercoc apricot incorporating definite article al-

                          • Catalan abrecoc apricot dialectic pronunciation

                            • English abrecock / apricot
    • Tocharian *päk-

      • Arshian päk- to cook, to boil, to ripen
      • Kushean päk- to cook, to boil, to ripen
  • Proto-Indo-European *pékʷyeti transitive imperfective

    • Hellenic *péťťō to cook, to ripen

      • Classical Greek πέσσω
    • Indo-Iranian *páčyatay

      • Indo-Aryan

        • Sanskrit 𑀧𑀘𑁆𑀬𑀢𑁂 pácyate to ripen, to develop, to mature
  • Proto-Indo-European *pokʷtós cooked, ripe

    • Balto-Slavic *paktas

      • Slavic *pȍtъ sweat

        • East Slavic потъ potŭ

          • Russian пот pot sweat
          • Ukrainian піт pit sweat
        • South Slavic

          • Old Church Slavonic ⱂⱁⱅⱏ / потъ potŭ sweat
          • Slovene pọ́t sweat
        • West Slavic

          • Czech pot sweat
          • Polish pot sweat
    • Celtic *kʷoxtos cooked, hot ^[1]

      • Brythonic *poɨθ

        • Breton poazh
        • Cornish pooth
        • Middle Welsh poeth

          • Welsh poeth hot, mulled, fevered
    • Hellenic *pekʷtós

      • Classical Greek πεπτός peptos

        • Classical Greek δύσπεπτος dúspeptos difficult to digest, unripe

          • Latin dyspepsia

            • English dyspepsia

              • English Pepsi-Cola / Pepsi
    • Italic *kʷoktos

      • Latin coctus cooked, ripened

        • Central Romance

          • Italian cotto cooked

            • Italian biscotto biscuit, cookie

              • English biscotti from the plural
            • Italian terracotta terracotta lit. "cooked earth", i.e. unglazed earthenware

              • English terracotta
        • Latin biscoctus twice-cooked

          • Central Romance

            • Italian biscotto biscuit, cookie

              • English biscotti from the plural
          • Western Romance

            • Old French bescuit biscuit

              • Middle French bescuit / biscuit / besquit

                • French biscuit
              • Middle Dutch bescuut

                • Dutch beschuit
              • Middle English bisquyte / bisquit

                • English biscuit
                • Yola busk
            • Spanish bizcocho
        • Latin recocta recooked

          • Central Romance

            • Italian ricotta

              • English ricotta
  • Proto-Indo-European *pₔkʷwós cooked, ripe

    • Indo-Iranian

      • Indo-Aryan

        • Sanskrit pakvá cooked, baked, ripe, mature, accomplished, old, cooked food, ripe grain
  • Proto-Indo-European *pₔkʷrós cooked, ripe

    • Balto-Slavic *pekVras unknown vowel *V probably deriving from a metathesis of the *ₔ in the PIE

      • Slavic *pečVrь roasted

        • Slavic *pečVrica agaric mushroom, esp. common mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) ~"thing to be roasted"

          • East Slavic *pečěrica

            • Russian печерица pečerica common mushroom
            • Ukrainian печериця pečerycja agaric mushroom
          • South Slavic *pečurka

            • Bulgarian печурка pečurka mushroom
            • Serbo-Croatian печурка / pečurka mushroom, esp. agaric mushroom
          • West Slavic *pečarka

            • Czech pečárka agaric mushroom, esp. common mushroom
            • Polish pieczarka agaric mushroom
  • Proto-Indo-European *pékʷtis action noun

    • Balto-Slavic *pektis

      • Slavic *pȅťь oven

        • East Slavic печь pečĭ stove, oven, furnace

          • Russian печь pečʹ stove, oven, furnace, kiln

            • Armenian փեչ pʿečʿ stove, oven
            • Finnish pätsi furnace, hellfire
          • Ukrainian піч pič oven
        • South Slavic

          • Bulgarian пещ pešt furnace, oven
          • Old Church Slavonic ⱂⰵⱋⱐ / пещь peštĭ oven, stove
          • Serbo-Croatian пећ / peć furnace, oven, stove
          • Hungarian Pest Pest ^[5]

            • English Pest
            • Hungarian Budapest Budapest ^[5]

              • English Budapest
            • German Ofen Buda
        • West Slavic

          • Czech pec oven, furnace
          • Polish piec fireplace, stove, furnace
        • Slavic *peťera cave

          • East Slavic печера pečera cave

            • Ukrainian печера pečera cave
            • Polish pieczara small cave, grotto
          • South Slavic

            • Hungarian Pest Pest ^[5]

              • English Pest
              • Hungarian Budapest Budapest ^[5]

                • English Budapest
              • German Ofen Buda
            • Bulgarian пещера pešterá

              • Bulgarian Пещера Peštera

                • English Peshtera
            • Old Church Slavonic пещера peštera cave, dungeon, refuge

              • Romanian peșteră cave
              • Russian пещера peščera cave
            • Serbo-Croatian пећина / pećina cave
      • West Baltic

        • Old Prussian pagaptis spit (for roasting)
    • Hellenic

      • Classical Greek πέψῐς pépsis

        • Latin dyspepsia

          • English dyspepsia

            • English Pepsi-Cola / Pepsi
  • Proto-Indo-European *pékʷmn̥

    • Hellenic *pékʷmə

      • Classical Greek πέμμα pémma

Visual

Collected English words

melon, pompom, pumpion, pumpkin, pepo, curry, cook, Koch, coach, cookie, kuchen, lebkuchen, quiche, cake, cook, cuisine, kitchen, kiln, culinary, precocious, abrecock, dyspepsia, Pepsi-Cola, terracotta, biscotti, biscuit, ricotta, Pest, Budapest, Peshtera

Footnotes

1. ^

   *p-kʷ has regular regressive assimilation to *kʷ-kʷ in Celtic and Italic. This is also seen in *pérkʷu-s: "oak" (-> Irish cert and Latin quercus) and *pénkʷe: "five" (-> Irish cúig and Latin quīnque).

   Though this is confusing in Brythonic and Osco-Umbrian where *kʷ- became *p-. In Osco-Umbrian, that's a merger with the existing *p-, but in Brythonic we can be sure it reflects proto-Celtic *kʷ-, because PIE *p- becomes Proto-Celtic *φ-, which was then lost in all modern Celtic languages.

2. ^

   Middle English cury: "cookery, cooking" is in the title of the historical cookbook "The Forme of Cury", published in 1390 in Richard II's court.

   Though the modern English word curry is primarily from Tamil கறி kaṟi: "curry, sauce, pepper", it is thought that the existing English cur(r)y influenced the form.

   Sadly (at least for current purposes), the surname Curry is not an occupational surname for a cook, but an Anglicization from one or more Irish surnames, such as Ó Comhraidhe (which becomes Ó Camhraí after the spelling reform).

3. ^

   The town of Kocs is on the road between Vienna and Budapest (now part of European route E60), and carting goods was a big part of its economy. The "Kocs cart" (kocsi szekér) spread across the rest of Europe, possibly due to the steel-spring suspension—but that may have been a later innovation after they had already spread.

   In Oxford slang, coach was used metaphorically for a tutor who "carries" someone through an exam. This meaning (and even more so, the extension to sports) was then borrowed as a separate word into many languages that already had the word for the cart.

4. ^

   It's extremely uncertain to derive West Germanic *kōkô and Old Norse kaka (the origins of cookie and cake) from the West Germanic borrowing from Latin that gives cook and kitchen; all the other words in that group have very clear, later paths into the North Germanic languages, but kaka mostly goes the other way—from Old Norse into the West Germanic languages. But all the other derivations of *kōkô/kaka are just as questionable and don't connect to any real family of any size. So this is the best place to cover this mini- and/or sub-family.

5. ^

   Budapest is a merger of multiple towns that grew into each other, including Buda and Pest. The name Pest may be from a South Slavic language, and mean "oven", "cave", and/or "a cave used as an oven or limekiln"; from Slavic *pȅťь: "oven" (Bulgarian пещ pešt) or its derivative *peťera: "cave" (Bulgarian пещера pešterá).

   In German, the town of Buda is called Ofen: "oven, furnace"—an apparent translation of Pest with shifted refererrence. Though that does not prove for sure that *pȅťь is the origin of the name Pest, only that someone thought it was at some point.