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cook, coach, quiche, cake, kitchen, culinary, apricot, Pepsi, biscuit, Budapest

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• Early Proto-Indo-European

  • Anatolian *pekʷ- to pound, to crack grain

    • Hittite pakkušš- to pound, to crack, to crush, to grind

      • Hittite 𒉺𒀝𒋗𒉿𒀭 pa-ak-šu-wa-an cracked? ground? (of grain)
      • Hittite 𒉺𒀝𒆪𒍑𒋗𒅈 pa-ak-ku-uš-šu-ar a tool for crushing grain
    • Lydian 𐤥𐤹𐤡𐤠𐤲𐤶𐤫𐤯 wćpaqẽnt tramples upon
  • Proto-Indo-European *pekʷ- to cook, to ripen

    • Proto-Indo-European *pékʷeti to ripen, to be cooking root imperfective

      • Pre-Albanian *peka

        • Albanian pjek bake, broil, roast
      • Balto-Slavic *pektei to bake

        • East Baltic *keptei

          • Latvian cept
          • Lithuanian kèpti
        • Slavic *peťì to bake, to put effort into
      • Celtic *kʷokʷeti ^[1]

        • Brythonic *pobɨd to cook, to bake

          • Welsh pobi to bake, to roast, to have a fever

            • Welsh popty bakery, oven lit. "bake-house" with -tŷ
      • Hellenic *péponts cooking, ripening from the participle *pékʷonts

        • Classical Greek πέπων pépōn ripe, soft, kind, weak

          • Koine Greek μηλοπέπων mēlopépōn melon (Cucumis melo) lit. "ripe/soft/sweet fruit"

            • Latin mēlopepō melon (Cucumis melo)

              • Irish mealbhacán wild carrot, melon
              • Late Latin mēlō melon oblique stem melon-

                • Central Romance

                  • Italian melone melon (Cucumis melo)
                • Western Romance

                  • Old French melon melon

                    • French melon melon
                    • Dutch meloen melon
                    • English melon
                  • Spanish melón melon
              • Latin pepō large melon, pumpkin oblique stem pepon-

                • Central Romance

                  • Italian popone melon
                • Western Romance

                  • Old French

                    • Middle French pepon

                      • Middle French pompon melon, cucumber

                        • French pompon pompon

                          • English pompom
                        • Dutch pompoen
                        • English pumpion

                          • English pumpkin
                          • Welsh pwmpen pumpkin
                  • Old Spanish pepón cucumber, melon

                    • Spanish pepón watermelon
                    • Spanish pepino cucumber, unripe melon diminutive

                      • Spanish pepinillo pickle double diminutive
                • Eastern Romance

                  • Romanian pepene melon, watermelon, cucumber (dialectic)
                  • Old Albanian pjepënë

                    • Albanian pjepër cantaloupe, cucumber
                • English pepo
      • Indo-Iranian *páčati to cook

        • Indo-Aryan *páćati

          • Sanskrit 𑀧𑀘𑀢𑀺 pácati to cook, to bake, to boil, to digest, to ripen

            • Magadhi

              • Assamese পকা poka to ripen, to mature, ripe
            • Sauraseni

              • Madhya Sauraseni

                • Hindi पकाना pakānā to cook, to prepare, to ripen, to arrange
        • Iranian *páčati

          • Avestan 𐬞𐬀𐬗𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 pacaiti
          • Northern Iranian

            • Ossetian фыцын fycyn to cook
          • Pashto پخول paxawә́l to cook
          • Western Iranian

            • Northwestern Iranian

              • Kurdish pehtin
              • Parthian 𐫛𐫇𐫟𐫤𐫗 pwxtn
            • Old Persian

              • Persian پختن poxtan to cook, to bake, to make ready, to ripen
      • Italic *kʷekʷō

        • Latin coquō I cook, I ripen, I roast, I dry

          • Vulgar Latin *cocere

            • Central Romance

              • Italian cuòcere to cook, to bake
            • Eastern Romance

              • Aromanian coc I bake, I ripen
              • Romanian a coace to bake, to ripen
              • Albanian kuq I fry, I cook
            • Western Romance

              • Old French cuyre to cook

                • French cuire to cook
                • Middle English cury ^[2]

                  • English curry ^[2]
              • Spanish cocer to boil, to cook, to brew, to chafe

                • Tagalog kusí to cook
            • West Germanic *kokōn to cook

              • Old English *cōcian

                • English cook
              • Old High German

                • German kochen to cook, to boil, to get agitated

                  • German Koch a cook, occupational surname: Cook

                    • English Koch
                    • Hungarian Kocs placename: Cook's (farmstead)?

                      • Hungarian kocsi szekér cart from Kocs, coach ^[3]

                        • Hungarian kocsi cart, carriage, car

                          • German Kutsche carriage, coach

                            • Dutch koets coach
                            • French coche (stage)-coach

                              • English coach ^[3]

                                • French coach coach (trainer)
                                • German Coach coach (trainer)
                                • Japanese コーチ kōchi coach (trainer)
                              • Irish cóiste coach, sidecar
                          • Italian cocchio coach, chariot
                • Yiddish קאָכן kokhn to cook
              • Frankish *kokon

                • Dutch koken to cook, to boil
              • Old Saxon *kokōn

                • Danish koge to boil, to cook
                • Swedish koka to boil

                  • Finnish kokata to cook
              • Slavic *kuxati

                • East Slavic

                  • Ukrainian кухова́рити kuxováryty to cook
                • South Slavic

                  • Serbo-Croatian ку̏вати kȕvati to cook
              • West Germanic *kōkô cake ^[4]

                • Frankish

                  • Dutch koek

                    • French couque
                    • Dutch koekje

                      • English cookie

                        • Cantonese 曲奇 kuk¹ kei⁴ cookie

                          • Mandarin 曲奇 qūqí cookie
                        • French cookie
                        • Hindi कुकी kukī cookie
                        • Russian ку́ки kúki HTTP cookie
                        • Thai คุกกี้ kúk-gîi cookie
                • Old High German kuohho cake, pie

                  • German Kuchen

                    • English kuchen
                    • German Lebkuchen

                      • English lebkuchen
                  • Yiddish קוכן kukhn cake
                  • Lorraine Franconian Küeche

                    • French quiche

                      • English quiche

                        • Korean 키슈 kisyu quiche
                      • German Quiche quiche
                      • Greek κις kis quiche
                • Old Saxon *kōko

                  • Low German Kook cake

                    • Low German Kookje cookie, cracker, biscuit
                • Finnic *kakku

                  • Finnish kakku cake
                  • Finnish kakko a kind of cakey bread, a dumpling
                • West Germanic *kōkilaz little cake, bun diminutive

                  • Old English cyċel little cake, morsel

                    • Irish císte cake, tart
                  • Old High German kuohhil

                    • Old High German kuohhilīn

                      • German Küchlein small cake
                • Old Norse kaka

                  • Danish kage cake

                    • Kalaallisut kaagi cake
                  • Icelandic kaka cake, cookie

                    • Icelandic legkaka placenta calque of New Latin placenta uterī
                  • English cake
                  • Irish cáca cake
                  • Finnic *kakku

                    • Finnish kakku cake
                    • Finnish kakko a kind of cakey bread, a dumpling
          • Latin coquus a cook

            • Central Romance

              • Italian cuoco a cook, a chef
            • Western Romance

              • French queux a cook obsolete
            • West Germanic *kok a cook

              • Old English cōc a cook

                • English cook

                  • Thai กุ๊ก gúk a cook
              • Frankish *kok

                • Dutch kok a cook, a chef

                  • French coq a cook rare
                  • Japanese コック kokku a cook, a chef
                  • Russian кок kok ship's cook
            • Welsh cog a cook
          • Latin coquīna relating to cooking, the skill of cooking, kitchen

            • Vulgar Latin *cocīna kitchen

              • Central Romance

                • Italian cucina kitchen, cookery, cuisine
                • Venetian

                  • Albanian kuzhinë kitchen
                  • Greek κουζίνα kouzína kitchen, cuisine
                  • Serbo-Croatian ку̀жӣна kùžīna kitchen, cuisine regional
              • Western Romance

                • French cuisine kitchen, cuisine

                  • English cuisine
                  • Malagasy lakozy kitchen
                • Spanish cocina kitchen, stove, cuisine

                  • Tagalog kusina kitchen
              • West Germanic *kukinā kitchen

                • Old English cyċene

                  • English kitchen

                    • Irish cistin kitchen
                • Frankish

                  • Dutch keuken kitchen, cuisine
                • Old High German chuhhina kitchen

                  • German Küche kitchen, cuisine
                  • Yiddish קיך kikh kitchen, cuisine
                  • Czech kuchyně kitchen, cuisine

                    • Polish kuchnia kitchen, cuisine, stove

                      • Russian ку́хня kúxnja kitchen, cuisine

                        • Armenian կուխնի kuxni kichen
                  • Serbo-Croatian ку̏хиња kȕhinja kitchen, cuisine

                    • Hungarian konyha kitchen, cuisine
                • Old Saxon *kukina

                  • Low German Köken kitchen, cooking, cuisine
                  • Danish køkken kitchen, cuisine
                  • Swedish kök kitchen, cuisine

                    • Finnish kyökki kitchen
            • Latin culīna kitchen, small portable stove

              • Old English cyline

                • English kiln
                • Old Norse

                  • Swedish kölna kiln, oast
              • Latin culīnārius related to cooking or kitchens, culinary

                • French culinaire culinary

                  • English culinary
                • Italian culinario culinary
                • Spanish culinario culinary
          • Latin praecoquō I ripen before, I ripen early

            • Latin praecox early-ripening, premature, precocious

              • English precocious
              • French précoce early, premature, precocious
              • Italian precoce premature, early, hasty, untimely
              • Spanish precoz precocious, early
              • Latin (persica) praecocia early-ripening (peaches)

                • Koine Greek πραικόκιον praikókion apricot

                  • Byzantine Greek βερικοκκιᾱ berikokkíā

                    • Aramaic bārqoqa plum, apricot (archaic)

                      • Arabic برقوق barqūq plum, apricot (archaic, dialectic), peach (dialectic)

                        • Catalan albercoc apricot incorporating definite article al-

                          • Catalan abrecoc apricot dialectic pronunciation

                            • English abrecock

                              • English apricot
              • Latin (mālum) praecoquum early-ripening (fruit)

                • Koine Greek πραικόκιον praikókion apricot

                  • Byzantine Greek βερικοκκιᾱ berikokkíā

                    • Aramaic bārqoqa plum, apricot (archaic)

                      • Arabic برقوق barqūq plum, apricot (archaic, dialectic), peach (dialectic)

                        • Catalan albercoc apricot incorporating definite article al-

                          • Catalan abrecoc apricot dialectic pronunciation

                            • English abrecock

                              • English apricot
      • Tocharian *päk-

        • Arshian päk- to cook, to boil, to ripen
        • Kushean päk- to cook, to boil, to ripen
    • Proto-Indo-European *pékʷyeti

      • Hellenic *péťťō to cook, to ripen

        • Classical Greek πέσσω
      • Indo-Iranian *páčyatay

        • Indo-Aryan

          • Sanskrit 𑀧𑀘𑁆𑀬𑀢𑁂 pácyate to ripen, to develop, to mature
    • Proto-Indo-European *pokʷtós cooked, ripe

      • Balto-Slavic *paktas

        • Slavic *pȍtъ sweat

          • East Slavic потъ potŭ

            • Russian пот pot sweat
            • Ukrainian піт pit sweat
          • South Slavic

            • Old Church Slavonic потъ potŭ sweat
            • Slovene pọ̑t sweat
          • West Slavic

            • Czech pot sweat
            • Polish pot sweat
      • Celtic *kʷoxtos cooked, hot ^[1]

        • Brythonic *poɨθ

          • Welsh poeth hot, mulled, fevered
      • Hellenic *pekʷtós

        • Classical Greek πεπτός peptos

          • Classical Greek δύσπεπτος dúspeptos difficult to digest, unripe

            • Latin dyspepsia

              • English dyspepsia

                • English Pepsi-Cola

                  • English Pepsi
      • Italic *kʷoktos

        • Latin coctus cooked, ripened

          • Central Romance

            • Italian cotto cooked

              • Italian biscotto biscuit, cookie

                • English biscotti
              • Italian terracotta terracotta lit. "cooked earth", i.e. unglazed earthenware

                • English terracotta
          • Latin biscoctus twice-cooked

            • Central Romance

              • Italian biscotto biscuit, cookie

                • English biscotti
            • Western Romance

              • French biscuit

                • English biscuit
          • Latin recocta recooked

            • Central Romance

              • Italian ricotta

                • English ricotta
    • Proto-Indo-European *pₔkʷwós cooked, ripe

      • Indo-Iranian

        • Indo-Aryan

          • Sanskrit pakvá cooked, baked, ripe, mature, accomplished, old, cooked food, ripe grain
    • Proto-Indo-European *pₔkʷrós cooked, ripe

      • Balto-Slavic *pekVras

        • Slavic *pečVrь roasted

          • Slavic *pečVrica agaric mushroom, esp. common mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) ~"thing to be roasted"

            • East Slavic *pečěrica

              • Russian печери́ца pečeríca common mushroom
              • Ukrainian ​​печери́ця pečerýcja agaric mushroom
            • South Slavic *pečurka

              • Bulgarian печу́рка pečúrka mushroom
              • Serbo-Croatian пѐчӯрка pèčūrka mushroom, esp. agaric mushroom
            • West Slavic *pečarka

              • Czech pečárka agaric mushroom, esp. common mushroom
              • Polish pieczarka agaric mushroom
    • Proto-Indo-European *pékʷtis

      • Balto-Slavic *pektis

        • Slavic *pȅťь oven

          • East Slavic печь pečĭ stove, oven, furnace

            • Russian печь pečʹ stove, oven, furnace, kiln

              • Armenian փեչ pʿečʿ stove, oven
              • Finnish pätsi furnace, hellfire
            • Ukrainian піч pič oven
          • South Slavic

            • Bulgarian пещ pešt furnace, oven
            • Old Church Slavonic пещь peštĭ oven, stove
            • Serbo-Croatian пе̑ћ pȇć furnace, oven, stove
            • Hungarian Pest Pest ^[5]

              • English Pest
              • Hungarian Budapest Budapest ^[5]

                • English Budapest
          • West Slavic

            • Czech pec oven, furnace
            • Polish piec fireplace, stove, furnace
          • Slavic *peťera cave

            • East Slavic печера pečera cave

              • Ukrainian пече́ра pečéra cave
              • Polish pieczara small cave, grotto
            • South Slavic

              • Bulgarian пещера pešterá

                • Bulgarian Пещера Peštera

                  • English Peshtera
              • Old Church Slavonic пещера peštera cave, dungeon, refuge

                • Romanian peșteră cave
                • Russian пеще́ра peščéra cave
              • Serbo-Croatian пѐћина pèćina cave
              • Hungarian Pest Pest ^[5]

                • English Pest
                • Hungarian Budapest Budapest ^[5]

                  • English Budapest
        • West Baltic

          • Old Prussian pagaptis spit (for roasting)
      • Hellenic

        • Classical Greek πέψῐς pépsis

          • Latin dyspepsia

            • English dyspepsia

              • English Pepsi-Cola

                • English Pepsi
    • Proto-Indo-European *pékʷmn̥

      • Hellenic *pékʷmə

        • Classical Greek πέμμα pémma

Visual

Collected English words

melon, pompom, pumpion, pumpkin, pepo, curry, cook, Koch, coach, cookie, kuchen, lebkuchen, quiche, cake, cook, cuisine, kitchen, kiln, culinary, precocious, abrecock, apricot, dyspepsia, Pepsi-Cola, Pepsi, terracotta, biscotti, biscuit, ricotta, Pest, Budapest, Peshtera

Footnotes

1. ^

   *p-kʷ has regular regressive assimilation to *kʷ-kʷ in Celtic and Italic. This is also seen in *pérkʷu-s: "oak" (-> Irish cert and Latin quercus) and *pénkʷe: "five" (-> Irish cúig and Latin quīnque).

   Though this is confusing in Brythonic and Osco-Umbrian where *kʷ- became *p-. In Osco-Umbrian, that's a merger with the existing *p-, but in Brythonic we can be sure it reflects *kʷ- in Celtic because PIE *p- becomes Celtic *φ-, which was then lost in all modern Celtic languages.

2. ^

   Middle English cury: "cookery, cooking" is in the title of the historical cookbook "The Forme of Cury", published in 1390 in Richard II's court.

   Though the modern English word curry is primarily from Tamil கறி kaṟi: "curry, sauce, pepper", it is thought that the existing English cur(r)y influenced the form.

   Sadly (at least for current purposes), the surname Curry is not an occupational surname for a cook, but an Anglicization from one or more Irish surnames, such as Ó Comhraidhe (post spelling reform Ó Camhraí).

3. ^

   The town of Kocs is on the road between Vienna and Budapest (now part of European route E60), and carting goods was a big part of its economy. The "Kocs cart" (kocsi szekér) spread across the rest of Europe, possibly due to the steel-spring suspension—but that may have been a later innovation after they had already spread.

   In Oxford slang, coach was used metaphorically for a tutor who "carries" someone through an exam. This meaning (and even more so, the extension to sports) was then borrowed as a separate word into many languages that already had the word for the cart.

4. ^

   It's extremely uncertain to derive West Germanic *kōkô and Old Norse kaka (the origins of cookie and cake) from the West Germanic borrowing from Latin that gives "cook" and "kitchen", all the other words in that group have very clear, later paths into the North Germanic languages, but kaka mostly goes the other way, from Old Norse into the West Germanic languages. But all the other derivations of *kōkô/kaka are just as questionable and don't connect to any real family of any size. So this is the best place to cover this mini- and/or sub-family.

5. ^

   Budapest is a merger of multiple towns that grew into each other, including Buda and Pest. The name Pest may be from a South Slavic language, and mean "oven", "cave", and/or "a cave used as an oven or limekiln"; from Slavic *pȅťь: "oven" (Bulgarian пещ pešt) or its derivative *peťera: "cave" (Bulgarian пещера pešterá).

   In German, the town of "Buda" is called Ofen: "oven, furnace"—a translation of Pest (which shifted refererrent) but that does not of course prove for sure that *pȅťь is the origin of the name Pest.