January theme: Royal and Noble Titles 👑

Teaser

isthmus, sudden, transition, count, Mahayana, January

Full Text

• Proto-Indo-European *h₁ey- to go (imperfective) possibly suppletive

  • Indo-Iranian *hai

    • Iranian

      • Western Iranian

        • Kurdish -ê- comes
        • Persian آی ây comes, arrives suppletive present of âmadan
  • Tocharian *jä-

    • Arshian i- to go
    • Kushean i- to go

      • Kushean yalñe a going, journey, trip
  • Proto-Indo-European *h₁éyti goes primary verb ^[1]

    • Proto-Albanian *eika

      • Albanian iki I go, I leave, I escape
    • Anatolian

      • Hittite 𒄿𒄿𒀀𒋫𒋫 iyatta goes
    • Balto-Slavic

      • Lithuanian eĩti to go, to walk
      • Slavic *jьti to go

        • East Slavic ити iti

          • Russian идти́ idtí to go, to walk, to function
          • Ukrainian іти́ itý to go, to walk, to proceed
        • South Slavic

          • Old Church Slavonic ити iti to walk, to go
          • Serbo-Croatian ѝћи ìći to go, to walk
        • West Slavic

          • Polish iść to go, to walk
    • Hellenic

      • Mycenaean Greek 𐀂𐀍𐀳 i-jo-te goes
      • Ancient Greek εἶμῐ eîmi I will come, I will go suppletive future, subjunctive, etc. for ἔρχομα
      • Ancient Greek ἰσθμός isthmós neck, pharynx, isthmus, channel with unexplained -s-

        • Latin isthmus

          • English isthmus
    • Indo-Iranian *Háyti goes

      • Indo-Aryan

        • Sanskrit 𑀏𑀢𑀺 éti goes, walks
      • Iranian

        • Avestan 𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬍 aētī goes
        • Western Iranian

          • Old Persian 𐎠𐎡𐎫𐎡𐎹 aitiy goes
      • Nuristani

        • Kamviri ie walks
    • Italic

      • Latin eō I go

        • Western Romance

          • French irai will go suppletive future of aller
          • Spanish ir to go
        • Latin ambiō I go around, I solicit favor, I campaign, I strive for

          • Eastern Romance

            • Romanian a îmbia to urge, to entice, to solicit
          • Western Romance

            • Italian ambìre to aspire, to yearn
          • Latin ambitiō a going around, desire to please, desire for honor, ambition

            • English ambition
          • Vulgar Latin *ambitāre frequentive

            • Western Romance

              • Spanish andar to walk, to go, to be

                • Spanish ándale hurry!, come on!, all right! interjection
        • Latin pereō I go through, I pass away, I vanish, I perish

          • Western Romance

            • Old French perir to die, to perish

              • French périr to perish
              • English perish
        • Latin praetereō I go past, I ignore, I surpass

          • Western Romance

            • Italian preterire I neglect, I omit
          • Latin praeteritio

            • English preterite
        • Latin *sēdeō I go away, I go separately not used due to homophony with "to sit", only the participle is used

          • Latin sēditiō rebellion, sedition, discord, turmoil

            • English sedition
        • Latin subeō I go under, I come from under, I sneak up on, I undergo, I come to mind, I take place

          • Latin subitus approached, snuck up on, undergone

            • Western Romance

              • Italian subito immediately, as soon as possible
              • Spanish súbito sudden, suddenly
            • Latin subitāneus sudden, unexpected

              • Western Romance

                • Old French sodein sudden

                  • French soudain sudden, suddenly
                  • English sudden
        • Latin trānseō I go across, I go over to, I surpass, I elapse, I pass away

          • Western Romance

            • Old French

              • French transir to pass through, to cut through (esp. of cold or wind)
              • English transit
          • Latin trānsitiō

            • French transition transition

              • English transition
        • Latin comeō

          • Latin comes companion, comrade, partner lit. "go together"

            • Medieval Latin comes trusted companion/advisor to the Emperor, count, earl

              • Old French

                • French comte count, earl from the accusative form comitem
                • English count
              • Medieval Latin comitātus company of soldiers, association, county

                • Old French conté county

                  • French comté county
                  • English county
              • Medieval Latin comes stabuli officer of the stables

                • Old French conestable a military officer of some kind

                  • English constable
                  • French connétable historical commander in chief of the French army, 1060-1626
    • Phrygian ειτου eitou to go, to become
  • Proto-Indo-European *h₁itus a going

    • Italic

      • Latin itus a going, a gait, a right of way

        • Latin coitus a meeting, a joining, sexual intercourse lit. "a going-together"

          • French coit coitus
          • Spanish coito coitus
          • English coitus
  • Proto-Indo-European *h₁oytyos?

    • Germanic *aidijaz? passable?

      • Germanic *aidijã isthmus, strait de-adjectival noun from a gerund?

        • North Germanic

          • Old Norse eið isthmus

            • Icelandic eiði isthmus
            • Swedish ed isthmus, portage
  • Proto-Indo-European *h₁éytr̥

    • Italic

      • Latin iter route, journey

        • Latin itinerārium road map, itinerary

          • English itinerary
    • Indo-Iranian

      • Iranian

        • Avestan 𐬌𐬚𐬥𐬀 iθna lifetime
    • Tocharian *yätār

      • Arshian ytār road, way
      • Kushean ytārye road, way
  • Proto-Indo-European *h₁eh₁óye

    • Germanic *ijjē went suppletive past tense *gānã

      • West Germanic

        • Old English ēode went suppletive past tense gān

          • Middle English yode went
      • East Germanic

        • Gothic 𐌹𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌰 iddja went suppletive past tense gaggan
  • Proto-Indo-European *h₁eyh₂ti factive

    • Proto-Indo-European *yeh₂- to go, to enter, to ride, to travel re-analyzed root

      • Proto-Indo-European *yéh₂ti goes, enters, rides, travels

        • Balto-Slavic *jā́ˀtei to ride, to travel

          • East Baltic

            • Lithuanian jóti to ride (horseback)
          • Slavic *jěti to go, to ride

            • West Slavic

              • Czech jet to ride, to travel by horse or vehicle
            • Slavic *jě̀xati stem *ěd-

              • East Slavic ꙗхати jaxati

                • Russian е́хаць jéxacʹ to ride, to drive, to travel by horse or vehicle
                • Ukrainian ї́хати jíxaty to ride, to drive, to travel by horse or vehicle
              • South Slavic

                • Bulgarian я́хам jáham to mount, to get on a horse
                • Old Church Slavonic ꙗхати jaxati to travel, to leave
                • Serbo-Croatian ја̏хати jȁhati to ride (horseback)
              • West Slavic

                • Polish jechać to go, to ride, to drive
              • Slavic *ězda a ride *ěd- stem + *-ьba action noun suffix?

                • East Slavic

                  • Russian езда́ jezdá a ride, a drive
                • South Slavic

                  • Old Church Slavonic язда jazda
                • West Slavic

                  • Polish jazda a ride, a drive, cavalry, move it!
        • Indo-Iranian *yáHti

          • Indo-Aryan

            • Sanskrit 𑀬𑀸𑀢𑀺 yā́ti to go, to move, to walk, to flee, to enter

              • Elu

                • Dhivehi ​​ދަނީ danī
                • Sinhala යනවා yanawā
              • Magadhi

                • Bengali যাওয়া jaoa to go
              • Maharashtri 𑀚𑀸𑀇 jāi

                • Marathi जाणे jāṇe to go
              • Pali 𑀬𑀸𑀢𑀺 yāti to go, to travel
              • Sauraseni 𑀚𑀸𑀤𑀺 jādi

                • Madhya

                  • Hindi जाना jānā to go, to leave, passive voice marker
              • West Indo-Aryan

                • Romani džal to go
          • Iranian

            • Avestan 𐬫𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬌 yāiti
      • Proto-Indo-European *yiyéh₂ti

        • Tocharian

          • Arshian yā- to go, to travel, to lead
          • Kushean iyā- to go, to travel, to lead
      • Proto-Indo-European *yeh₂no- noun

        • Indo-Iranian *yáHnam

          • Indo-Aryan

            • Sanskrit 𑀬𑀸𑀦 yā́na carriange, vehicle, journey

              • Pali yā́na carriange, vehicle, journey

                • Burmese ယာဉ် yany vehicle, mount
                • Khmer យាន yiən vehicle
                • Thai ยาน yaan vehicle, conveyance

                  • Thai ยานอวกาศ yaan-à-wá-gàat spaceship
              • Sanskrit 𑀉𑀤𑁆𑀬𑀸𑀦 udyā́na an outing, an excursion, a park

                • Magadhi

                  • Assamese উজনি uzoni upstream
                • Pali uyyāna

                  • Burmese ဥယျာဉ် u.yyany garden, orchard

                    • Burmese ရစ္ဆာန်ဥယျာဉ် ti.rachcan-u.yyany zoo equivalent to Sanskrit tiraścīna udyā́na: "horizontal park"
                • Hindi उद्यान udyān garden, park
                • Thai อุทยาน ùt-tá-yaan garden, park
              • Sanskrit 𑀫𑀳𑀸𑀬𑀸𑀦 mahāyāna Mahayana (Buddhism) lit. "great vehicle, great journey"

                • English Mahayana
                • Hindi महायान mahāyān Mahayana (Buddhism)
        • Italic

          • Latin iānus covered passage, arcade

            • Latin Iānus Divinity of Doors, Beginnings, and Endings

              • English Janus
              • Latin iānuārius having to do with or belonging to Janus, the month of Janus ^[2]

                • English January ^[2]
            • Latin iānua door, entrance, double-door

              • Western Romance

                • Mozarabic يانة yana door
              • Latin iānitor doorman, porter

                • English janitor
            • Latin *iānuella dimunitive

              • Western Romance

                • Portuguese janela window

                  • Malay jendela window
                  • Tamil ஜன்னல் jaṉṉal
      • Proto-Indo-European *yéh₂mn̥ noun

        • Indo-Iranian *yáHma

          • Indo-Aryan

            • Sanskrit 𑀬𑀸𑀫𑀦𑁆 yā́man motion, course, expedition, invocation, prayer
      • Proto-Indo-European *yeh₂tóm noun

        • Balto-Slavic

          • Slavic *ě̀to herd, flock

            • South Slavic

              • Old Church Slavonic ято jato
              • Serbo-Croatian ја̏то jȁto flock
  • Proto-Indo-European *yeh₂tr̥ noun

    • Indo-Iranian

      • Indo-Aryan

        • Sanskrit 𑀬𑀸𑀢𑁆𑀭𑀸 yātrā journey, travel, pilgrimage

          • Hindi यात्रा yātrā journey, travel
          • Pali 𑀬𑀸𑀢𑁆𑀭𑀸 yātrā

            • Thai ยาตรา yâat-dtraa procession, parade
          • Telugu యాత్ర yātra journey, expedition, march
    • Tocharian *yätār

      • Arshian ytār road, way
      • Kushean ytārye road, way
      • Proto-Indo-European *yéh₂tus a going action noun

        • Celtic *yātus ford, passage

          • Old Irish áth ford, opening

            • Irish áth ford, opening

              • Irish Átha Luain Luan's Ford (place name)

                • English Athlone
              • Irish Átha an Rí Ford of the King (place name)

                • English Athenry
      • Proto-Indo-European *yéh₂wō noun of some kind, agentive?

        • Indo-Iranian *yáHwā

          • Indo-Aryan

            • Sanskrit 𑀬𑀸𑀯𑀦𑁆 yā́van rider, horseman, invader, enemy

Visual

Collected English words

isthmus, ambition, perish, preterite, sedition, sudden, transit, transition, count, county, constable, coitus, itinerary, Mahayana, Janus, January, janitor, Athlone, Athenry

Footnotes

1. ^

   This verb is ambiguous in which conjugation paradigm it uses. The first person conjugation of this verb could be either *h₁eymi or *h₁eyoh₂. The first form shows up in Greek εἶμῐ eîmi, the second in Latin eō.

2. ^

   There are of course many, many descendants of Latin iānuārius: "January". Too many (and mostly too obvious) to bother to list at the moment.