December theme: Religion 📿

Introduction

We start religion words with *dyḗwos ph₂tḗr, Old Father Shining-Sky himself.

Interestingly English "day" is not from this root, despite similarity to many IE words for day, e.g. Latin diēs, etc. Germanic d corresponds to Latin f (PIE dʰ); Latin d corresponds to Germanic t (PIE d). Germanic used to have a cognate word for "day": *tīnaz, but in English it is preserved only in the t at the end of Lent (*langatīnaz, "long-days, lengthening-days", i.e. "spring").

Likewise, Greek θεός theós: "god", is unrelated despite the similarity to Latin deus. Greek θ also comes from PIE dʰ, so would also correspond to Latin f, not d.

Teaser

Zeus, diurnal, Jupiter, Tuesday, divine, Lent, Diwali

Full Text

• Proto-Indo-European *dyew- to be bright, sky, heaven

  • Proto-Indo-European *diwós bright

    • Indo-Iranian

      • Indo-Aryan

        • Sanskrit 𑀤𑀺𑀯𑀲 divasa day

          • Pali divasa day

            • Thai ทิวส
          • Sauraseni

            • Western Sauraseni

              • Gujarati દી dī day
              • Romani dives
          • Marathi दिवस divas
          • Telugu దివసము divasamu
  • Proto-Indo-European *diwoh₁ bright

    • Old Armenian տիւ tiw day, daytime
  • Proto-Indo-European *dyḗwos sky, heaven, Dyeus (Indo-European divinity of the Daytime Sky) agentive: ~"brightener, heavener"

    • Anatolian

      • Hieroglyphic Luwian Tiwaz Divinity of the Sun
    • Celtic *dīyos day

      • Brythonic *dið

        • Welsh dydd day
      • Old Irish día day

        • Irish día day (archaic)
      • Celtic *dīyūi on (this) day, of the day

        • Old Irish

          • Irish Dé on (of a day of the week)
        • Celtic *so dīyūi at this day, today

          • Brythonic

            • Welsh heddiw today
    • Hellenic *dzeus

      • Mycenaean Greek 𐀇𐀺 di-wo Zeus
      • Classical Greek Ζεύς Zeús Zeus

        • English Zeus
        • Classical Greek Δῐός Diós Zeus's genitive

          • Classical Greek Δῐόσκουροι Dióskouroi The Twins, Castor and Pollux lit. "Zeus's Boys"

            • Latin Dioscūrī

              • English Dioscuri
    • Indo-Iranian *dyā́wš

      • Indo-Aryan *dyā́wṣ

        • Sanskrit 𑀤𑁆𑀬𑀼 dyú heaven, sky, day, fire
      • Iranian *dyā́wš

        • Avestan dyaoš from the sky

          • Persian زاوش Zāvoš from the sky, heavenly, Zeus (greek divinity), Jupiter (planet)
    • Italic *djous day, sky, Jupiter

      • Italic *djēm

        • Latin diēs day back-formed from accusative

          • Central Romance

            • Italian dì day (archaic)
          • Insular Romance

            • Sardinian

              • Campidanese dì day
          • Eastern Romance

            • Romanian zi day
          • Western Romance

            • Old French di day

              • French -di
            • Spanish día day
          • Latin hōc diē this day, today

            • Latin hodiē today

              • Central Romance

                • Dalmatian vai today
                • Italian oggi today
              • Insular Romance

                • Sardinian

                  • Campidanese oi today
              • Western Romance

                • Old French hui

                  • French aujourd'hui today
                  • French méshui today, now, from now on
                • Spanish hoy today
          • Latin diēs Sōlis Sun's day, Sunday
          • Latin diēs Lūnae Moon's day, Monday
          • Latin diēs Mārtis Mars's day, Tuesday
          • Latin diēs Mercuriī Mercury's day, Wednesday
          • Latin diēs Iovis Jupiter's day, Thursday

            • Central Romance

              • Italian giovedì Thursday
            • Eastern Romance

              • Romanian joi Thursday
            • Insular Romance

              • Sardinian

                • Campidanese gióbia Thursday
            • Western Romance

              • French jeudi Thursday
              • Spanish jueves Thursday
          • Latin diēs Veneris Venus's day, Friday
          • Latin diēs Saturnī Saturn's day, Saturday
      • Italic *djowes

        • Latin Iovis of Jupiter (genitive)

          • Latin diēs Iovis Jupiter's day, Thursday

            • Central Romance

              • Italian giovedì Thursday
            • Eastern Romance

              • Romanian joi Thursday
            • Insular Romance

              • Sardinian

                • Campidanese gióbia Thursday
            • Western Romance

              • French jeudi Thursday
              • Spanish jueves Thursday
      • Italic *djowi

        • Latin Iove from Jupiter (ablative)

          • English Jove
      • Italic *djousnus daily, day-like

        • Latin diurnus daily, of the day

          • Central Romance

            • Italian giorno day
          • Western Romance

            • French jour day

              • French aujourd'hui today
          • French diurne diurnal

            • Romanian diurn diurnal
          • Spanish diurno diurnal
          • Latin diurnālis of the day, taking place in the day, diurnal

            • Central Romance

              • Italian giornale (daily) newspaper
            • Western Romance

              • French journal daily, (daily) diary, (daily) newspaper

                • English journal
            • English diurnal
          • Medieval Latin diurnata A day's work, a day's travel

            • French journée

              • English journey
            • Spanish jornada working day, hike, day trip
            • Welsh diwrnod day (24 hours), a day's activity
    • Paleo-Balkan

      • Albanian Zojz divinity of the sky and lightning
      • Messapian ΖΙΣ Zis divinity of the sky
    • Proto-Indo-European *dyḗwos ph₂tḗr Father Dyeus

      • Celtic *dēwos ɸatir Father God

        • Celtic *sindos dago-dēwos ollo-ɸatir The Good God, All Father

          • Old Irish in Dagdae, Ollathair The Good God, All Father

            • Old Irish in Dagdae The Dagda

              • Irish in Daghdha The Dagda

                • English (the) Dagda
      • Indo-Iranian

        • Indo-Aryan

          • Sanskrit 𑀤𑁆𑀬𑁅𑀱𑁆𑀧𑀺𑀢𑀾 Dyauṣpitṛ Sky Father, Rigvedic divinity of the sky—possibly the father or grandfather of Indra
      • Italic *djous patēr Father Day Sky

        • Latin Iuppiter Jupiter

          • English Jupiter
        • Umbrian 𐌉𐌖𐌐𐌀𐌕𐌄𐌓
    • Proto-Indo-European *átta dyḗwos Father (Dad) Dyeus

      • Pre-Albanian *dziew atta

        • Albanian Zot Sky Father, Father Zojz
      • Anatolian

        • Hieroglyphic Luwian Tatiš Tiwaz Father Tiwaz
    • Proto-Indo-European *diwHō authority of Dyeus "Hoffmann's suffix"

      • Proto-Indo-European *diwoHonh₂ She who has the authority of Dyeus, or She who is under the authority of Dyeus

        • Celtic

          • Gaulish Deuona goddess, or the divinity of springs specifcally

            • Classical Greek Δηουόνα Dēouóna
            • Latin Divona Gallo-Roman divinity of Bordeaux's sacred spring
        • Hellenic *Diwōna

          • Classical Greek Διώνη `ē Dione

            • Greek Διώνη Dióni Dione
            • Latin Diōne

              • English Dione
        • Italic *Dīwāna

          • Latin Diana
          • Italic *Dīwa Iāna
          • Latin Dīvā Iāna

            • Latin Iāna

              • Sardinian jana fairy
    • Proto-Indo-European *diwés gʷl̥h₂enos Dyeus's acorn, divine nut

      • Pre-Armenian *tukałin

        • Armenian տկողին tkołin hazelnut
      • Hellenic

        • Classical Greek Διὸς βάλανος sweet chestnut
      • Italic *djouglānts

        • Latin iūglāns walnut

          • Translingual Juglans taxonomic genus of walnuts
          • English juglans
    • Proto-Indo-European *deywós god Vriddhi derivative with vowel in incorrect position for this root, but more common in other roots

      • Anatolian

        • Hittite 𒅆𒍑 sius god
      • Balto-Slavic *deiwas god

        • East Baltic

          • Lithuanian diẽvas god
        • Slavic *divъ miracle

          • East Slavic

            • Russian ди́во dívo wonder, miracle, marvel
          • West Slavic

            • Polish dziw wonder
        • West Baltic

          • Old Prussian deywis god
        • Finnic *taivas sky, heaven

          • Estonian taevas sky, heaven
          • Finnish taivas sky, heaven
      • Celtic *dēwos god

        • Brythonic *duɨw god

          • Welsh duw god
        • Old Irish día god phonologically recollapsed with "day"

          • Irish dia god
      • Germanic *Tīwaz god generally, or Tyr specifically, divinity of Law and Heroic Glory, the rune ᛏ

        • West Germanic

          • Old English Tī Tyr, the rune ᛏ
          • Old High German
        • Old Norse Týr Tyr, the rune ᛏ

          • Danish
          • Icelandic Týr Tyr
        • East Germanic

          • Gothic 𐍄𐌴𐌹𐍅𐍃 teiws Tyr, the letter 𐍄
        • English Tiwaz the rune ᛏ
        • Germanic *Tīwas dagaz Tuesday, Tyr's day calque of Latin dies Martis, "Mars' day"

          • West Germanic

            • Old English tiwesdæġ Tuesday

              • English Tuesday
              • Scots Tysday Tuesday
            • Old High German zīostag Tuesday

              • German Ziestag Tuesday (dialectic)
          • Old Norse tý(r)sdagr Tuesday

            • Danish tirsdag Tuesday
            • Finnish tiistai Tuesday
      • Indo-Iranian *daywás god

        • Indo-Aryan *daivás

          • Sanskrit 𑀤𑁂𑀯 devá god, divine, idol

            • Sauraseni

              • Madhya Sauraseni

                • Hindi देव dev deity, god, deva
            • Telugu దేవుడు dēvuḍu god, cloud
            • Malay dewa god
        • Iranian *daywáh

          • Avestan daēuua (false) god, daeva

            • English daeva
            • Western Iranian

              • Old Persian 𐎭𐎡𐎺 daiva false god, daeva, demon

                • Persian دیو dêv demon, daeva

                  • Arabic دِيُو diyū daeva
                  • Ottoman Turkish دیو div demon, jinn, giant

                    • Turkish dev giant, colossus, huge
                    • Serbo-Croatian див div giant
                  • Armenian դեւ dew demon, evil spirit, ghost
                  • Georgian დევი devi giant, monster, dragon
                • Aramaic 𐡃𐡉𐡅𐡀 daywā demon, evil spirit
      • Italic *deiwos god

        • Oscan 𐌃𐌄𐌝𐌅𐌀𐌝 deívaí
        • Latin deus god

          • Central Romance

            • Italian dio god
          • Eastern Romance

            • Romanian zeu god
          • Western Romance

            • French dieu god

              • Haitian Creole Bondye
            • Spanish dios god

              • Quechua dyus god
              • Tagalog diyos god
          • Latin ad deus to god, farewell

            • Central Romance

              • Italian addio goodbye, farewell
            • Western Romance

              • French adieu farewell, goodbye
              • Spanish adiós goodbye, farewell
          • Latin deitās divinity, deity, the nature of a god

            • Eastern Romance

              • Romanian zeitate deity
            • Central Romance

              • Italian deità godhood, divinity, deity
            • Western Romance

              • French déité deity

                • English deity
              • Spanish deidad deity
        • Latin dīvus divine, godlike, godly, deified mortal

          • Central Romance

            • Italian divo god, star/celebrity (deified mortal)

              • English diva
          • Latin dīvīnus of a god

            • Central Romance

              • Italian divino divine, heavenly
            • Western Romance

              • French divin divine

                • English divine
              • Spanish divino divine, heavenly
      • Proto-Indo-European *dey-

        • Proto-Indo-European *deynos day

          • Albanian din to dawn
          • Balto-Slavic

            • Lithuanian dienà day, daytime, time, era
            • Slavic *dь̑nь day

              • East Slavic

                • Russian день denʹ day, daytime, afternoon
              • South Slavic

                • Serbo-Croatian да̑н dȃn day
              • West Slavic

                • Polish dzień day, daytime
          • Germanic *tīnaz day

            • Germanic *langatīnaz spring lit. "long-days"

              • West Germanic

                • Old English lencten spring, Lent

                  • English Lent
                • Old High German lenzin

                  • German Lenz spring
            • Germanic *sintīnaz daily ^[1]

              • East Germanic

                • Gothic 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃
          • Indo-Iranian

            • Indo-Aryan *dinám day

              • Sanskrit 𑀤𑀺𑀦 diná day

                • Magadhi

                  • Bengali din day
                • Sauraseni

                  • Madhya Sauraseni

                    • Hindi दिन din day, time
                  • Pahari

                    • Punjabi ਦਿਨ din day
                • Telugu దినము dinamu day, daytime
          • Italic *dinos

            • Latin -din-

              • Latin nūndinus market-day ^[2]
  • Proto-Indo-European *dyewp-

    • Indo-Iranian

      • Indo-Aryan

        • Sanskrit 𑀤𑀻𑀧𑁆 dīp to blaze, to glow, to illuminate

          • Sanskrit 𑀤𑀻𑀧 dīpa lamp, light

            • Sauraseni 𑀤𑀻𑀯 dīva

              • Madhya Sauraseni

                • Hindi दिया diyā light, lamp
            • Hindi दीप dīp lamp, light
            • Sanskrit 𑀤𑀻𑀧𑀓 dīpaka

              • Hindi दीपक dīpak lamp, light, personal name

                • English Deepak
            • Sanskrit 𑀤𑀻𑀧𑀸𑀯𑀮𑀺 dīpāvali row of lights, illumination, Diwali

              • Maharashtri

                • Marathi दिवाळी divāḷī Diwali
              • Sauraseni

                • Madhya Sauraseni

                  • Hindi दिवाली divālī Diwali

                    • English Diwali
                • Pahari

                  • Punjabi ਦਿਵਾਲੀ divālī Diwali
              • Telugu దీపావళి dīpāvaḷi row of lights, Diwali

Visual

Collected English words

Zeus, Dioscuri, Jove, journal, diurnal, journey, (the) Dagda, Jupiter, Dione, Juglans, juglans, Tiwaz, Tuesday, daeva, deity, diva, divine, Lent, Deepak, Diwali

Footnotes

1. ^

   Gothic 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (sinteins): "daily, always" (reconstructed Germanic *sintīnaz) is a compound of something and "day": "go-day"?, "old-day"?, "sense-day"?, "one's-own-day"?

2. ^

   Latin nūndinus is literally, "nine-day", meaning what we would describe as "every eight days", because Latin counts days inclusively on both sides.