Introduction

One neat discovery in this family is that English has words from three different compoundings of *h₃ekʷ- with *h₂énti: "opposite, near, in front" three different times: compounded in Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti-h₃kʷós goes through Latin antiquus to give antique and antic; compounded again in Late Latin as *anteocularis it goes through Old French antoillier to give antler; and finally compounded in scientific English of Greek roots as anti-optic.

Teaser

eye, daisy, window, antique, antler, binocular, person

Full Text

• Proto-Indo-European *h₃ekʷ- to see, eye, to eye

  • Proto-Indo-European *h₃ókʷs eye

    • Balto-Slavic *aks

      • East Baltic

        • Lithuanian akìs eye
      • West Baltic

        • Old Prussian ackis eye
      • Slavic *ȍko

        • East Slavic

          • Ukrainian о́ко eye
        • South Slavic

          • Old Church Slavonic око oko eye, sight
          • Serbo-Croatian око oko eye
        • West Slavic

          • Czech oko eye
          • Polish oko eye, sight
    • Pre-Germanic *agz?

      • Germanic *augô eye modified by association with *ausô: "ear" from *h₂ṓws

        • East Germanic

          • Gothic 𐌰𐌿𐌲𐍉 augō eye
          • Crimean Gothic oeghene eyes only attested in plural
        • North Germanic

          • Old Norse auga eye

            • Danish øje eye
            • Icelandic auga eye
            • Old Norse vindauga window

              • English window
        • West Germanic *augā

          • Old English ēage

            • English eye
            • Old English dæġes ēage daisy lit. "day's eye"

              • English daisy
          • Frankish *oga

            • Dutch oog eye
          • Old High German ouga eye

            • German Auge eye
            • Yiddish אויג oyg eye
        • Germanic *augjaz eyed, having eyes (of a certain type)

          • North Germanic

            • Proto-Norse augiʀ

              • Proto-Norse ᚷᛚᛇᚨᚢᚷᛁᛉ glïaugiʀ gleaming? eyed
              • Old Norse eygr
        • Germanic *augijaną to show, to cause to see

          • East Germanic

            • Gothic 𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 augjan to show
          • North Germanic

            • Old Norse eygja to eye

              • Icelandic eygja
          • West Germanic

            • Old English īewan to show, to appear
            • Old Saxon ōgian

              • Low German ögen

                • Low German ögelen frequentive

                  • English ogle
    • Hellenic *ókʷs

      • Hellenic *áitʰō-ókʷs "eye-burning"

        • Classical Greek αἶθοψ aîthops gleaming, sparkling, blazing
        • Mycenaean Greek 𐀀𐀂𐀴𐀍𐀦 a-i-ti-jo-qo

          • Classical Greek Αἰθίοψ Aithíops Ethiopian

            • Classical Greek Αἰθιοπία Ethiopia

              • Latin Aethiopia Ethiopia

                • English Ethiopia

                  • Hawaiʻian ʻAikiopa Ethiopia
              • Amharic ኢትዮጵያ ʾityop̣p̣ya Ethiopia
      • Classical Greek ὄψ óps eye, face
      • Classical Greek ὤψ ṓps eye, face
      • Classical Greek ὀφθαλμός ophthalmós

        • Greek οφθαλμός ofthalmós eye, bud
        • English ophthalmo-
    • Indo-Iranian *Hákš

      • Indo-Aryan *Hákṣ

        • Indo-Aryan *anHákṣ "without eye"

          • Vedic Sanskrit 𑀅𑀦𑀓𑁆𑀱𑁆 anákṣ blind
    • Tocharian *ëk

      • Arshian ak eye
      • Kushean ek eye
      • Tocharian *tärrek blind ^[1]

        • Arshian trak blind
        • Kushean tärrek blind
      • Tocharian *tāpāki- mirror

        • Arshian tāpaki mirror
        • Kushean tapākye mirror
    • Proto-Indo-European *h₃ókʷih₁ eyes (dual)

      • Pre-Albanian *asī

        • Albanian sy eye
      • Old Armenian աչք ačʻkʻ eyes, sight
      • Hellenic óťťe

        • Classical Greek ὄσσε ósse eyes
      • Indo-Iranian *HáčiH

        • Indo-Iranian *Hákši eye

          • Indo-Aryan *Hákṣi

            • Sanskrit 𑀅𑀓𑁆𑀱𑀺 ákṣi eye

              • Elu

                • Dhivehi ލޮަ loa eye
                • Sinhala ඇස æsa eye
              • Magadhi

                • Bengali আঁখ ãkh eye
              • Sauraseni 𑀅𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀺 akkhi

                • Madhya Sauraseni

                  • Hindi आँख ā̃kh eye, sight
                • Northwestern Sauraseni

                  • Kashmiri أچھ ạch eye
                  • Punjabi ਅੱਖ akkh eye, sight
                • Western Sauraseni

                  • Romani jakh eye
              • Telugu அக்கு akku eye
      • Iranian *Há(x)ši

        • Avestan 𐬀𐬱𐬌 aši eyes
        • Western Iranian

          • Old Persian

            • Persian اش aš -eye
      • Nuristani

        • Ashkun aćĩ́ eye
        • Kamviri ačé eye
      • Proto-Indo-European *h₁én-h₃ókʷih₁ in the (two) eyes, seen

        • Tocharian

          • Kushean yneś obvious, real

            • Kushean yneśaññe the present, the current time
    • Proto-Indo-European *h₃ekʷō(n)

      • Old Armenian ակն akn eye

        • Armenian ակն akn eye
    • Proto-Indo-European *-h₃kʷos combining form

      • Proto-Indo-European *h₁éni-h₃kʷos face lit. "in-eye"

        • Celtic *enīkʷom face

          • Brythonic *eneb face

            • Old Welsh enep surface, page
          • Primitive Irish *ineqa-

            • Primitive Irish ᚔᚅᚓᚊᚐᚌᚂᚐᚄ ineqaglas personal name: Green/Blue/Grey-Face
            • Old Irish enech face, front, honor

              • Irish oineach honor, honorary
          • Celtic *eɸi-enīkʷom

            • Brythonic *eieneb

              • Welsh wyneb face
        • Hellenic *enōkʷā́

          • Classical Greek ἐνωπή enōpḗ face
        • Indo-Iranian *HániHkas

          • Indo-Aryan

            • Sanskrit 𑀅𑀦𑀻𑀓 ánīka face, appearance, front
      • Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti-h₃kʷos in front of the eye, before the eye, across from the eye

        • Indo-Iranian

          • Indo-Aryan

            • Sanskrit 𑀅𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀺𑀓 antiká near, close by, across from
        • Italic *antīkʷos

          • Latin antīquus former, earlier, old

            • Central Romance

              • Italian antico old, ancient

                • English antic
            • Old French antic

              • French antique

                • English antique
      • Proto-Indo-European *préti-h₃kʷos in front of the eye, towards the eye

        • Hellenic

          • Archaic Ionic Greek *protiōpon

            • Classical Greek πρόσωπον prósōpon
            • Etruscan 𐌘𐌄𐌓𐌔𐌖 φersu mask, masked actor

              • Latin persona mask, character, role, personality, grammatical person

                • Central Romance

                  • Italian persona person, someone, anyone
                • Western Romance

                  • Old French persone person, individual, rector of a parish, someone

                    • French personne person, grammatical person, no one, anyone
                    • English person
                    • English parson
                • English persona

                  • Japanese ペルソナ perusona persona
                • Latin personalis

                  • English personal
                  • French personnel

                    • English personnel
        • Indo-Iranian

          • Indo-Aryan

            • Sanskrit 𑀧𑁆𑀭𑀢𑀻𑀓 prátīka surface, form, appearance, image
        • Tocharian

          • Kushean pratsāko chest, breast
    • Proto-Indo-European *h₃ekʷelos

      • Italic *okʷelos eye

        • Latin oculus eye, sight

          • Vulgar Latin oclus

            • Central Romance

              • Dalmatian uaclo eye
              • Italian occhio eye
            • Eastern Romance

              • Aromanian oclju eye
              • Romanian ochi eye
            • Insular Romance

              • Sardinian ogru eye
            • Western Romance

              • Catalan ull eye
              • French œil eye

                • French trompe-l’œil

                  • English trompe l’oeil
              • Spanish ojo eye
          • English oculus
          • Latin ocularis

            • French oculaire

              • French binoculaire

                • English binocular
          • Latin inoculare to graft (an eye or bud) of one tree into another, to implant

            • English inoculate
          • Latin *anteocularis in front of the eyes

            • Western Romance

              • Old French antoillier antler, horn ^[2]

                • French andouiller tine of an antler
                • English antler
  • Proto-Indo-European *h₃kʷtós seen, visible

    • Hellenic

      • Classical Greek ὀπτός optós seen, visible

        • Classical Greek ὀπτικός optikós

          • Latin opticus

            • English optic

              • English anti-optic
  • Proto-Indo-European *h₃ékʷtis

    • Classical Greek ὄψις ópsis view, sight, countenance

      • Greek όψη ópsi appearance, aspect

        • Classical Greek σύνοψις súnopsis seeing all together, general view, synopsis, estimate

          • Latin synopsis list, synopsis, overview

            • English synopsis
  • Proto-Indo-European *?-h₃ókʷo-

    • Anatolian *sṓgʷos eye

      • Hittite 𒃲𒄭𒀀𒅖 šakawiš eye
      • Luwic

        • Cuneiform Luwian 𒁕𒀀𒌋𒄿𒅖 tāwīš⁠ eye
        • Hieroglyphic Luwian 𔑰‎𔗬 ta-wa- eye
        • Lycian 𐊗𐊁𐊇𐊁 tewe eyes

          • Lycian 𐊑𐊗𐊁𐊇𐊚 ñtewẽ facing, opposite, towards

Visual

Collected English words

inoculate, ophthalmo-, antique, antler, persona, binocular, eye, person, optic, parson, daisy, anti-optic, trompe l’oeil, window, personal, personnel, synopsis, ogle, antic, oculus, Ethiopia

Footnotes

1. ^

   In Tocharian *tärrek: "blind, blind person", the second element is ek: "eye", while the the first element is probably cognate to "stare". Compare West Germanic *stareblind: "completely blind", which gives Dutch staarblind, Old English stæreblind, and German Star-deu-Latn: "cataract (eye disease)".

2. ^

   Latin *anteocularis: "in front of the eyes"—Old French antoillier: "antler, horn", English antler—effectively re-creates Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti-h₃kʷos: "in front of the eye"—whence Latin antiquus, antique.