December theme: Pre-Classical Mediterranean 🏝️

Teaser

Greek, Charles, corn, grain, grenade

Full Text

• Proto-Indo-European *ǵerh₂- to grow old, to mature

  • Proto-Indo-European *ǵerh₂e-ti primary verb

    • Balto-Slavic

      • Slavic *zьrěti to ripen

        • East Slavic

          • Russian зреть zretʹ to ripen, to mature
          • Ukrainian зрі́ти zríty to ripen, to grow, to form
        • South Slavic

          • Serbo-Croatian зре̏ти zrȅti to ripen, to mature
        • West Slavic

          • Polish źrzeć to ripen
        • Slavic *zьrělъ ripe

          • East Slavic зьрѣлыи zĭrělyi ripe

            • Russian зре́лый zrélyj mature, ripe
          • South Slavic

            • Old Church Slavonic зьрѣлъ zĭrělŭ ripe
    • Indo-Iranian *ĵárati

      • Indo-Aryan *ȷ́árati

        • Sanskrit 𑀚𑀭𑀢𑀺 járati to make old
  • Proto-Indo-European *ǵr̥h₂y-éti intransitive imperfective

    • Indo-Iranian

      • Indo-Aryan

        • Sanskrit 𑀚𑀽𑀭𑁆𑀬𑀢𑀺 juryati to grow old, to decay, to become decrepit
    • Tocharian *kwär- to age, to grow old

      • Arshian *kwär-
      • Kushean *kwär-
  • Proto-Indo-European *ǵorh₂eu?

    • Anatolian

      • Hittite karū formerly, earlier, already
  • Proto-Indo-European *ǵr̥h₂nó-s matured, old basic adjective

    • Indo-Iranian *ĵr̥Hnás

      • Indo-Aryan

        • Sanskrit 𑀚𑀻𑀭𑁆𑀡 jīrṇá aged, worn out, decayed
  • Proto-Indo-European *ǵr̥h₂yó-s matured, old alternate adjective form

    • Hellenic

      • Ancient Greek γεραιός geraiós old

        • Latin Grāius
    • Proto-Indo-European *ǵr̥h₂yeh₂ old person, old women

      • Hellenic

        • Ancient Greek γραῖα graîa old woman

          • Greek γριά griá old woman
          • Ancient Greek Γραῖα Graîa an ancient Greek city in Boeotia

            • Ancient Greek Τᾰ́νᾰγρ(αῖ)ᾰ Tánagr(ai)a Greek city in Boeotia, sometimes identified with Graîa
            • Ancient Greek Γραικός Graikós inhabitant of Graia

              • Latin Graecus Greek presumably after early visitors/colonists to southern Italy from Graia

                • Sardinian grecu Greek
                • Eastern Romance

                  • Romanian grec Greek
                • Western Romance

                  • Old French griu Greek

                    • French grive thrush (bird)
                    • French pie-grièche shrike (bird)
                  • Italian greco Greek
                  • Spanish griego Greek

                    • Spanish gringo foreigner, outlander

                      • English gringo
                • Old English Grecas Greek

                  • English Greek
                  • Old English Grēcland
                • French grec Greek
                • Gothic 𐌺𐍂𐌴𐌺𐍃 krēks Greek
                • Latin Graecia Greece

                  • Western Romance

                    • French Grèce

                      • English Greece
  • Proto-Indo-European *ǵerh₂ro-s

    • Hellenic

      • Ancient Greek γεραρός gerarós old man, respectable, majestic
  • Proto-Indo-European *ǵérh₂onts old Caland adjective

    • Old Armenian ծերուն cerun old

      • Armenian ծերուն cerun old
      • Old Armenian ծերունի ceruni old person, aged, senile

        • Armenian ծերունի ceruni old person, aged, senile
    • Hellenic

      • Ancient Greek γέρων gérōn old, old man, elders, council of elders

        • Greek γέροντας gérontas
        • English geronto-
    • Indo-Iranian *ĵárHants

      • Indo-Aryan *ĵárHants

        • Sanskrit 𑀚𑀭𑀢𑁆 járat old, ancient, decayed
      • Iranian *ĵárHanth

        • Northern Iranian

          • Scythian

            • Alanian *zarand

              • Ancient Greek Ζάρανδος Zárandos personal name
            • Ossetian зӕронд zærond old, ancient, archaic
    • Messapic

      • Messapian *deranθ- old

        • Messapian ΔΕΡΑΝθΟΑ deranθoa elders, council of elders, senate
    • Tocharian *śärān-

      • Kushean śrāñ- old
  • Proto-Indo-European *ǵērh₂-s

    • Hellenic

      • Ancient Greek γῆρας gêras age, old age

        • English geriatric
        • Ancient Greek γέρας géras gift of honour, gift, perquisite, reward
  • Proto-Indo-European *ǵérh₂o old person, old man

    • Old Armenian ծեր cer old man, elder

      • Armenian ծեր cer old, old man
    • Germanic **karą old man

      • Germanic *karilaz young man, free man, franklin dimunitive

        • North Germanic ᚲᚨᚱᛁᛚᚨᛉ karilaz

          • Old Norse karl man

            • Danish karl farmhand, groom, guy
            • Icelandic karl man, husband
            • Old English carl

              • English carl
          • Finnic karilas
        • West Germanic

          • Old English ċeorl man, peasant, churl

            • English churl
          • Frankish *karal
        • Samic

          • Northern Sami gállis old man
        • Germanic *Karilaz personal name

          • North Germanic

            • Old Norse Karl

              • Danish Karl

                • Kalaallisut Kaarali
              • Icelandic Karl
              • English Carl
          • West Germanic

            • Old High German *Karal

              • German Karl

                • English Carl
              • Latin Carolus

                • Western Romance

                  • Old French Carles

                    • French Charles

                      • English Charles
                    • Old French Carles li magnes Charles the Great, Charlemagne

                      • French Charlemagne

                        • English Charlemagne
                  • Italian Carlo
                  • Spanish Carlos
              • Slavic *kõrljь Charlemagne, king

                • East Slavic король korolĭ king

                  • Russian коро́ль korólʹ king
                • South Slavic

                  • Serbo-Croatian кра̑љ krȃlj king
                  • Hungarian király king
                  • Romanian crai king, emperor, ruler, lady's man
                  • Ottoman Turkish قرال kral king

                    • Turkish kral king
                • West Slavic

                  • Polish król king
  • Proto-Indo-European *ǵr̥h₂nóm grain

    • Proto-Albanian *grunā wheat

      • Albanian grurë wheat
    • Balto-Slavic *źirˀna- grain

      • Lithuanian žìrnis pea
      • Slavic *zь̀rno grain

        • East Slavic

          • Russian зерно́ zernó grain, cereal, seed
        • South Slavic

          • Old Church Slavonic зрьно zrĭno grain
          • Serbo-Croatian зр̏но zȑno grain, kernel, bullet
        • West Slavic

          • Polish ziarno grain
      • Finnic *herneh

        • Finnish herne pea
    • Celtic *grānom

      • Brythonic *grọn

        • Welsh grawn cereal, seed

          • Welsh grawnwin grape lit. "seed-wine"
      • Old Irish grán

        • Irish grán grain
    • Germanic *kurną grain, cereal

      • East Germanic

        • Gothic 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽 kaurn grain, seed

          • Crimean Gothic kor wheat, grain
      • North Germanic

        • Old Norse korn grain

          • Danish korn cereal, grain
          • Icelandic korn cereal, grain

            • Icelandic frjókorn pollen
      • West Germanic

        • Old English corn grain, seed

          • English corn

            • Māori kānga maize, corn
        • Frankish *korn

          • Dutch koren grain

            • Afrikaans koring wheat
        • Old High German korn

          • German Korn kernel, bead, cereal, grain

            • German Korn(brand) grain brandy, Korn

              • English Korn
          • Yiddish קאָרן korn
      • Samic

        • Northern Sami gordni grain
      • Germanic *kurnilaz kernel

        • West Germanic

          • Old English cyrnel

            • English kernel
          • Old High German

            • Yiddish קערנדל kerndl kernel
    • Italic *grānom

      • Latin grānum grain, seed, kernel

        • Eastern Romance

          • Romanian grâu wheat, grain, cereal
        • Western Romance

          • Old French grain

            • French grain
            • English grain
            • Irish gráinne single grain, small amount
          • Italian grano wheat, cereal, grain, peppercorn, bead, money

            • Italian granire to granulate

              • Italian granito granite lit. "granulated"

                • French granit granite

                  • English granite
          • Spanish grano cereal, seed, bean, grain, pimple, point
        • Latin grānulum small grain, granule

          • English granule
        • Latin grānātus having many seeds or grains

          • Western Romance

            • Spanish granado grained, seeded, rich
          • Latin grānātum pomegranate

            • Western Romance

              • Old French grenate pomegranate

                • French grenade

                  • English grenade
                • French grenat garnet
                • English garnet
                • Old French pomme grenate pomegranate lit. "pomegranate fruit"

                  • English pomegranate
              • Italian granata pomegranate, grenade

                • Italian granato garnet
              • Spanish granada pomegranate, grenade, artillery shell
        • Latin grānārium granary

          • Eastern Romance

            • Romanian grânar granary
          • Western Romance

            • Old French

              • French grenier granary, attic, garret
              • English garner
            • Italian granaio granary, barn
            • Spanish granero granary, barn
          • English granary
        • Vulgar Latin *granica

          • Western Romance

            • Old French grange granary, barn, small farm

              • French grange barn
              • English grange
              • Italian grangia grange, monastic farm
  • Proto-Indo-European *ǵérhmn̥ resultative noun

    • Indo-Iranian

      • Iranian

        • Western Iranian

          • Old Persian

            • Persian خرمن xarman harvest, crop

Visual

Collected English words

gringo, Greek, Greece, geronto-, geriatric, carl, churl, Carl, Carl, Charles, Charlemagne, corn, Korn, kernel, grain, granite, granule, grenade, garnet, pomegranate, garner, granary, grange