July theme: Architecture 🏛️

Teaser

hall, cellar, lid, color, hell, apocalypse

Full Text

• Proto-Indo-European *ḱel- to cover

  • Proto-Indo-European *ḱéle-ti to be covering, to be hiding primary imperfective

    • Celtic *keleti

      • Brythonic *kelɨd

        • Middle Welsh kelu
      • Old Irish ceilid to hide, to conceal

        • Irish ceil to hide, to conceal
        • Old Irish con-ceil to conceal
    • Germanic *helaną to hide, to conceal

      • West Germanic

        • Old English helan to hide, to conceal

          • Scots hele to cover, to conceal, to hide, to keep a secret
        • Frankish *helan

          • Dutch helen to accept stolen goods, to fence
        • Old High German helan

          • German hehlen to buy and sell stolen goods, to fence

            • German Hehler trafficker in stolen goods, fence
          • Old High German firhelan

            • German verhehlen to conceal

              • German verhohlen concealed, secret, suppressed
    • Italic *kelō

      • Latin *celō

        • Latin occulō I cover, I hide, I conceal from ob+celō

          • Latin occultō I conceal, I hide

            • Latin occultus hidden, concealed, secret

              • Western Romance

                • French occulte occult

                  • English occult
                • Italian occulto hidden, concealed, secret, occult
  • Proto-Indo-European *ḱl̥ye-ti ye- imperfective

    • Germanic *huljaną to cover, to veil

      • East Germanic

        • Gothic 𐌷𐌿𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 huljan
      • North Germanic

        • Old Norse hylja

          • Danish hylle
          • Icelandic hylja to hide, to cover
      • West Germanic

        • Old English hyllan to cover
        • Frankish *hullen

          • Dutch hullen to wrap
        • Old High German *hullen

          • German hüllen to wrap, to drape, to cover
      • Germanic *anþihuljaną to uncover

        • East Germanic

          • Gothic 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌷𐌿𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 andhuljan to uncover, to reveal
        • West Germanic

          • Old English

            • Middle English unhilen to expose, to to reveal, to remove a covering
          • Frankish

            • Dutch onthullen to reveal, to uncover
          • Old High German

            • German enthüllen to unveil
      • Germanic *huljaz? cover, veil, hood

        • West Germanic

          • Old English

            • English hull
          • Frankish

            • Dutch hul hood
          • Old High German hulla head covering

            • German Hülle wrapping, sheath, husk, shell
  • Proto-Indo-European *ḱléyti éy- imperfective

    • Proto-Indo-European *ḱley- reanalysed root

      • Proto-Indo-European *ḱléytreh₂ shelter, covering

        • Celtic *klētrā

          • Old Irish

            • Middle Irish clithar shelter
        • Germanic *hlīþrō

          • East Germanic

            • Gothic 𐌷𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌰 hleiþra hut, tent

              • Gothic 𐌷𐌻𐌴𐌸𐍂𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌺𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 hlēþrastakeins Sukkot, Feast of Tabernacles
        • Italic *kleitrā

          • Umbrian kletram palanquin?, bier? attested in Acc.
          • Italic *kleitrela

            • Latin clītellae pack saddle
      • Proto-Indo-European *ḱloywó-s

        • Germanic *hlaiwaz shelter

          • East Germanic

            • Gothic 𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍅 hlaiw tomb, grave

              • Gothic 𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰𐍃𐌽𐌰 hlaiwasna grave
          • West Germanic

            • Old English hlēo shelter

              • English lee
            • Old High German (h)lēo grave mound
            • Old Saxon hlēo

              • German Lee lee, leeward side of a ship
              • Dutch lij lee
              • Slavic *xlěvъ

                • East Slavic хлѣвъ xlěvŭ cowshed

                  • Russian хлев xlev stable, stall, cowshed, pigsty
      • Proto-Indo-European *ḱlitó-s covered, sheltered

        • Celtic *klitos covered, sheltered

          • Brythonic *klɨd

            • Welsh clyd cosy, sheltered, snug, warm
        • Germanic *hliþą lid, cover

          • North Germanic

            • Old Norse hlið

              • Icelandic hlið gate
          • West Germanic

            • Old English hlid lid, cover

              • English lid
      • Proto-Indo-European ?

        • Balto-Slavic

          • Slavic *sьlojь layer

            • East Slavic

              • Russian слой sloj layer, stratum, coat (of paint)
            • South Slavic

              • Serbo-Croatian сло̑ј slȏj layer, stratum
            • West Slavic

              • Polish złoże
  • Proto-Indo-European *ḱelmo-s

    • Germanic *helmaz

      • East Germanic

        • Gothic 𐌷𐌹𐌻𐌼𐍃 hilms helmet
      • North Germanic

        • Old Norse hjalmr helmet

          • Danish hjelm helmet
          • Icelandic hjálmur helmet
      • West Germanic

        • Old English helm

          • English helm
        • Frankish *helm

          • Dutch helm
          • Medieval Latin helmus

            • Old French helme helmet

              • French heaume helmet (historical or heraldy)
              • Old French helmet helmet diminutive

                • French armet armet, full face helmet

                  • English armet
                • English helmet

                  • Japanese ヘルメット herumetto helmet
                  • Korean 헬멧 helmet helmet
                • Italian elmetto helmet
            • Spanish yelmo helmet (historical or heraldy)
            • Italian elmo helmet (historical or heraldy)
      • Germanic *Wiljahelmaz Male given name

        • North Germanic

          • Old Norse Vilhjálmr

            • Icelandic Vilhjálmur
        • West Germanic

          • Frankish

            • Old French Willame

              • Anglo-Norman

                • English William
                • Irish Uilliam

                  • Irish Liam
              • French Guillaume
          • Old High German

            • German Wilhelm
        • Latin Gulielmus

          • Western Romance

            • Italian Guglielmo
            • Spanish Guillermo
      • Slavic *šelmъ helmet

        • East Slavic шеломъ šelomŭ
        • South Slavic

          • Serbo-Croatian шле̏м šlȅm helmet
          • Old Church Slavonic шлѣмъ šlěmŭ helmet

            • Russian шлем šlem helmet, headpiece
        • West Slavic

          • Old Polish szłom helmet
  • Proto-Indo-European *ḱel?nō-s

    • Indo-Iranian *ĉalanás

      • Indo-Aryan *śalaṇás

        • Sanskrit शरण śaraṇa shelter, refuge, protection

          • Hindi शरण śaraṇ shelter, refuge
  • Proto-Indo-European *ḱeleh₂

    • Germanic *hallō hall

      • North Germanic

        • Old Norse hǫll

          • Danish hal
          • Icelandic höll
          • Old Norse Valhǫll

            • New Latin Valhalla

              • English Valhalla
      • West Germanic

        • Old English heall hall, residence, manor house, court

          • English hall
          • Scots haw manor house, hall
        • Frankish *halla

          • Dutch hal hall, hallway
          • Medieval Latin halla house, dwelling, manor house, court, market hall

            • Old French halle

              • French halle hall, covered market
        • Old High German halla

          • German Halle hall
    • Indo-Iranian

      • Indo-Aryan

        • Sanskrit शाला śā́lā house, mansion, hall, shed, workshop

          • Magadhi

            • Assamese শালি xali house, hall
            • Assamese শাল xal factory, machine, apparatus
          • Sauraseni

            • Madhya

              • Hindi साल sāl house, hall, place
            • Pali sālā

              • Khmer សាលា saalaa hall, school, institution, court (of law)

                • Khmer សាលារៀន saalaariən school
              • Thai ศาลา sǎa-laa pavillion, gazebo, meeting hall
          • Telugu శాల śāla house, edifice, hall, room, place
    • Italic

      • Latin cella small room, hut, granary, pantry, shrine, altar

        • Western Romance

          • Italian cella cell
          • Spanish cilla granary, tithe barn
        • Old English cella cell (monastic)

          • English cell
        • Ancient Greek κέλλα kélla

          • Koine Greek κελλίον kellíon

            • Greek κελί kelí cell
            • Koine Greek κελλία kellía plural

              • East Slavic келиꙗ kelija

                • Russian ке́лья kélʹja cell (monastic)
        • Irish cill churchyard, church, cell
        • Spanish celda cell

          • Tagalog selda cell
        • Latin *cellarius related to huts, pantries, or granaries

          • Medieval Latin cellarius

            • Italian cellario monk in charge of a monastery's food stores
            • Spanish Cellario
          • Latin cellarium storeroom, larder, cellar, pantry re-substantivized

            • Eastern Romance

              • Romanian celar pantry, larder
            • Western Romance

              • Old French celier cellar, storeroom

                • French cellier cellar, storeroom
                • English cellar
              • Italian cellaio wine shop
              • Spanish cillero granary, vault, cellar, storeroom
            • Albanian qilar
            • Old High German kellari

              • German Keller cellar, basement
            • Greek κελάρι kelári cellar
            • Old Norse kellari

              • Icelandic kjallari cellar, basement
              • Finnish kellari cellar
  • Proto-Indo-European *ḱélō-s

    • Germanic *hulisō case, covering, shell, pod

      • West Germanic

        • Frankish

          • Dutch huls shell
        • Old High German

          • German Hülse pod, case
    • Italic *kelōs outside, outward appearance

      • Old Latin colos

        • Latin color color, pigment, complexion, outward appearance

          • Sardinian caori
          • Western Romance

            • Old French

              • French couleur color, suit (cards)

                • Haitian Creole koulè color
                • Danish kulør color, suit (cards), complexion
              • Dutch kleur color, suit (cards)
              • English color
            • Italian colore color
            • Spanish color color, motive, pretext, character, faction, ethnicity
  • Proto-Indo-European *ḱelyo-s

    • Germanic *haljō underworld, hell

      • East Germanic

        • Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰 halja hell
      • North Germanic

        • Old Norse

          • Old Norse Hel

            • English Hel
          • Icelandic hel underworld, death, hell
      • West Germanic

        • Old English hell

          • English hell
        • Frankish hella

          • Dutch hel hell
        • Old High German hellia

          • German Hölle hell
      • Germanic *haljō-? hell-punishment

        • North Germanic

          • Old Norse helvíti hell

            • Danish helvede hell
            • Icelandic helvíti hell
            • Finnish helvetti hell, damn
        • West Germanic

          • Old English hellewīte hell-punishment, torment, pain
          • Old High German hellawīzi
    • Italic *keljom

      • Latin cilium eyelid
  • Proto-Indo-European *ḱēlō noun

    • Germanic

      • West Germanic

        • Old High German hāla the hiding
    • Italic *kēlō

      • Latin cēlō I hide, I cover

        • Western Romance

          • French celer to hide, to conceal
          • Italian celare to conceal
          • Spanish celar to watch over, to conceal, to be jealous
        • Latin concēlō I conceal

          • Western Romance

            • Old French conceler to hide, to conceal

              • English conceal
  • Proto-Indo-European *ḱēlmn̥

    • Indo-Iranian *ĉālman

      • Indo-Aryan

        • Sanskrit शर्मन् śarman shelter, safety, house, happy, prosperous

          • Hindi शर्मा śarmā
  • Proto-Indo-European *ḱleh₂-

    • Italic *klām

      • Latin clam stealthily, secretly, privately, unknown to
      • Italic *klām-de

        • Latin clandestīnus clandestine, secret, concealed

          • Western Romance

            • French clandestin

              • English clandestine
            • Italian clandestino illicit, secret, undercover, clandestine, stowaway, illegal immigrant
            • Spanish clandestino clandestine, illegal immigrant
  • Proto-Indo-European *ḱēli-s

    • Germanic *hēliz concealing, deceitful, treacherous

      • West Germanic

        • Old High German hāli treacherous, slippery
  • Proto-Indo-European *ḱoleso-s

    • Hellenic

      • Ancient Greek κολεός koleós sheath, scabbard, cinerary urn, pericardium

        • Greek κολεός koleós vagina, sheath, scabbard
        • Latin cōleus sack, testicles, scortum

          • Eastern Romance

            • Romanian coaie balls, testicles
          • Western Romance

            • French couille balls, testicles
            • Italian coglia scrotum
            • Spanish cojones balls, testilces

              • English cojones
  • Proto-Indo-European ?

    • Hellenic

      • Ancient Greek καλύπτω kalúptō I conceal

        • Greek καλύπτω kalýpto I cover, I coat, I provide covering fire
        • Ancient Greek Καλυψώ Kalupsṓ Calypso, the name of one or more sea nymphs lit. "she conceals"

          • Latin Calypso

            • English Calypso
        • Ancient Greek ἀποκαλύπτω apokalúptō I reveal

          • Greek αποκαλύπτω apokalýpto I reveal, I expose, I uncover
          • Ancient Greek ἀποκάλυψις apokálupsis revelation, disclosure

            • Latin apocalypsis revelation
            • Koine Greek Ἀποκάλυψις Ἰωάννου The Apocalypse of John, aka The Book of Revelation original language title and first word

              • Greek αποκάλυψη apokálypsi
              • Russian апока́липсис apokálipsis
              • Medieval Latin Apocalypsis Ioannis The Apocalypse of John

                • Medieval Latin apocalypsis The Christian end of days prophesied in the Apocalypse of John

                  • French apocalypse

                    • English apocalypse
                  • Italian apocalisse
                  • Spanish apocalipsis
                  • Old Irish abcolips
                  • Irish apacailipsis

Visual

Collected English words

occult, hull, lee, lid, helm, armet, helmet, William, Valhalla, hall, cell, cellar, color, Hel, hell, conceal, clandestine, cojones, Calypso, apocalypse