January theme: Aristocratic Titles 👑

Teaser

engineer, cognate, pregnant, nature, genre, Scheherazade, puny, king, genie, kindergarten

Full Text

• Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁- to produce, to beget, to give birth

  • Proto-Indo-European *ǵénh₁ti produce, beget, give birth present

    • Celtic *gniyeti

      • Old Irish gníid to do, to work

        • Old Irish do-gní to do, to make

          • Irish déan do, make
    • Indo-Iranian

      • Indo-Aryan

        • Sanskrit 𑀚𑀦𑀢𑀺 janati to give birth, to beget, to create, to cause, to assign
      • Iranian *zan-

        • Avestan zå to give birth
        • Western Iranian

          • Kurdish zan
          • Old Persian

            • Persian زادن zâdan
        • Iranian *āzāta- born, born into the clan, freeman, noble with augment past *á-

          • Avestan 𐬁𐬰𐬁𐬙𐬀 āzāta- noble
          • Western Iranian

            • Old Persian *āzāta-

              • Parthian 𐭀𐭆𐭀𐭕 āzāt noble

                • Old Armenian ազատ azat noble, free, independent, affranchised

                  • Armenian ազատ azat free
              • Persian آزاد âzâd independent, unimpeded, free, liberal also a personal name

                • Hindi आज़ाद āzād free, independent
                • Ottoman Turkish آزاد azad independent, unimpeded, liberal, free

                  • Turkish azat free
                  • Greek αζάτι azáti unlimited, free
  • Proto-Indo-European *ǵn̥h₁yétor

    • Celtic *ganyetor to be born

      • Brythonic

        • Welsh geni to be born
      • Old Irish gainithir to be born

        • Irish gin to give birth to, to germinate, to originate, to beget, to produce, to generate, birth, offspring, child
    • Hellenic *géňňomai

      • Classical Greek γείνομαι geínomai I am born, I beget
    • Indo-Iranian

      • Indo-Aryan

        • Sanskrit 𑀚𑀸𑀬𑀢𑁂 jāyate to be born, to grow, to change
  • Proto-Indo-European *ǵíǵn̥h₁eti reduplicated present

    • Hellenic

      • Classical Greek γίγνομαι gígnomai I am born, I am produced, I take place ^[1]
    • Italic *gignezi

      • Latin gignere to beget, to give birth to, to produce, to cause

        • Latin genitus begotten, produced

          • Latin genetivus belonging by birth, native, belonging to a family or clan, genitive case

            • English genitive
          • Latin genitalis related to generation or birth, fruitful, generative

            • English genital
          • Latin progignere to beget, to produce

            • Latin prōgenies race, family, progeny

              • French progéniture offspring, progeny
              • English progeny
              • Italian progenie descent, lineage, descendants
          • Latin ingenuus natural, free-born, noble, upright, candid, ingenuous, tender

            • Central Romance

              • Italian ingenuou naive, ingenuous, candid
            • Western Romance

              • French ingénu ingenuous

                • English ingenue
              • Spanish ingenuo naive, ingenuous, innocent, candid
            • English ingenuous
          • Latin -genus born of

            • Latin indigenus native, indigenous, denizen

              • English indigenous
            • Latin ingenium inborn, innate quality, talent, genius, invention, siege engine

              • Western Romance

                • French engin machine, military equipment, gizmo, tool, apparatus

                  • English engine
                  • English gin

                    • English cotton gin
              • Spanish ingenio genius, mind
              • Latin ingeniosus clever, ingenious, gifted with genius

                • French ingénieuse ingenious

                  • English ingenious
                • Spanish ingenioso ingenious
              • Medieval Latin ingeniator engineer, engine-user

                • French ingénieur engineer

                  • English engineer
                  • Spanish ingeniero engineer
  • Proto-Indo-European *ǵn̥h₁sḱéti

    • Italic *gnāskezi

      • Old Latin *gnasci

        • Old Latin *cognasci to be born together, to be related

          • Latin cognatus related by blood, sibling, kinsman, connected

            • Vulgar Latin cognatus brother-in-law

              • Central Romance

                • Italian cognato brother-in-law
                • Greek κουνιάδος kouniádos brother-in-law
              • Eastern Romance

                • Romanian cumnat brother-in-law
                • Albanian kunat brother-in-law
              • Insular Romance

                • Sardinian connadu brother-in-law
              • Western Romance

                • Spanish cuñado brother-in-law
            • English cognate
            • Spanish cognado cognate
        • Old Latin *praegnasci to be born before, to be not yet born

          • Latin praegnas pregnant, with child

            • Eastern Romance

              • Dalmatian prin pregnant
            • Western Romance

              • Italian pregno pregnant, full
            • French prégnant pregnant, meaningful, forceful

              • English pregnant
        • Latin nasci to be born, to arise, to grow, to be X years old

          • Central Romance

            • Italian nascere to be born, to sprout
          • Eastern Romance

            • Romanian a naște to give birth, to bear, to be born
          • Western Romance

            • French naître to be born
            • Spanish nacer to be born, to sprout, to grow, to rise
          • Latin nascens

            • French naissant nascent
            • English nascent
            • Latin nascentia
            • Western Romance

              • French naissance

                • French renaissance

                  • English Renaissance
          • Latin nativus created, made, inborn, natural

            • Central Romance

              • Italian nativo native
            • Western Romance

              • French naïf naive

                • English naive
              • Spanish nativo native
            • French natif native, original, raw

              • English native
            • Latin nativitas birth, nativity, Christmas

              • Central Romance

                • Italian natività
              • Western Romance

                • French nativité

                  • English nativity
                • Spanish navidad
          • Latin natura nature, quality, essence, temperament, inclination, the natural world

            • Western Romance

              • French nature

                • English nature
              • Italian natura nature
              • Spanish natura nature
  • Proto-Indo-European *ǵonh₁éh₂

    • Hellenic *gonā́

      • Classical Greek γονή gonḗ offspring, family, parentage, generation, seed, genitals, womb, birth

        • English -gony

          • English glottogony
  • Proto-Indo-European *ǵénh₁mn̥ offspring, seed

    • Celtic *genaman

      • Old Irish genemain

        • Irish giniúint procreation, conception, birth, germination, embryo
    • Italic *genamen

      • Latin genimen product, fruit, progeny, brood
      • Latin germen seed, bud, sprout, origin, embryo, fetus

        • Central Romance

          • Italian germe germ, seed
        • Western Romance

          • French germe germ, seed

            • English germ

              • English germinate
        • Latin germinare to sprout

          • Latin germinatus sprouted
        • Latin germanus sibling, brotherly or sisterly ^[2]

          • Western Romance

            • French germain full sibling

              • English germane relevant, related to a topic
              • English german full sibling
            • Italian germano full sibling, brother
            • Spanish hermano brother, sibling
    • Indo-Iranian

      • Indo-Aryan

        • Sanskrit 𑀚𑀦𑀺𑀫𑀦𑁆 jániman germination, birth, origin
  • Proto-Indo-European *ǵónh₁os

    • Hellenic *gónos

      • Classical Greek γόνος gónos

        • English gon-

          • English gonad
    • Indo-Iranian *ĵánHas

      • Indo-Aryan

        • Sanskrit 𑀚𑀦 jána generating

          • Hindi -जन -jan -gen

            • Hindi उदजन udjan hydrogen ^[3]
  • Proto-Indo-European *ǵénh₁os birth, lineage, family

    • Armenian

      • Old Armenian ծին cin birth, delivery, origin, womb

        • Armenian ծին cin birth (mostly used of animals)
    • Celtic *genos family, clan, birth

      • Old Irish gein a birth, a person, the Nativity

        • Old Irish Cóemgen personal name: Gentle-Birth with *koymos

          • Irish Caoimhín

            • English Kevin
      • Celtic *Morigenos personal name: Sea-Born ^[4]

        • Brythonic *Morigenā

          • Old Welsh Morgen ^[4]

            • English Morgan le Fay
            • Welsh morgen water spirit, siren
        • Old Irish Muirgein ^[4]
      • Celtic *enigenās born-in, child of the family

        • Primitive Irish ᚔᚅᚔᚌᚓᚅᚐ inigena daughter

          • Old Irish ingen daughter, young woman, maiden ^[5]

            • Irish iníon daughter, girl, young woman, Miss
            • English Innogen ^[5]

              • English Imogen ^[5]
    • Hellenic *génos

      • Classical Greek γένος génos

        • Classical Greek -γενής -genḗs

          • French -gène -gen, -genic

            • English -gen
            • French hydrogène hydrogen ^[3]

              • English hydrogen ^[3]
              • Translingual H
            • French oxygène oxygen Greek technical formation "sharp-forming", for oxygen's role in forming acids

              • English oxygen
              • Translingual O
            • French nitrogène nitrogen Greek technical formation "niter-forming"

              • English nitrogen
              • Translingual N
        • Classical Greek Εὐγένῐος Eugénios personal name: Well-Born

          • Latin Eugenius

            • French Eugène

              • English Eugene
          • Russian Евге́ний Yevgeny
          • Old Welsh Ougein

            • Welsh Owain

              • English Owen
        • Classical Syriac ܓܢܣܐ gensā kind, sort, genus, family, race, nation, gender, grammatical gender

          • Arabic جِنْس jins kind, sort, species, genus, gender, grammatical gender, race, nation

            • Arabic جَنَّسَ jannasa to assimilate, to naturalize, to sort, to categorize
            • Persian جنس jens kind, genus, genre, gender, grammatical gender, goods
    • Indo-Iranian *ĵánHas

      • Indo-Aryan

        • Sanskrit 𑀚𑀦𑀲𑁆 jánas race, class of beings

          • Magadhi

            • Bengali -জন -jon counter/measure word for people
          • Pali ​​𑀚𑀦 jana

            • Khmer ជន cŭən people, person, human being
          • Sauraseni

            • Western Sauraseni

              • Romani ʒeno person
          • Telugu ​​జనుడు januḍu person, individual
          • Sanskrit ​​𑀚𑀦𑀧𑀤 janapada
      • Iranian

        • Avestan *zana race

          • Avestan 𐬯𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬋𐬰𐬀𐬥𐬀 sruuōzana of the race of horned animals
        • Western Iranian

          • Old Persian 𐏀𐎴 zana man, tribe, race
    • Italic *genos

      • Latin genus birth, origin, kind, type, class, species, race, set, grammatical gender

        • Western Romance

          • Old French gendre

            • English gender
            • French genre

              • English genre
        • English genus
        • Latin generis of a kind single genetive of genus

          • English sui generis
          • French générique

            • English generic
        • Latin generālis general, generic

          • Central Romance

            • Italian generale general
          • Western Romance

            • French général general, usual

              • English general ^[6]
            • Spanish general general
        • Latin generare to beget, to reproduce

          • French générer to generate
          • Latin generatio

            • Central Romance

              • Italian generazione generation, procreation, productio
            • Western Romance

              • French génération generation

                • English generation
              • Spanish generación generation
            • English generate

              • English regenerate
  • Proto-Indo-European *ǵénh₁tis birth, production

    • Balto-Slavic *źénˀtis relative, new relative, son-in-law

      • East Baltic

        • Lithuanian žéntas son-in-law
      • Slavic *zę̀tь son-in-law

        • East Slavic

          • Russian зять zjatʹ son-in-law, brother-in-law
          • Ukrainian зять zjatʹ son-in-law, brother-in-law
        • South Slavic

          • Serbo-Croatian зет zet son-in-law, brother-in-law
        • West Slavic

          • Czech zeť son-in-law
          • Polish zięć son-in-law
    • Germanic *kinþiz kind, race

      • North Germanic

        • Old Norse kind race, kind, kin, creature, being

          • Icelandic kind race, kind, kin, sheep
      • West Germanic

        • Old English cynd generation, race

          • English kind type
          • Old English ġecynd natural, native, inborn characteristics

            • English kind nice
    • Hellenic *génetis

      • Classical Greek γένεσις génesis

        • Latin genesis

          • French genèse
          • English genesis
    • Indo-Iranian

      • Indo-Aryan

        • Sanskrit 𑀚𑀸𑀢𑀺 jāti birth, production, characteristic by birth, lineage, race, caste

          • Hindi जाति jāti birth, caste, community, race, species, lineage, nationality, tribe
          • Pali ñāti

            • Thai ญาติ yâat family
          • Thai ชาติ châat birth, ancestry, nation, type
          • Telugu జాతి jāti species, nation, kind, tribe
    • Italic *gentis

      • Latin gens

        • Central Romance

          • Italian gente people, population, lineage, noble, refined, gentle
        • Western Romance

          • French gens people
          • Spanish gente people
        • Latin gentilis kinsman, compatriot, member of a noble clan, non-Jew ^[7]

          • Western Romance

            • Old French genterise

              • English gentry
          • Old French gentil high-born, noble, courtly

            • French gentil helpful, kind, pleasant, attractive, gentile

              • English gentile
              • English genteel
              • English jaunty
            • English gentle

              • English gentleman
    • Proto-Indo-European *ǵn̥h₁tiHō

      • Italic *gnātiō

        • Latin natio birth, nation, people, race, class oblique stem nation-

          • Eastern Romance

            • Romanian națiune nation, country, people
          • French nation nation

            • English nation
          • Italian nazione nation
          • Spanish nación nation
  • Proto-Indo-European *ǵn̥h₁tós begtton, born, produced

    • Indo-Iranian *ĵaHtás

      • Indo-Aryan *jaHtás

        • Sanskrit 𑀚𑀸𑀢 jātá begotten, produced, child, offspring

          • Sauraseni 𑀚𑀸𑀬 jāya begotten, son
      • Iranian *ĵaHtah

        • Avestan 𐬰𐬁𐬙𐬀 zāta
        • Western Iranian

          • Old Persian *zāta

            • Middle Persian 𐭦𐭠𐭣𐭪 zādag

              • Persian زاده zâde offspring, suffix forming surnames equivalent to -son

                • Persian شاهزاده šâhzâde prince, princess lit. "king-born"

                  • Hindi शहज़ादा śahzādā prince
                • Persian شهرزاد Šahrzâd personal name: City-Born? Lineage-Noble?; Scheherazade

                  • Russian Шехераза́да Šexerazáda Scheherazade

                    • English Scheherazade
                • Persian دنیازاد Donyāzad personal name: World-Born, World-Free?

                  • English Dunyazad
    • Italic *gnātos

      • Latin nātus born, made, arisen

        • Western Romance

          • French né born

            • English né
            • French puîné younger (as a sibling) contraction of puis né: "after-born"

              • English puny
          • Italian nato born, né
          • Spanish nato born
  • Proto-Indo-European *ǵénh₁tōr begetter, producer, parent

    • Indo-Iranian *ĵanHtŕ̥

      • Indo-Aryan

        • Sanskrit 𑀚𑀦𑀺𑀢𑀾 janitṛ́ father, progenitor
    • Italic *genatōr

      • Latin genitor parent, father, sire

        • French géniteur progenitor, parent
        • Italian genitore parent
        • English progenitor
  • Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁tleh₂

    • Armenian

      • Old Armenian ծնաւղ cnawł parent, cause

        • Armenian ծնող cnoł parent
  • Proto-Indo-European *ǵn̥h₁yo-

    • Germanic *kunjã kin, family

      • North Germanic

        • Old Norse kyn kin

          • Icelandic kyn sex, breed, race, grammatical gender
          • Swedish køn sex, gender, grammatical gender
          • Finnic *kunnia noble family, family prestige

            • Finnish kunnia honor, glory, credit
      • West Germanic

        • Old English cynn kin, kind, tribe, people, grammatical gender

          • English kin
        • Old High German kunni gender, kind, family, tribe
      • Germanic *kuningaz member of a family, member of a ruling family, king

        • North Germanic
        • Old Norse konungr king

          • Danish konge king
          • Icelandic kóngur king
          • Slavic *kъnędzь chief, prince, petty king ^[8]

            • East Slavic князь knyazĭ

              • Russian князь knjazʹ duke, prince

                • Polish kniaź
              • Ukrainian князь knjazʹ prince
            • South Slavic

              • Old Church Slavonic кнѧзь knęzĭ prince
              • Serbo-Croatian кне̑з knȇz prince
            • West Slavic

              • Polish ksiądz priest

                • Russian ксёндз ksjondz
          • Finnic *kuningas

            • Finnish kuningas king
          • Samic

            • Northern Sami gonagas king
          • Lithuanian kunigas priest
        • West Germanic

          • Old English cyning king

            • English king

              • Japanese キング kingu king (in cards or chess)
          • Frankish

            • Dutch koning king
          • Old High German kuning king

            • German König king
            • Yiddish קיניג kinig king
    • Italic

      • Latin genius deity or guardian spirit of a place or person, (rarely) wits, talent, genius

        • English genius
        • English genius locii
        • French génie genius, genie ^[9]

          • English genie
        • Spanish genio temper, mood, genius
  • Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁eteh₂

    • Celtic *genetā

      • Brythonic

        • Welsh geneth girl
      • Gaulish geneta
    • Germanic *kinþã child

      • East Germanic

        • Gothic *-kind child only attested in compounds, mostly names
      • West Germanic

        • Old High German kind

          • German Kind child

            • German Kindergarten nursery school, kindergarten

              • English kindergarten
          • Yiddish קינד kind child
        • Frankish kint

          • Dutch kind child

            • Dutch kindeken small child

              • French quinquin small child
    • Italic

      • Oscan genetaí

Visual

Collected English words

genitive, genital, progeny, ingenue, ingenuous, indigenous, engine, gin, cotton gin, ingenious, engineer, cognate, pregnant, nascent, Renaissance, naive, native, nativity, nature, -gony, glottogony, germ, germinate, germane, german, gon-, gonad, Kevin, Morgan le Fay, Innogen, Imogen, -gen, hydrogen, H, oxygen, O, nitrogen, N, Eugene, Owen, gender, genre, genus, sui generis, generic, general, generation, generate, regenerate, kind, kind, genesis, gentry, gentile, genteel, jaunty, gentle, gentleman, nation, Scheherazade, Dunyazad, né, puny, progenitor, kin, king, genius, genius locii, genie, kindergarten

Footnotes

1. ^

   There is a document with the subscript γινέσθωι: "make it happen" (middle voice 3S imperative), perhaps written by the hand of Cleopatra. It orders tax exemptions to a roman, possibly Publius Canidius Crassus a lieutenant of Marcus Antonius (who appears in Shakespeare's _Antony and Cleopatra_).

2. ^

   Latin germānus: "sibling" and Germānus: "German" are unrelated. Germānus was probably borrowed from Gaulish. It has been interpreted as having meant either "neighbor folk" or "noisy folk".

3. ^

   Hindi उदजन udjan and English hydrogen aren't just parallel constructs based on learned borrowings (Classical Sanskrit and Classical Greek, respectively), they are also formed by compounding the exact same two PIE roots: *wed- (water) + *ǵenh₁- (birth).

4. ^

   Not the same as the other Welsh name Morgan (literally "sea-circle", figuratively "sea-defender" or "sea-chief"). But Morgan le Fay first appears as Morgen in Geoffrey of Monmouth's "The Life of Merlin".

   The Irish Muirgein especially refers to the mermaid-saint also known as Lí Ban. (Also, I'd just like to repeat the phrase, "the Irish mermaid-saint"!)

5. ^

   The name Innogen first appears as the name of the King Pandrasus's daughter in the medieval British legendary history, "Brutus of Troy". Probably in an earlier form of the legend, she was identified only as the daughter of Pandrasus, and a later version then used the word meaning "daughter" as her proper name.

   The variant Imogen first appears in Shakespeare's _Cymbeline_. It it possible the variant already existed, but it is also very possible that Shakespeare wrote Innogen but it was typeset as Imogen instead. Shakespeare also used the name Innogen in early drafts of _Much Ado About Noting_ about 12 years earlier; adding weight to the possibility that he intended to use Innogen, not Imogen in _Cymbeline_.

   So, the English name Imogen is ultimately based on two compounded literary mistakes (probably).

6. ^

   The military rank general is a shortening of earlier captain-general, i.e., the officer in charge of the army as a whole, the commander-in-chief; parallel to the surviving constructions surgeon-general or postmaster-general.

7. ^

   The meaning of gentilis as "non-Jew" is a semantic loan from Hebrew גוי goy, literally "nation", but often used to mean "a nation other than Israel" and later "a non-Jew".

8. ^

   Slavic *kъnędzь: "chief, prince, petty king" is from some early Germanic language. My preferred theory is Old Norse via the Rurikids and the Rus'.

9. ^

   génie was used in French to translate the Arabic جِنّ jinn, based on the similar sound and the meaning in Latin of "guardian spirit".