Teaser

light, Lucifer, Nowruz, berkelium, Waterloo, Roxana, lunatic, lynx

Full Text

• Proto-Indo-European *lewk- to shine, to see

  • Proto-Indo-European *lowkéh-ti to be shining, to be visible stative

    • Balto-Slavic *laukeitei to look for?

      • East Baltic

        • Lithuanian láukti to wait, to expect, to hope for
      • Slavic *lučìti to see? to find? to accomplish?

        • East Slavic

          • Russian лучить lučitʹ
          • Ukrainian лучити lučyty to aim at
        • South Slavic

          • Bulgarian луча to aim at, to hit, to guess
          • Serbo-Croatian лучити lučiti to find, to receive, to attain
        • West Slavic

          • Czech lučit to throw
    • Celtic *luketi

      • Celtic *luketad

        • Brythonic *llugad eye

          • Welsh llygad eye
    • Italic *loukeō

      • Latin lucere I shine, I become visible, I dawn, I am apparent

        • Central Romance

          • Italian lucere to shine (archaic)
        • Eastern Romance

          • Romanian a luci to shine, to sparkle, to beam with joy
        • Western Romance

          • French luire to shine, to glimmer
          • Spanish lucir to shine, to show off, to sport
        • Latin lucidus shining, bright, clear

          • English lucid
        • Latin translucere I shine across, I shine through

          • English translucent
  • Indo-Iranian

    • Indo-Aryan

      • Sanskrit 𑀭𑁄𑀘𑀢𑁂 rocate to shine, be resplendent, enlighten
  • Proto-Indo-European *lewkós shiny adjective

    • Pre-Albanian *lauku

      • Pre-Albanian *laukura

        • Albanian lakuríq naked, empty
    • Celtic *loukos white, eyesight

      • Brythonic *lʉg

        • Middle Welsh llug eyesight, perception
      • Gaulish Leucus
    • Hellenic

      • Mycenaean Greek 𐀩𐀄𐀏 re-u-ka white
      • Classical Greek λευκός leukós bright, shining, white

        • Classical Greek Ἄκρα Λευκή Ákra Leukḗ White Summit (place name)

          • Latin Leukante

            • Arabic اَللَقَنْت Al-Laqant

              • Spanish Alicante
        • German Leukämie leukemia Greek technical formation, lit. "white-blood"

          • English leukemia
  • Proto-Indo-European *lewktos bright adjective

    • Albanian lluke blind
    • Germanic *leuhtaz light, brightness

      • East Germanic

        • Gothic 𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 lauhatjan to lighten, to flash with lightening
      • North Germanic

        • Old Norse ljóss bright, shining, fair, evident

          • Danish lys light, bright, blond, cheery
          • Icelandic ljós a light
          • Old Norse Ljósálfr Light Elf
      • West Germanic

        • Old English lēoht light

          • English light
          • Scots licht light
        • Frankish *lioht

          • Dutch licht light, inspiration
        • Old High German lioht

          • German Licht light, candle
          • Yiddish ליכט likht candle
  • Proto-Indo-European *léwks shine noun

    • Old Armenian *loycʿ-

      • Old Armenian լուցանեմ lucʿanem to light, to kindle, to inflame

        • Armenian լուցել lucʿel to kindle
    • Italic

      • Latin lux light

        • Translingual lux SI unit of illumniation (1 lumen/m²)
        • Latin lucifer light bringer, morning star (Venus)

          • English Lucifer ^[1]
          • English lucifer

            • Dutch lucifer match
    • Indo-Iranian

      • Iranian

        • Northern Iranian

          • Scythian

            • Ossetian рухс ruxs light
        • Western Iranian

          • Old Persian

            • Persian رخش roxš light
  • Proto-Indo-European *lukeh₂

    • Indo-Iranian

      • Indo-Aryan

        • Sanskrit 𑀭𑁄𑀓 roká
    • Hellenic

      • Classical Greek *lúkē light, dawn

        • Classical Greek λυκάβας lukábas year lit. "light-path"?
  • Proto-Indo-European *luksnos

    • Hellenic

      • Classical Greek λῠ́χνος lúkhnos lamp
  • Proto-Indo-European *léwkos lighting action or result noun

    • Old Armenian լոյս loys light, brightness, splendor, sun, day

      • Armenian լույս luys light, dawn, electricity
    • Indo-Iranian *ráwčas

      • Indo-Aryan

        • Sanskrit 𑀭𑁄𑀘𑀲𑁆 rócas
      • Iranian

        • Avestan 𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬗𐬀𐬵 raočah day
        • Bactrian ρωσο rōso day
        • Pashto ورځ wraź day
        • Western Iranian

          • Kurdish roj day, Sun
          • Old Persian 𐎼𐎢𐎨𐏃 raučah day

            • Persian روز rōz day

              • Persian نوروز Nowruz New Day, New Year's Day in Iranian/Zoroastrian Year

                • English Nowruz
      • Nuristani

        • Ashkun ẓoć
        • Kamviri řuč
  • Proto-Indo-European *léwksmn̥ lighting action or result noun

    • Italic

      • Latin lumen light, daylight, opening, window, eyes

        • Eastern Romance

          • Romanian lume world, people, humanity
        • Western Romance

          • French lumière light
          • Italian lume light source, star, eyes
          • Spanish lumbre combustible material, fire, firelight, luminosity
        • Translingual lumen SI unit of luminous flux (1 candela-steradian)
        • Latin luminare I illuminate, I reveal, I brighten

          • Latin illuminare

            • English illuminate
        • Latin luminosus

          • English luminous
  • Proto-Indo-European *lówkos

    • Balto-Slavic

      • Lithuanian laũkas field, outdoors
    • Germanic *lauhaz clearing

      • North Germanic

        • Old Norse ló

          • Norwegian lo

            • Norwegian Oslo
      • West Germanic

        • Old English leah clearing, meadow, woodland

          • English Leigh habitational surname
          • Old English Beferleah place name: Beaver-Meadow

            • English Beverley
          • Old English Beorcleah place name: Birch-Meadow

            • English Berkeley

              • English berkelium

                • Translingual Bk
        • Frankish *lōh

          • Dutch loo clearing

            • Dutch Waterloo place name: Water-Meadow

              • English Waterloo
    • Indo-Iranian

      • Indo-Aryan

        • Sanskrit 𑀮𑁄𑀓

          • Magadhi

            • Bengali লোক lok public, people, others
          • Sauraseni 𑀮𑁄𑀕 loga

            • Madhya Sauraseni

              • Hindi लोग log people
            • Pali

              • Thai โลก lôok land, country, world, humanity
          • Telugu లోకము lōkamu world, humanity, the public, community, life
    • Italic

      • Latin lucus sacred grove

        • Western Romance

          • Galician Lugo

            • English Lugo
  • Proto-Indo-European *lowkis non-specific noun

    • Balto-Slavic

      • West Baltic

        • Old Prussian luckis torch, log
      • Slavic *lučь ray, torch

        • East Slavic

          • Russian луч luč ray, beam
        • South Slavic

          • Serbo-Croatian лу̑ч lȗč light archaic
        • West Slavic

          • Czech louč torch
          • Polish łuczywo torch
  • Proto-Indo-European *lówksneh₂ moon

    • Old Armenian լուսին lusin moon, month, horseshoe

      • Armenian լուսին lusin moon
    • Balto-Slavic

      • Slavic *lunà moon

        • East Slavic

          • Russian луна́ luná moon
        • West Slavic

          • Polish łuna radiance, glow
    • Indo-Iranian

      • Iranian

        • Avestan 𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬑𐬱𐬥𐬀 raoxšna bright
        • Bactrian Raoxshna Bright (personal name) ^[2]

          • Persian روشنک Roshanak
          • Classical Greek Ῥωξᾱ́νη Rhōxā́nē

            • Greek Ρωξανη Roxani
            • English Roxana
            • Latin Roxane

              • Italian Rossana
        • Western Iranian

          • Kurdish ron
          • Persian روشن rowšan light, bright

            • Persian روشنی roušani brightness, clearness, clarity

              • Hindi रौशनी rauśnī light, luster, splendor
    • Italic *louksnā

      • Latin luna moon

        • Central Romance

          • Italian luna moon
        • Eastern Romance

          • Romanian lună moon, month
        • Insular Romance

          • Sardinian luna moon
        • Western Romance

          • French lune moon
          • Spanish luna moon
        • Latin lunaris lunar

          • Central Romance

            • Italian lunare lunar
          • Western Romance

            • French lunaire
            • Spanish lunar
          • English lunar
        • Latin lunaticus from the moon, moonstruck, epileptic, crazy

          • Eastern Romance

            • Romanian lunatic sleepwalker, fool
          • French lunatique lunatic

            • English lunatic
  • Proto-Indo-European ? lynx ^[3]

    • Old Armenian

      • Old Armenian լուսանունք lusanunkʿ lynxes only attested in plural
      • Armenian լուսան lusan lynx
    • Balto-Slavic

      • East Baltic

        • Lithuanian lūšis lynx
      • Slavic *rỳsь lynx

        • East Slavic

          • Russian рысь rysʹ lynx
          • Ukrainian рись rysʹ lynx
        • South Slavic

          • Bulgarian рис ris lynx
          • Serbo-Croatian ри̏с rȉs lynx
        • West Slavic

          • Czech rys lynx
          • Polish ryś lynx
        • Romanian râs lynx
    • Celtic

      • Old Irish

        • Middle Irish lug lynx, warrior
    • Germanic *luhsa lynx

      • North Germanic

        • Old Norse *luhǭ

          • Swedish lo lynx
      • West Germanic

        • Old English lox lynx

          • Scots los lynx
        • Frankish *lohs

          • Dutch los lynx
        • Old High German luhs

          • German Luchs lynx
    • Hellenic

      • Greek λύγξ lúnks lynx

        • Latin lynx lynx

          • French lynx lynx

            • English lynx
          • Spanish lince lynx

            • Tagalog linse lynx

Visual

Collected English words

lucid, translucent, leukemia, light, lux, Lucifer, lucifer, Nowruz, lumen, illuminate, luminous, Leigh, Beverley, Berkeley, berkelium, Bk, Waterloo, Lugo, Roxana, lunar, lunatic, lynx

Footnotes

1. ^

   Lucifer to mean "Christian Antagonist, esp. before his fall", is based on a questionable translation decision in King James.

2. ^

   The Bactrian name Raoxshna, is notably the name of Alexander the Great's Bactrian wife, which is why it spread to Greece and the Europe.

3. ^

   "lynx" is traditionally assumed to derived from "light" due its reflective eyes in the dark. But every reflex is irregular in a different way: Slavic *rỳsь shouldn't have an *r instead of *l, Greek has an extraneous [n], etc. Either each branch (all but one branch?) independently distorted the word (taboo avoidance?), or the word could be non-IE and been borrowed repeatedly into different branches.