November theme: Mes de Muertos 💀

Teaser

innocent, noxious, necromancer, nectar

Full Text

• Proto-Indo-European *neḱ- to perish, to disappear

  • Proto-Indo-European *néḱyeti perishes, disappears imperfective

    • Indo-Iranian *náĉyati

      • Indo-Aryan

        • Dardic

          • Kashmiri نَشُن naśun to be destroyed, to disappear, to wear away
        • Sanskrit 𑀦𑀰𑁆𑀬𑀢𑀺 naśyati to be lost, to perish, to disappear, to be gone

          • Maharashtri 𑀡𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀇 ṇassaï

            • Marathi नासणे nāsṇe to spoil, to rot
          • Sauraseni

            • Madhya Sauraseni

              • Hindi नासना nāsnā to destroy, to finish
            • Western Sauraseni

              • Romani naśel to run away
      • Iranian

        • Avestan nasiieiti
        • Western Iranian

          • Northwestern Iranian

            • Parthian nʾsyd
  • Proto-Indo-European *noḱéy-eti to make disappear, to make perish causative

    • Indo-Iranian *nāĉáyati

      • Indo-Aryan

        • Sanskrit 𑀦𑀸𑀰𑀬𑀢𑀺 nāśáyati to cause to be lost, to drive away, to destroy, to efface
      • Iranian

        • Western Iranian

          • Old Persian *n-a-θ-y-t-i-y to harm

            • Old Persian 𐎻𐎡𐎴𐎠𐎰𐎹𐎫𐎡𐎹 vi-i-n-a-θ-y-t-i-y does harm ^[1]
    • Italic *nokeō harm, hurt, injure, slay

      • Latin noceō I injure, I do harm

        • Central Romance

          • Italian nuocere to harm, to damage
        • Western Romance

          • French nuire to harm, to spoil

            • French nuisance pollution, harm

              • English nuisance
        • Latin nocēbō I will harm future active indicative

          • English nocebo
        • Latin nocēns injuring, doing harm, criminal, guilty

          • Central Romance

            • Italian nocente harmful, noxious, guilty
          • Latin innocēns harmless, blameless, innocent

            • Western Romance

              • French innocent innocent

                • English innocent
              • Italian innocente innocent
              • Spanish inocente innocent
        • Latin nocīvus harmful, injurious

          • French nocif harmful, unhealthy
          • Italian nocivo harmful, bad, noxious
          • Spanish nocivo noxious, harmful
        • Latin nocuus harmful, noxious, pernicious

          • Latin innocuus harmless

            • Central Romance

              • Italian innocuo harmless
            • Western Romance

              • Spanish inocuo harmless
            • English innocuous
  • Proto-Indo-European *néḱst

    • Italic

      • Latin noxit
      • Italic *noksā

        • Latin noxa hurt, injury, offense, crime

          • Latin noxius hurtful, injurious, offensive, criminal

            • English noxious
            • Latin obnoxius punishable, liable, guilty, obliged, vulnerable, susceptible to danger or misfortune

              • English obnoxious
    • Tocharian

      • Arshian ñakäs
      • Kushean nekasta
  • Proto-Indo-European *neḱrós dead

    • Hellenic *nekrós

      • Classical Greek νεκρός nekrós dead, a dead person, a corpse

        • Classical Greek νεκρο- nekro- necro-, used to derive words related to death or the dead

          • English necro-
          • Classical Greek νεκρόμᾰντῐς nekrómantis necromancer, prophet of the dead

            • English necromancer
  • Proto-Indo-European *néḱus death, slaughter

    • Celtic *ankus death

      • Brythonic

        • Welsh angau death
      • Old Irish éc

        • Irish éag to die, to decay, death
      • Celtic *anxtu slaughter

        • Brythonic

          • Welsh aeth pain, fear
        • Old Irish écht slaying, slaughter, slain person, dead of valor, exploit, prowess

          • Irish éacht feat, exploit, achievement
    • Indo-Iranian

      • Iranian

        • Avestan naša? dead matter, defilement

          • Avestan Nasuš? Divinity of decay, corpses, and defilement
    • Italic *neks death, slaughter

      • Latin nex murder, slaughter, violent death

        • Latin necō I kill, I murder, I thwart apparently specifically "drown", in Late or Vulgar Latin

          • Western Romance

            • French noyer to drown
            • Latin ēnecō

              • Central Romance

                • Italian annegare to drown
              • Eastern Romance

                • Romanian a îneca to drown, to choke
              • Western Romance

                • Spanish anegar to drown, to flood, to innundate
            • Latin pernecō I slay outright intensive

              • Latin perniciōsus destructive, ruinous, baleful, pernicious

                • Central Romance

                  • Italian pernicioso ruinous, pernicious
                • Western Romance

                  • Old French pernicios

                    • English pernicious
  • Proto-Indo-European *n̥ḱwó

    • Tocharian *eṅkwe

      • Arshian oṅk
      • Kushean eṅkwe a mortal, a human
  • Proto-Indo-European *néḱ-tr̥h₂ overcoming death, beyond death ^[2]

    • Hellenic

      • Greek νέκτᾰρ néktar drink of the gods, granting immortality ^[2]

        • Latin nectar nectar

          • English nectar
          • Italian nettare nectar

Visual

Collected English words

nuisance, nocebo, innocent, innocuous, noxious, obnoxious, necro-, necromancer, pernicious, nectar

Footnotes

1. ^

   Old Persian 𐎻𐎡𐎴𐎠𐎰𐎹𐎫𐎡𐎹 vi-i-n-a-θ-y-t-i-y: "does harm" is in Darius' tomb inscription, in the line translated as "The man who cooperates, him according to his cooperative action, him thus do I reward. Who does harm, him according to the damage thus I punish. It is not my desire that a man should do harm; nor indeed is that my desire, if he should do harm, he should not be punished." (can be seen at: avesta.org/, TITUS)

2. ^

   Nectar, the drink of the gods, equivalent to necro-+trans-, "overcoming death". Compare Ambrosia, the food of the gods, equivalent to a-+mortos, "without death".

   νέκταρ (néktar) seems to have already been unanalyzable by a native speaker by Classical Greek. The underlying meaning was lost until 1952 when Paul Thieme correlated it with Vedic Sanskrit tar-, "overcome", confirmed in 1961 when Rüdiger Schmitt realized it had a phrasal parallel in the Atharvaveda: mrtyum tar- "overcome death". (How to Slay a Dragon, Watkins 1995, p. 12)