October theme: Nighttime 🌃

Teaser

naga, naked, gym, night, nocturnal

Full Text

• Proto-Indo-European *negʷ- bare

  • Proto-Indo-European *nogʷó-s naked thing, naked one noun

    • Balto-Slavic *nōˀgás naked

      • Lithuanian núogas naked
      • Slavic *nȃgъ naked

        • East Slavic

          • Russian наго́й nagój naked
        • South Slavic

          • Serbo-Croatian наг nag naked
        • West Slavic

          • Polish nagi naked
    • Indo-Iranian *nāgás

      • Indo-Aryan *nāgás

        • Sanskrit नाग nāgá elephant, snake, serpent-spirit "hairless one" ^[1]

          • Sauraseni

            • Madhya

              • Hindi नाग nāg serpent, cobra, naga
            • Pali nāga

              • Burmese နဂါး na.ga: naga, dragon
              • Malay naga dragon
              • Thai นาค nâak elephant, naga, dragon, snake
          • English naga
          • Telugu నాగము nāgamu cobra, elephant
          • Translingual Naja taxonomic genus of cobras
  • Proto-Indo-European *nogʷedʰo-s

    • Germanic *nakwadaz naked

      • East Germanic

        • Gothic 𐌽𐌰𐌵𐌰𐌸𐍃 naqaþs naked
      • North Germanic

        • Old Norse nakinn

          • Danish nøgen naked
          • Icelandic nakinn naked
      • West Germanic

        • Old English nacod naked

          • English naked
          • Scots nakit naked
    • Italic *nogʷedos

      • Latin nūdus naked, simple, poor, deprived

        • Eastern Romance

          • Romanian nud naked
        • Western Romance

          • French nu naked

            • Vietnamese nuy naked literary or euphemistic
          • Italian nudo naked
        • English nude
        • Latin dē(s)nūdō I denude, I uncover

          • Western Romance

            • Old French

              • French dénuder to denude
              • English denude
            • Spanish desnudo naked
  • Proto-Indo-European *nogʷnó-s

    • Hellenic *gonʷnós methathesis, possible taboo deformation

      • Ancient Greek γυμνός gumnós naked, unarmored, destitute

        • Greek γυμνός gymnós naked

          • English gymno-
        • Ancient Greek γυμνάζω gumnázō I exercise, I train tendency of Greek warriors to train naked, or at the very least without their armor

          • Ancient Greek γυμναστικός gumnastikós fond of exercise, skilled at exercise

            • Latin gymnasticus gymnastic

              • English gymnastic
          • Ancient Greek γῠμνᾰ́σιον gumnásion exercises, school

            • Greek γυμνάσιο gymnásio middle school, military drills
            • Coptic ⲅⲩⲙⲛⲁⲥⲓⲁ gumnasia physical sport, physical exercise
            • Latin gymnasium gymnasium

              • English gymnasium

                • English gym
    • Indo-Iranian *nagnás naked

      • Indo-Aryan *nagnás

        • Sanskrit नग्न nagná naked, desert, new, a naked mendicant

          • Magadhi

            • Bengali নাঙ্গা naṅga naked
          • Sauraseni ṇagga

            • Madhya

              • Hindi नंगा naṅgā naked, shameless
            • Pali nagga
      • Iranian *magnáh dissimilation?

        • Avestan 𐬨𐬀𐬕𐬥𐬀 maġna
        • Iranian *bagnákah

          • Northern Iranian

            • Scythian

              • Ossetian бӕгънӕ́г bæǧnǽg naked
          • Western Iranian

            • Old Persian

              • Persian برهنه barahna naked
        • Iranian *magnáh-ĉr̥Hah bare-head

          • Northern Iranian

            • Scythian

              • Ossetian бӕгъӕ́мсар bæǧǽmsar bareheaded
              • Armenian Մանկասար Mankasar given name
  • Proto-Indo-European *nogʷtó-s

    • Celtic *noxtos naked

      • Brythonic *noɨθ naked

        • Welsh noeth naked, bleak
      • Old Irish nocht naked

        • Irish nocht naked
  • Proto-Indo-European *negʷmont-s

    • Anatolian

      • Hittite 𒉈𒆪𒈠𒀭𒍝 ne-ku-ma-an-za naked
  • Proto-Indo-European *nókʷts night apparently derived from *negʷ->, possibly "stripped (of light

    • Pre-Albanian *naktā

      • Albanian natë night
    • Anatolian

      • Hittite 𒉈𒆪𒍖 ne-ku-uz evening, nightfall, twilight, dawn
    • Balto-Slavic *naktis

      • Lithuanian naktìs night
      • Slavic *nȏ(k)ťь

        • East Slavic ночь nočĭ night

          • Russian ночь nočʹ night
        • South Slavic

          • Old Church Slavonic ⱀⱁⱋⱐ noštĭ night
          • Serbo-Croatian но̑ћ nȏć night
        • West Slavic

          • Polish noc night
    • Celtic *noxs

      • Gaulish noxs
      • Old Irish nocht night note: homphonous with "naked"
      • Celtic *eni-noxtē tonight "in the night", dative

        • Brythonic
        • Welsh hano tonight
        • Old Irish innocht tonight

          • Irish anocht tonight
    • Germanic *nahts

      • East Germanic

        • Gothic 𐌽𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 nahts night
      • North Germanic

        • Old Norse nátt night

          • Danish nat night
          • Icelandic nótt night
      • West Germanic

        • Old English niht night

          • English night
          • Scots nicht night, evening, tonight
        • Frankish *naht

          • Dutch nacht nigh
        • Old High German naht night

          • German Nacht night, darkness
          • Yiddish נאַכט
        • West Germanic *nahtigalǭ nightingale

          • Old English nihtegale nightengale

            • English nightingale
            • Scots nichtgale nightengale
          • Frankish *nahtagala

            • Dutch nachtegaal nightengale
          • Old High German nahtigala nightengale

            • German Nachtigall nightengale
          • Old Saxon nahtigala nightengale

            • Danish nattergal nightengale
            • Icelandic næturgali nightengale
    • Hellenic *nokʷts

      • Ancient Greek νῠ́ξ

        • Greek νύχτα
        • Latin Nyx Greek divinity of night

          • Translingual Nyx a taxonomic genus of metalmark moths
          • Translingual Nix a moon of Pluto
        • English nycto-
    • Indo-Iranian *nákts

      • Indo-Aryan *nákts

        • Sanskrit नक् nák night

          • Telugu నక్తము naktamu night
      • Iranian *náxts

        • Avestan *naxt?

          • Avestan 𐬎𐬞𐬀𐬥𐬀𐬑𐬙𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬱𐬎 upa.naxturušu at the edge of night
        • Western Iranian

          • Kurdish nixte overcast
    • Italic *noks

      • Latin nox night, darkness accusative: `nocte(m

        • Sardinian noti night
        • Eastern Romance

          • Romanian noapte night
        • Western Romance

          • French nuit night
          • Italian notte night
          • Spanish noche night
        • Latin nocturnus of the night, nocturnal

          • Western Romance

            • French nocturne nocturnal, nocturne

              • English nocturne
            • Italian notturno nocturnal, nightly, nocturne, nightclub
            • Spanish nocturno nocturnal, nocturne
          • English nocturns
          • Latin nocturnalis

            • English nocturnal
    • Proto-Indo-European *n̥kʷtéw-s night-ish, twilight

      • Germanic *unhtwǭ

        • East Germanic

          • Gothic 𐌿𐌷𐍄𐍅𐍉 uhtwō dawn, daybreak
        • North Germanic

          • Old Norse ótta

            • Icelandic ótta start of the second traditional division of the day (into eighths), about 03:00
        • West Germanic

          • Old English ūhta time just before the dawn, nocturns service (midnight mass)

            • Old English ūhtacearu pre-dawn anxiety
          • Frankish *ūhto

            • Middle Dutch uchten morning modified by analogy to avont: "evening"

              • Dutch ochtend morning
          • Old Saxon ūhta

            • Low German Uchte nocturns service (midnight mass)
      • Hellenic

        • Ancient Greek ἀκτῑ́ς aktī́s ray, beam, brightness, splendor, spoke like the setting/rising sun?
      • Indo-Iranian *aktúš

        • Indo-Aryan *aktúṣ

          • Sanskrit अक्तु aktú tinge, ray, beam of light, darkness, night sunset?
      • Tocharian *nekʷtu-

        • Arshian nokte at night
        • Kushean naktiṃ last night
      • Proto-Indo-European *nokʷtewyo-s

        • Tocharian *nekʷcäwye-

          • Arshian nakcu during the night, last night
          • Kushean nekcīye during the night, last night

Visual

Collected English words

naga, Naja, naked, nude, denude, gymno-, gymnastic, gymnasium, gym, night, nightingale, Nyx, Nix, nycto-, nocturne, nocturns, nocturnal

Footnotes

1. ^

   Indo-Iranian merger of labio-velars with plain velars merges *nogʷó-s from *negʷ-: "bare" with *nogó-s from *(s)neg-: "to crawl, to creep, snake". nāgá meaning "snake" presumably primarily comes from *(s)neg-, but is at the very least reinforced by, and nāgá from *negʷ-. I have grouped the Sanskrit "elephant" and "snake" together as the same word here, because descendants and borrowings of the Sanskrit largely treat them as if they are the same word.