October theme: Nighttime 🌃

Teaser

atrium, arid, Astarte, star, disaster, ash, amaretto, ephemeral

Full Text

• Proto-Indo-European *h₂eh₁- to be warm

  • Proto-Indo-European *h₂éh₁tis a warming abstract/action noun

    • Celtic *ātis furnace, kiln

      • Old Irish áith oven, grain kiln

        • Irish áith kiln
      • Celtic *ātinos

        • Brythonic *ọdɨn

          • Cornish *oden

            • Cornish odencolc lime-kiln
          • Welsh odyn kiln
  • Proto-Indo-European *h₂éh₁tēr fire

    • Pre-Albanian *ōtr

      • Albanian vatër fireplace, hearth, home, focus

        • Balkan substrate

          • Eastern Romance

            • Romanian vatră
          • Slavic

            • East Slavic

              • Ukrainian ватра vatra fireside, hearth, bonfire

                • Ukrainian ватрушка vatruška vatrushka, a kind of pastry

                  • English vatrushka
            • South Slavic

              • Serbo-Croatian ватра vatra fire
            • West Slavic

              • Czech vatra bonfire, hearth
              • Polish watra bonfire, hearth
    • Old Armenian *ayr fire lost due to homophony *h₂nḗr -> ayr: "man"

      • Old Armenian այրել ayrel to enflame, to burn, to fire, to parch

        • Armenian այրել ayrel to set on fire, to burn, to scorch
    • Indo-Iranian

      • Iranian *HáHtr̥(s) fire

        • Avestan 𐬁𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬱 ātar(š) fire
        • Bactrian *atar

          • Bactrian αδοραστο adorasto fireplace
        • Pashto اور or fire
        • Northern Iranian

          • Scythian *ātar-

            • Classical Greek Ἰατραγόρας Iatragóras a Scythian personal name
            • Classical Greek Ἀρθάμων Arthámōn a Scythian personal name
            • Classical Greek Ψευδαρτάκη Pseudartákē a Scythian place name
            • Ossetian арт art fire, campfire
        • Western Iranian

          • Northwestern Iranian

            • Parthian 𐭀𐭕𐭓𐭅 ʾtrw fire
            • Kurdish agir fire
          • Old Persian *ātr̥

            • Middle Persian ʾtwr

              • Persian آذر âzar fire, a month name, a personal name
              • Old Persian *ātr̥gauna fire-colored

                • Persian آذرگون âzargun marigold

                  • Arabic آذريون ʔāḏaryūn marigold
                • Armenian ատրագույն atraguyn fire-colored
            • Middle Persian ʾthš

              • Persian آتش âtaš

                • Hindi आतिश ātiś fire, anger
                • Ottoman Turkish آتش ateş fire

                  • Turkish ateş fire, fever, lighter, anger
        • Iranian *HaHtr̥paHtah personal name: Fire-Protected

          • Avestan 𐬀𐬙𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬞𐬁𐬙𐬀 Atərəpāta
          • Northwestern Iranian

            • Medean *Ātr̥pātah

              • Akkadian 𒀜𒋫𒊏𒉺𒋫 at-ta-ra-pa-ta
              • Elamite 𒄩𒋻𒁀𒀜𒆪 ha-tar-ba-ad-da
              • Classical Greek Ἀτροπάτης Atropatēs

                • Classical Greek Ἀτροπατηνή Atropatēnḗ

                  • Latin Atropatene

                    • English Atropatene
              • Old Persian *Ātr̥pātah

                • Middle Persian ʾtwrpʾt'

                  • Middle Persian ʾtwrpʾt'kʾn' (realm) of Ādurbād

                    • Persian آذربایجان âzarbâyjân (Iranian) Azerbaijan, (Republic of) Azerbaijan

                      • English Azerbaijan
                    • Arabic أذربيجان ʔaḏarbayjān Azerbaijan
                    • Armenian Ատրպատական Atrpatakan
                    • Byzantine Greek Ἀδαρβιγάνων Adarbigánōn
    • Proto-Indo-European *h₂éh₁tros a burning, burnt action or result noun

      • Italic *ātros charred black

        • Latin āter dull black, gloomy, dismal

          • Latin ātrāmentum black liquid, ink, blacking

            • English atrament
        • Oscan 𐌀𐌀𐌃𐌝𐌓𐌉𐌉𐌔 aadíriis
        • Umbrian 𐌀𐌕𐌓𐌖 atru
      • Proto-Indo-European *h₂éh₁tryos of a burning adjective

        • Proto-Indo-European *h₂éh₁tryom a place/thing of burning? substantivized neuter adjective

          • Italic *ātrjom place of burning? substantivized neuter adjective

            • Latin atrium reception hall, court in a temple

              • English atrium
              • Etruscan 𐌀𐌕𐌓𐌉𐌖𐌌 atrium atrium, house, temple

                • Etruscan 𐌀𐌈𐌓𐌄 aθre atrium, house, temple
    • Proto-Indo-European *h₂eh₁tro-h₃kʷs fire-sight, seeming like a fire

      • Italic *ātrōks

        • Latin atrox terrible, frightening, fierce, cruel

          • Central Romance

            • Italian atroce atrocious, dreadful, ghastly
          • Western Romance

            • Spanish atroz atrocious, horrible, appalling
          • Latin atrocitas atrocity, suffering, disaster

            • English atrocity
        • Hellenic

          • Classical Greek ἄζω ázō I am dry

            • Classical Greek ἀζᾰλέος azaléos dry, parched

              • New Latin azalea azalea grows well in dry soil, originally a genus name, but now obsolete

                • English azalea
  • Proto-Indo-European *h₂eh₁s- to be dry, to burn, ashes, hearth

    • Proto-Indo-European *h₂eh₁seh₁(ye)-ti stative

      • Italic *āzēō

        • Latin ārēre I am dry, I am parched, I am withered

          • Latin āridus dry, withered, arid, shrivelled, uninspired

            • Central Romance

              • Italian arido arid, barren, insensitive, narrow-minded, bland
            • Western Romance

              • Spanish árido arid
            • English arid
            • French aride arid
    • Proto-Indo-European *h₂ēh₁só-ti

      • Tocharian

        • Arshian asatär dries up
        • Kushean osotär dries up
    • Proto-Indo-European *h₂eh₁sh₂ hearth, fireplace

      • Anatolian

        • Hittite 𒄩𒀸𒊭𒀀 ḫāššā- fireplace, hearth
      • Germanic

        • North Germanic ᚨᛉᛁᚾᚨ azina ash
        • West Germanic

          • Old High German essa furnace

            • German Esse furnace, forge, chimney
      • Italic *āzā

        • Latin āra altar, sanctuary, refuge
        • Oscan 𐌀𐌀𐌔𐌀 aasa altar
    • Proto-Indo-European *h₂éh₁sh₂s?

      • Anatolian

        • Hittite ḫāšš- ashes, dust, soap
      • Indo-Iranian *HáHsas

        • Indo-Aryan

          • Sanskrit आस ā́sa ashes, dust
    • Proto-Indo-European *h₂stḗr star agentive: ~"burner" ^[1]

      • Anatolian

        • Hittite 𒄩𒀸𒋼𒅕𒍝 ḫašterz(a) star
        • Semitic *ʕaθtar– divine name, possibly a personification of Venus ^[1]

          • Central Semitic

            • Northwest Semitic

              • Aramaic 𐡏𐡕𐡓 ʿattar apparently masculine deity
              • Canaanite

                • Hebrew עשתרת ʿaštṓreṯ possible taboo deformation
                • Moabite 𐤏𐤔𐤕𐤓 ʿaštar
                • Phoenician 𐤏𐤔𐤕𐤓𐤕 ʿaštart

                  • Classical Greek Ἀστάρτη Astártē

                    • Latin Astarte

                      • English Astarte
              • Egyptian 𓂝:𓊃𓍿:𓂋:𓏏 ꜥsṯrt
              • Ugaritic 𐎓𐎘𐎚𐎗𐎚 ʿṯtr
          • East Semitic

            • Akkadian 𒀭𒀹𒁯 ᵈiš₈-tar₂

              • English Ishtar
          • South Semitic

            • Old South Arabian 𐩲𐩻𐩩𐩧 ʿṯtr
            • Ethiopic

              • Amharic አስታር ʾästar
      • Old Armenian աստղ astł star, starfish, asterisk

        • Armenian աստղ astł star, celebrity

          • Armenian համաստեղություն hamastełutʿyun constellation ^[2]
      • Celtic *sterā star

        • Brythonic *ster star

          • Welsh sêr stars
      • Germanic *sternǭ

        • East Germanic

          • Gothic 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐍉 stairnō star
          • Crimean Gothic stein star
        • North Germanic

          • Old Norse stjarna star

            • Danish stjerne star
            • Icelandic stjarna star
        • West Germanic

          • Old English steorra star

            • English star

              • German Star celebrity
            • Scots ster star
          • Frankish *sterro

            • Dutch ster star, celebrity
          • Old High German sterno star

            • German Stern star, asterisks
            • Yiddish שטערן
      • Hellenic *astḗr star

        • Classical Greek ἀστήρ astḗr star, celebrity, starfish

          • Greek αστέρι astéri star, celebrity
          • Latin astēr star, starwort

            • Translingual Aster a genus of flowers

              • English aster
          • Classical Greek ᾰ̓́στρον ástron

            • Greek άστρο ástro star
            • Latin astrum

              • Western Romance

                • French astre celestial body
                • Italian astro celestial body, star

                  • Italian disastro

                    • French désastre

                      • English disaster
                • Spanish astro celestial body
            • English astro-
      • Indo-Iranian *Hstā́ star

        • Indo-Aryan *Hstā́

          • Sanskrit 𑀲𑁆𑀢𑀾 (s)tṛ́ star

            • Sanskrit 𑀢𑀸𑀭𑀸 tārā star, asterism, pupil (of the eye) ^[3]

              • Elu

                • Sinhala තරුව taruva star
              • Magadhi

                • Bengali তারা tara star
              • Maharashtri

                • Marathi तारा tārā star
              • Sauraseni

                • Madhya Sauraseni

                  • Hindi तारा tārā star, planet, meteor, pupil (of the eye)
                • Pahari

                  • Punjabi ਤਾਰਾ tārā star
                • Pali

                  • Burmese တာရာ tara constellation
                  • Tagalog tala star
                  • Thai ดารา daa-raa celestial body, celebrity
                • Telugu తార tāra star, pupil (of the eye)
        • Iranian *Hstā́

          • Avestan (𐬯)𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬀 star(a) star
          • Western Iranian

            • Kurdish stêr star, celebrity
            • Old Persian *star

              • Old Persian *apāxtara planet lit. "backwards-star", i.e. star with retrograde movement

                • Middle Persian abāxtar

                  • Persian اختر axtar star, constellation ^[4]
                  • Persian باختر bāḵtar west
          • Iranian *Hstā́rakaH

            • Pashto ستوری stóray star
            • Northern Iranian

              • Scythian

                • Ossetian стъалы st’aly star
            • Western Iranian

              • Kurdish stêrk star
              • Old Persian

                • Middle Persian stārag

                  • Persian ستاره setâre star, destiny

                    • Punjabi ਸਿਤਾਰਾ sitārā star
      • Tocharian *ścäriye-

        • Arshian śre star
        • Kushean ścirye star
      • Proto-Indo-European *h₂stḗrlo probably Italo-Celtic innovation

        • Celtic *stīrlo

          • Old Irish sell iris compare Irish suil: "eye" from PIE *sóh₂wl̥: "sun"
          • Celtic *stīrlon

            • Brythonic

              • Welsh syllu to gaze
        • Italic *stērolā star

          • Latin stēlla star, planet

            • Sardinian isteddu star
            • Eastern Romance

              • Romanian stea star
            • Western Romance

              • French étoile star

                • Haitian Creole zetwal star
              • Italian stella star
              • Spanish estrella star

                • Tagalog estrelya star
    • Proto-Indo-European *h₂eh₁sdi- dental enlargement

      • Anatolian

        • Hittite hāt-ᶤ to dry up, to become parched
      • Proto-Indo-European *h₂eh₁sdi-eti primary verb

        • Balto-Slavic

          • Slavic

            • West Slavic

              • Czech ozditi to dry malt
      • Proto-Indo-European *h₂eh₁sdōs result

        • Balto-Slavic

          • Slavic *ozdъ

            • West Slavic

              • Polish ozd dry malt
      • Proto-Indo-European *h₂h₁stós adjective

        • Italic *astos

          • Latin assus roasted, baked
    • Proto-Indo-European *h₂eh₁sgi- velar enlargement

      • Proto-Indo-European *h₂eh₁sgō primary noun

        • Germanic *askǭ ash, ashes

          • East Germanic

            • Gothic 𐌰𐌶𐌲𐍉 azgō ash, cinder
          • North Germanic

            • Old Norse aska ash, ashes

              • Danish aske ash
              • Icelandic aska ash, ashes
          • West Germanic

            • Old English æsce ash

              • English ash
              • Scots aise ash
            • Frankish *aska

              • Dutch as ash, ashes
            • Old High German asca ash

              • German Asche ash, ashes, money
              • Yiddish אַש ash ash
              • Italian lasca an ash-colored cyprinid fish like a dace, roach, or nase
      • Proto-Indo-European *h₂eh₁sgiōn- genitive?

        • Old Armenian աճիւն ačiwn ashes

          • Armenian աճյուն ačyun cremated remains, corpse, grave
      • Proto-Indo-European *h₂íh₁sgah₁sg-eti?? reduplicated thematic

        • Old Armenian ազազեմ azazem to tarnish, to dry, to fade, to wither

          • Armenian ազազել azazel to dry up, to become dry
      • ?

        • Finnic *kaski swidden (slash-and-burned land), coppice (for firewood)

          • Estonian kask birch
          • Finnish kaski slash and burn
  • Proto-Indo-European *h₂eh₃- to be hot, to burn

    • Proto-Indo-European *h₂eh₃mós raw, uncooked, sour, bitter

      • Old Armenian հում hum

        • Armenian հում hum raw, uncooked, unprocessed
        • Georgian უმი umi raw, uncooked
      • Celtic *omos raw

        • Brythonic *oβ̃

          • Welsh of
        • Old Irish om

          • Irish amh raw, uncooked
        • Celtic *omiyom copper, bronze

          • Brythonic *öβ̃ɨð

            • Welsh efydd bronze, brass, copper
          • Old Irish umae copper, bronze, brass

            • Irish umha
      • Hellenic *ōmós

        • Classical Greek ὠμός ōmós raw, crude, uncooked, fierce

          • Greek ωμός omós raw, uncooked, crude, brutal
      • Indo-Iranian *HaHmás

        • Indo-Aryan

          • Sanskrit 𑀆𑀫 āmá raw, uncooked, unripe, immature
        • Iranian *HaHmáh

          • Pashto اوم um raw, uncooked, unripe
          • Western Iranian

            • Northwestern Iranian
            • Old Persian

              • Persian خام xâm raw, uncooked, crude, fresh, inexperienced, idle

                • Pashto خام xâm raw, uncooked, unripe, unfinished
                • Ottoman Turkish خام ham

                  • Turkish ham raw
      • Proto-Indo-European *h₂h₃mros sour, sorrel?

        • Pre-Germanic *ambros with epenthetic *b

          • Germanic *ampraz sour
        • Indo-Iranian *Hamrás

          • Indo-Aryan

            • Sanskrit 𑀅𑀫𑁆𑀮 amla sour
            • Sanskrit 𑀆𑀫𑁆𑀭 āmra mango

              • Elu

                • Dhivehi އަނބު aᵐbu mango
              • Magadhi 𑀅𑀁𑀩 aṃba

                • Bengali আম am mango
                • Rohingya amm mango
              • Maharashtri 𑀅𑀁𑀩𑀅 aṃbaa

                • Marathi आंबा āmbā

                  • Arabic عمبة ʾamba amba, a condiment of mashed mango

                    • Hebrew עמבה ʾámba

                      • English amba
              • Pali 𑀅𑀫𑁆𑀩 amba mango
              • Sauraseni 𑀅𑀁𑀩 aṃba

                • Madhya Sauraseni

                  • Hindi आम ām mango
                • Northwestern Sauraseni

                  • Kashmiri اَمب amb mango
                • Middle Persian

                  • Persian انبه anbe mango

                    • Arabic عنبا ʾanbā mango

                      • Swahili embe mango
                • Sauraseni *ambaka

                  • Middle Persian *anbag

                    • Arabic أنبج ʾanbaj mango
              • Tocharian āmpär mango
        • Italic

          • Latin amārus bitter, harsh, sour

            • Central Romance

              • Dalmatian amur bitter
              • Italian amaro bitter

                • English amaro
                • Italian amaretto

                  • English amaretto
            • Eastern Romance

              • Romanian amar bitter, rancid, rude
            • Western Romance

              • French amer bitter, sour
              • Old Spanish amaro

                • Spanish amargo bitter, sour modified by association with amargar
            • Latin amarellus yellowish, pale

              • Western Romance

                • Spanish amarillo yellow
            • Latin amaricare to make bitter, to irritate

              • Central Romance

                • Italian amaricare to make bitter
              • Western Romance

                • Spanish amargar to make bitter, to get bitter
            • Byzantine Greek *amaroús

              • Byzantine Greek *amaroúlion diminutive

                • Byzantine Greek μαρούλιον maroúlion lettuce

                  • Greek μαρούλι maroúli lettuce

                    • Romanian marulă lettuce
                  • Armenian մառոլ maṙol lettuce
                  • Ottoman Turkish مارول marul

                    • Turkish marul lettuce
    • Proto-Indo-European *h₂éh₃mr̥ heat

      • Greco-Armenian *āmr̥ heat, day

        • Old Armenian աւր awr day, daytime

          • Armenian օր ōr day
        • Hellenic *āmǝr

          • Classical Greek ἦμαρ êmar day

            • Greek ημέρα iméra day, daytime
            • Classical Greek ἡμέρα hēméra day, time probably modified by analogy to hespérā

              • Classical Greek ἐφήμερος ephḗmeros daily, for a day, short-lived

                • Latin ephemerus

                  • English ephemeral
          • Hellenic *ťāmǝron this day

            • Classical Greek σήμερον sḗmeron today

              • Greek σήμερα símera today, the present

Visual

Collected English words

vatrushka, Atropatene, Azerbaijan, atrament, atrium, atrocity, azalea, arid, Astarte, Ishtar, star, Aster, aster, disaster, astro-, ash, amba, amaro, amaretto, ephemeral

Footnotes

1. ^

   Proto-Indo-European *h₂stḗr: "star" and Proto-Semitic *ʕaθtar–: "divine name, possibly a personification of Venus" have long been compared. There are arguments for each possibility: coincidence, PIE to Semitic borrowing, or Semitic to PIE borrowing. I find a PIE to Semitic borrowing most compelling.

2. ^

   I thought it was interesting that Armenian համաստեղություն hamastełutʿyun: "constellation" is a morpheme-by-morpheme equivalent to Latin constellatio(n).

   ham- == con-

   asteł == stella

   -utʿyun == -tio(n)

3. ^

   Given her nature, the Hindu and Buddhist divinity Tārā is best understood to mean "defend" from *terh₂-: "cross over, pass through, overcome", i.e. the same origin as avatar, nectar, and trans-; but there may be some influence from 𑀢𑀸𑀭𑀸= tārā: "star".

4. ^

   Persian اختر axtar: "star" is understood to be a mistaken (re-bracketed) backformation from abāxtar: "planet". But considering the word first appears in Middle Persian (i.e., after several centuries of Hellenistic rule in Persia), it makes me wonder if the rebracketing was influenced by Greek ἀστήρ astḗr.