April theme: Dinosaurs and Friends🦕
Teaser
steganography, detect, Stegosaurus, thug, thatch, deck
Full Text
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Proto-Indo-European *(s)teg- to cover s-mobile root
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Proto-Indo-European *(s)tég-eti primary verb
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Balto-Slavic
- Lithuanian stíegti to roof, to thatch
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Hellenic
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Ancient Greek στέγω stégō to cover, to wrap, to make watertight
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Ancient Greek στέγη stégē roof, cover, shelter, room, house
- Greek στέγη stégi roof, house
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Ancient Greek στεγνός stegnós watertight, waterproof, constipated
- Greek στεγνός stegnós dry, dull
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Indo-Iranian *stʰágati
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Indo-Aryan *stʰágati
- Sanskrit स्थगति sthágati to cover, to conceal
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Italic
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Latin tegō I cover, I clothe, I protect
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Latin detegō I uncover, I take off, I reveal
- Albanian dëftoj I show
Latin dētēctus uncovered, revealed
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English detect
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French detecter to detect
- Dutch detecteren to detect
- Spanish detectar
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- Albanian dëftoj I show
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Latin integō I cover, I protect
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Latin integumentum covering, guard, shield
- English integument
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Latin protegō I cover, I protect, I defend lit. "cover forward"
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Western Romance
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French protéger to protect
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French protégé(e) protected
- English protégé
- Italian proteggere
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Latin prōtēctus
- English protect
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Latin tēgula roof tile
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Eastern Romance
- Dalmatian tacla baking sheet
- Albanian tjegull shingle, tile
- Serbo-Croatian те́гла tégla jar
Hungarian tégla brick
- Hungarian téglalap rectangle lit. "brick surface"
- Turkish tuğla brick
- Albanian tjegull shingle, tile
- Dalmatian tacla baking sheet
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Western Romance
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French tuile tile, tuile (thin cookie)
- English tuile
- Italian teglia baking sheet, wide-brimmed hat
- Italian tegola roof tile
- Spanish teja roof tile
- Italian tegola roof tile
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Germanic *tigulǭ tile, brick
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North Germanic
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Old Norse tigl
- Danish tegl
- Icelandic tigl tile, brick
Swedish tegel brick
- Finnish tiili brick, tile
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West Germanic
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Old English tiġele
- English tile
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Frankish
- Dutch tegel tile
- Dutch tichel roof tile, brick, flagstone
- Dutch tegel tile
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Old High German ziagal(a)
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German Ziegel brick, roof tile
- Serbo-Croatian ци́гла cígla brick
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Polish cegła brick
- Ukranian це́гла céhla brick
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Latin tegumentum cover, covering, shell, armor, husk
- English tegument
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Proto-Indo-European *stogéy-eti causative verb
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Indo-Iranian *stʰagáyati
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Indo-Aryan *stʰagáyati
- Sanskrit स्थगयति sthagáyati to make hidden, to make invisible
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Iranian
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Northern Iranian
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Saka
- Khotani ttajsera pass over [2]
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Proto-Indo-European *(s)tégos covered
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Celtic *tegos house
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Brythonic *tɨɣ
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Welsh tŷ house [3]
- Welsh bwyty restaurant lit. "food-house"
Welsh tylwyth family, household lit. "house-people"
- Welsh Tylwyth Teg fairy folk
- Welsh bwyty restaurant lit. "food-house"
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Old Irish tech
- Irish teach house
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Celtic *tego-slowgos household lit. "house-troop"
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Brythonic
- Welsh teulu family
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Old Irish teglach
- Irish teaghlach immediate family, household
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Hellenic *(s)tégos
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Ancient Greek στέγος stégos roof, house, grave, brothel
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Translingual Stegosaurus a taxnomic genus of ornithischian dinosaur lit. "roof-reptile", for the plates on its back
- Translingual Stegosauria the Stegosaurs, a taxonomic suborder of ornithiscian dinosaurs
- English stegosaur
- Translingual Stegosauria the Stegosaurs, a taxonomic suborder of ornithiscian dinosaurs
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- Ancient Greek τέγος tégos roof, cover, covered hall
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Indo-Iranian *stʰagas covered, concealed
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Indo-Aryan
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Sanskrit स्थग sthaga dishonest, fraudulent
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Maharashtri
- Marathi ठक ṭhak thief, swindler
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Sauraseni
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Madhya
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Hindi ठग ṭhag swindler, fraud, robber
- English thug
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Proto-Indo-European *(s)tǝgto-s covered
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Indo-Iranian
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Iranian *taxta-
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Northern Iranian
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Saka
- Khotani tti dwelling, nest [2]
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Western Iranian
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Old Persian *taxt throne
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Persian تخت taxt throne, capital, seat, sofa, bed
- Arabic تَخْت taḵt bed, couch, bench, capital, platform, orchestra
- Malay takhta throne
Ottoman Turkish تخت taht throne, sofa, stage
- Turkish taht throne
- Armenian թախտ tʿaxt plank-bed, ottoman, sofa
- Serbo-Croatian тахт taht throne
- Armenian թախտ tʿaxt plank-bed, ottoman, sofa
- Malay takhta throne
- Arabic تَخْت taḵt bed, couch, bench, capital, platform, orchestra
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Old Armenian տախտ taxt throne, bed, couch
- Armenian տախտ taxt couch, sofa
- Georgian ტახტი ṭaxṭi ottoman, bench, throne, royal residence
- Kurdish text throne, bed, wood
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Proto-Indo-European *(s)togeh₂
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Italic
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Latin toga toga, garment, roof
- English toga
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Proto-Indo-European *(s)tog-os coverer agentive
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Celtic *togos roof
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Brythonic *toɣ
- Welsh to roof
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Germanic *þaką roof, cover
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North Germanic
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Old Norse þak thatch, roof
- Danish tag roof
- Icelandic þak roof
- Danish tag roof
- Northern Sami dáhkki roof, ceiling, hearth
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West Germanic
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Old English þæc roof, thatch
- English thatch
- Scots tha(c)k thatch, roofing material, roof
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Frankish *thak
- Dutch dak roof
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Old High German dah
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German Dach roof
- German Dachdecker roofer, tiler, thatcher
- Yiddish דאַך
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Polish dach roof, apartment
- Polish dachowiec feral cat lit. "roofer"
- Ukranian дах dax roof
- Polish dachowiec feral cat lit. "roofer"
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Germanic *þakjaną to cover, to roof
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North Germanic
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Old Norse þekja to cover, to thatch
- Danish tække
- Icelandic þekja to cover, to roof, to thatch
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West Germanic
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Old English þeċċan to cover, to thatch
- English thatch
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Frankish *thecken
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Middle Dutch
- Dutch dekken to cover, to set (a table)
- English deck (out)
- Dutch dekken to cover, to set (a table)
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Frankish *thecka covering
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Middle Dutch
- English deck
- German Deck deck (of a ship)
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Old High German decchen to cover
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German decken to cover, to set (a table)
- German Dachdecker roofer, tiler, thatcher
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Old High German decchī covering
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German Decke covering, ceiling, roof
- German Bettdecke duvet, quilt, bedspread
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Proto-Indo-European *(s)teg- pole, stick, beam [4]
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Proto-Indo-European stogeh₂
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Germanic *stakô stake
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East Germanic
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Gothic *staka
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Western Romance staca stake
- Old French estache stake, strap
- Spanish estaca stake, tent peg
- Old French estache stake, strap
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North Germanic
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Old Norse staki stake, rod
- Danish stage
- Icelandic staki
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West Germanic
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Old English staca stake
- English stake
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Frankish *stakō
- Dutch staak
- Old French estaie
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Proto-Indo-European *(s)tog-os
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Germanic *stakkaz a barn, a rick, a haystack
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North Germanic
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Old Norse stakkr barn, haystack, pile
- Danish stak stack
- Icelanic stakkur stack
- English stack
- Icelanic stakkur stack
- Danish stak stack
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Proto-Indo-European *(s)tegdʰlom
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Italic *texlom
- Latin tēlum spear, missile, javelin
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Visual
Collected English words
steganography, detect, integument, protégé, protect, tuile, tile, tegument, Stegosaurus, Stegosauria, stegosaur, thug, toga, thatch, thatch, deck (out), deck, stake, stack
Footnotes
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I can't determine what, if anything, the difference between Ancient Greek στεγνός stegnós and στεγανός steganós is. There's authors that use both, so it's not a dialect difference, but they seem to be interchangable.
The word steganography is first recorded in, and apparently coined for, Johannes Trithemius's 1499 book, Steganographia, which was a steganographical text, apparently an occult book on communicating with spirits, but was actually a book about cryptography and steganography.
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Khotani ttajsera: "pass over, overwhelm" and tti: "nest" are probably from this root, but Khotani derivation is way above my pay grade, these are just guesses of where they go in the graph. There's also a set of Khotani words with "head" related meanings that may be connected: ttādai: "forehead", ttomau: "top", ttiiva: "crown", ttīna: "bridle".
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We saw Welsh tŷ before, when Latin hospitium was borrowed into Welsh to mean "hospital", but was egg-corned in Welsh to end with tŷ: "house", parallel to bwyty: "restaurant".
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While *(s)teg- about covering and roofs and *(s)teg- about poles and beams are usually considered two different roots, the concept of "pole, stick, beam" seems clearly related to the concept of a roof. On the other hand "pole, stick, beam" is also related to the idea of "pierce, stab" usually assigned to *steyg- (whence, "stick", "stitch", "etiquette").