April theme: Dinosaurs and Friends🦕

Teaser

stegosaur, tile, thatch, thatch, deck, deck, toga, detective, thug

Full Text

• Proto-Indo-European *steg- *teg- to cover

  • Proto-Indo-European *steg- *teg- pole, stick, beam ^[4]

    • Proto-Indo-European *stogeh₂

      • Germanic *stakô stake

        • East Germanic

          • Gothic *staka

            • Western Romance *staca stake

              • Old French estache stake, strap
              • Spanish estaca stake, tent peg
        • North Germanic

          • Old Norse staki stake, rod

            • Old East Norse

              • Danish stage
              • Swedish stake candlestick, erection
            • Old West Norse

              • Faroese staki
              • Icelandic staki
        • West Germanic

          • Old English staca stake

            • Middle English stake / stack / staak

              • English stake
              • Irish staic stake, post, picket
              • Irish stáca stake, stack
          • Frankish *stakō

            • Western Romance *staca stake

              • Old French estache stake, strap
              • Spanish estaca stake, tent peg
            • Middle Dutch

              • Dutch staak
            • Old French estaie stay, prop

              • Middle French

                • French étai a stay, a prop, a strut
              • Middle English stay

                • English stay
              • Old French estayer to prop, to support

                • Middle French

                  • French étayer to prop, to support
                • Middle English staien / steyen

                  • English stay
    • Proto-Indo-European *stogós *togós

      • Germanic *stakkaz a barn, a rick, a haystack

        • North Germanic *stakkaʀ

          • Old Norse stakkr barn, haystack, pile

            • Old East Norse

              • Danish stak stack
            • Old West Norse

              • Icelandic stakkur stack
            • Middle English stak / stack / stakke stack

              • Irish stáca stake, stack
              • English stack
          • Finnic *sakna sauna

            • Estonian saun sauna
            • Finnish sauna sauna

              • English sauna
              • Russian сауна sauna sauna

                • Armenian սաունա sauna sauna
    • Proto-Indo-European *tegnom

      • Old Armenian թակն tʻakn mallet
      • Italic *tegnom

        • Latin tignum lumber, log, beam
    • Proto-Indo-European *tegdʰlom

      • Italic *texlom

        • Latin tēlum spear, missile, javelin
  • Proto-Indo-European *stégeti *tégeti primary verb

    • Balto-Slavic

      • Baltic

        • East Baltic

          • Lithuanian stíegti to roof, to thatch
    • Hellenic

      • Classical Greek στέγω stégō I cover, I wrap, I make watertight

        • Classical Greek στέγη stégē roof, cover, shelter, room, house

          • Greek στέγη stégi roof, house
        • Classical Greek στεγνός stegnós watertight, waterproof, constipated

          • Greek στεγνός stegnós dry, dull
        • Classical Greek στεγανός steganós ^[1]

          • Latin steganographia steganography ^[1]

            • English steganography
    • Indo-Iranian *stʰágati

      • Indo-Aryan *stʰágati

        • Sanskrit 𑀲𑁆𑀣𑀕𑀢𑀺 sthágati to cover, to conceal
    • Italic *tegezi

      • Latin tegere to cover, to clothe, to protect

        • Latin integere to cover, to protect

          • Latin integumentum covering, guard, shield

            • English integument
        • Latin detegere to uncover, to take off, to reveal

          • Albanian dëftoj I show
          • Latin dētēctus uncovered, revealed

            • English detect

              • English detective
            • French détecter to detect

              • Dutch detecteren to detect
            • Spanish detectar
        • Latin protegere to cover, to protect, to defend lit. "cover forward"

          • Central Romance

            • Italian proteggere to shield, to protect
          • French protéger to protect

            • French protégé / protégée protected

              • English protégé
          • Latin prōtēctus

            • English protect
        • Latin tēgula roof tile

          • Central Romance

            • Dalmatian tacla baking sheet
            • Italian teglia baking sheet, wide-brimmed hat
            • Italian tegola roof tile
          • Eastern Romance

            • Albanian tjegull shingle, tile
            • Serbo-Croatian тегла / tegla jar
            • Hungarian tégla brick

              • Hungarian téglalap rectangle lit. "brick surface"
              • Turkish tuğla brick
          • Western Romance

            • Old French tiule tile

              • Middle French

                • French tuile tile, tuile (thin cookie)

                  • English tuile
            • Spanish teja roof tile
          • Germanic *tigulǭ tile, brick

            • North Germanic

              • Old Norse tigl

                • Old East Norse

                  • Danish tegl
                  • Swedish tegel brick

                    • Finnish tiili brick, tile
                • Old West Norse

                  • Icelandic tigl tile, brick
            • West Germanic *tigulā

              • Old English tiġele

                • Middle English tiȝel / tile / tyle

                  • English tile
              • Frankish

                • Middle Dutch tigele / tegel

                  • Dutch tegel tile
                  • Dutch tichel roof tile, brick, flagstone
              • Old High German ziagala / ziagal

                • Middle High German ziegel

                  • German Ziegel brick, roof tile

                    • Serbo-Croatian цигла / cigla brick
                  • Polish cegła brick

                    • Ukrainian цегла cehla brick
          • Latin tegumentum cover, covering, shell, armor, husk

            • English tegument
  • Proto-Indo-European *stogéy-eti causative verb

    • Indo-Iranian *stʰagáyati

      • Indo-Aryan *stʰagáyati

        • Sanskrit 𑀲𑁆𑀣𑀕𑀬𑀢𑀺 sthagáyati to make hidden, to make invisible
      • Iranian

        • Scythian

          • Saka

            • Khotani ttajsera pass over ^[2]
  • Proto-Indo-European *stégos *tégos covered

    • Celtic *tegos house

      • Celtic *kom-tegenos shared, held in common lit. "together-housed"

        • Old Irish coitchen common, mutual, shared

          • Irish coiteann common, general, popular
      • Brythonic *tɨɣ

        • Welsh tŷ house ^[3]

          • Welsh popty bakery, oven lit. "bake-house" with -tŷ
          • Welsh ysbyty hospital
          • Welsh bwyty restaurant lit. "food-house"
          • Welsh tylwyth family, household lit. "house-people"

            • Welsh Tylwyth Teg fair(y) folk
      • Old Irish tech

        • Irish teach house

          • Irish Baile an Tí Mhóir place name: Town of the Big House

            • English Baltimore
      • Celtic *tego-slowgos household lit. "house-troop"

        • Brythonic

          • Welsh teulu family
        • Old Irish teglach

          • Irish teaghlach immediate family, household
    • Hellenic *stégos *tégos

      • Classical Greek στέγος stégos roof, house, grave, brothel

        • Translingual Stegosaurus a taxnomic genus of ornithischian dinosaur lit. "roof-reptile", for the plates on its back

          • Translingual Stegosauria the Stegosaurs, a taxonomic suborder of ornithiscian dinosaurs
          • English stegosaur
      • Classical Greek τέγος tégos roof, cover, covered hall
    • Indo-Iranian *stʰagas covered, concealed

      • Indo-Aryan

        • Sanskrit 𑀲𑁆𑀣𑀕 sthaga dishonest, fraudulent

          • Maharashtri

            • Marathi ठक ṭhak thief, swindler
          • Sauraseni

            • Hindustani

              • Hindi ठग ṭhag swindler, fraud, robber
              • English thug
  • Proto-Indo-European *stǝgtos *tǝgtos covered

    • Indo-Iranian

      • Iranian *taxta-

        • Scythian

          • Saka

            • Khotani tti dwelling, nest ^[2]
        • Western Iranian

          • Old Persian *taxt throne

            • Persian تخت taxt throne, capital, seat, sofa, bed

              • Arabic تَخْت taḵt bed, couch, bench, capital, platform, orchestra
              • Malay takhta throne
              • Ottoman Turkish تخت taht throne, sofa, stage

                • Turkish taht throne
                • Armenian թախտ tʿaxt plank-bed, ottoman, sofa
                • Serbo-Croatian тахт / taht throne
            • Old Armenian տախտ taxt throne, bed, couch

              • Armenian տախտ taxt couch, sofa
            • Georgian ტახტი ṭaxṭi ottoman, bench, throne, royal residence
            • Kurdish text throne, bed, wood
  • Proto-Indo-European *togeh₂

    • Italic

      • Latin toga toga, garment, roof

        • English toga
  • Proto-Indo-European *togyeh₂

    • Celtic *togyā

      • Celtic *uɸertogyā cover, canopy

        • Brythonic *wertogyā *gworθoɣ

          • Welsh gortho canopy
          • Latin vertogia
        • Old Irish fortgae / fortche
      • Brythonic *toɣ

        • Welsh to roof
      • Old Irish tugae cover, thatch

        • Middle Irish tuga

          • Irish tuí thatch, straw
          • Manx too / thoo
          • Scottish Gaelic tugha straw
      • Celtiberian togia roof, house
  • Proto-Indo-European *stogós *togós coverer agentive

    • Balto-Slavic *stāgas

      • Baltic

        • East Baltic

          • Lithuanian stogas roof
        • West Baltic

          • Old Prussian stogis roof
    • Celtic *togos roof

      • Celtic *entogos

        • Old Irish étach covering, clothing
      • Brythonic *toɣ

        • Welsh to roof
    • Germanic *þaką roof, cover

      • North Germanic

        • Old Norse þak thatch, roof

          • Old East Norse

            • Danish tag roof
            • Swedish tak roof, ceiling
          • Old West Norse

            • Faroese tak roof
            • Icelandic þak roof
        • Northern Sámi dáhkki roof, ceiling, hearth
      • West Germanic *þak

        • Old English þæc roof, thatch

          • Middle English thak / thacche

            • English thatch
            • English Thatch
            • English Teach
          • Scots thack / thak thatch, roofing material, roof
        • Frankish *thak

          • Middle Dutch dac roof

            • Dutch dak roof
        • Old High German dah

          • Middle High German dach

            • German Dach roof

              • German Dachdecker roofer, tiler, thatcher
          • Yiddish דאַך dakh roof
          • Polish dach roof, apartment

            • Polish dachowiec feral cat lit. "roofer"
            • Ukrainian дах dax roof
        • Old Saxon thak

          • Middle Low German dak

            • Low German Dack
      • Germanic *þakjaną to cover, to roof

        • North Germanic

          • Old Norse þekja to cover, to thatch

            • Old East Norse

              • Danish tække to thatch
              • Swedish täcka to cover, to provide for, to protect
            • Old West Norse

              • Faroese tekja to cover, to roof
              • Icelandic þekja to cover, to roof, to thatch
        • West Germanic

          • Old English þeċċan to cover, to thatch

            • Middle English thecchen

              • English thatch
              • Scots theke
              • Yola detch
          • Frankish *thecken

            • Middle Dutch decken

              • Dutch dekken to cover, to set (a table)
              • English deck verb, as in "deck the halls", "deck out"
            • Frankish *thecka covering

              • Middle Dutch dec

                • Dutch dek
                • English deck
                • German Deck deck (of a ship)
          • Old High German decchen to cover

            • Middle High German decken

              • German decken to cover, to set (a table)

                • German Dachdecker roofer, tiler, thatcher
            • Old High German theckī / decchī covering

              • Middle High German decke

                • German Decke covering, ceiling, roof

                  • German Bettdecke duvet, quilt, bedspread
          • Old Saxon thekkian to cover, to roof

            • Middle Low German decken

              • German decken

Visual

Collected English words

Baltimore, stake, stack, sauna, stay, stay, steganography, detect, detective, integument, protégé, protect, tuile, tile, tegument, Stegosaurus, Stegosauria, stegosaur, thug, toga, thatch, Thatch, Teach, thatch, deck, deck

Footnotes

1. ^

   I'm not sure what—if anything—the difference between Greek στεγνός stegnós and στεγανός steganós is. There's authors that use both, so it's not a dialect difference, but they seem to be interchangeable.

   The word steganography is first recorded in, and apparently coined for, Johannes Trithemius's 1499 book, _Steganographia_. _Steganographia_ which was a steganographical tex: it was made to look like an occult book on communicating with spirits, but was actually a book about cryptography and steganography.

2. ^

   Khotani ttajsera: "pass over, overwhelm" and tti: "nest" are probably from this root, but Khotani derivation is way above my pay grade, these are just guesses of where they go in the graph. There's also a set of Khotani words with "head" related meanings that may be connected: ttādai: "forehead", ttomau: "top", ttiiva: "crown", ttīna: "bridle".

3. ^

   We saw Welsh tŷ before, when Latin hospitium was borrowed into Welsh to mean "hospital", but was egg-corned in Welsh to end with tŷ: "house", parallel to bwyty: "restaurant".

4. ^

   While *(s)teg- about covering and roofs and *(s)teg- about poles and beams are usually considered two different roots, the concept of "pole, stick, beam" seems clearly related to the concept of a roof. On the other hand "pole, stick, beam" is also related to the idea of "pierce, stab" usually assigned to *steyg- (whence, "stick", "stitch", "etiquette").