March theme: Cloth 👘

Teaser

subtle, text, technology, dachshund, city, haunt, position

Full Text

• Proto-Indo-European *teḱ- to beget, to bring forth, to generate

  • Proto-Indo-European *téḱnom begotten

    • Hellenic

      • Ancient Greek τέκνον téknon child, descendant, young animal

        • Greek τέκνο tékno offspring, child
  • Proto-Indo-European *títḱe-ti Reduplicated thematic verb form

    • Hellenic *tíktō

      • Ancient Greek τίκτω tíktō I beget, to I give birth to, I bear, I produce, I generate
  • Proto-Indo-European *tétḱ-ti Reduplicated athematic verb form

    • Proto-Indo-European *tetḱ- to create, to produce, to hew, to build re-analysed as a new root

      • Proto-Indo-European *tḗtḱ-ti Narten imperfective

        • Balto-Slavic *téśtei

          • Slavic *tesàti to hew

            • East Slavic

              • Russian теса́ть tesátʹ to adze, cut, hew
            • South Slavic

              • Serbo-Croatian тѐсати tèsati to hew, to trim, to cut
            • West Slavic

              • Polish ciosać to hew
        • Indo-Iranian

          • Indo-Aryan

            • Sanskrit 𑀢𑀓𑁆𑀱𑀢𑀺 tákṣati to cut, split, fashion out of wood

              • Telugu తక్షణి takṣaṇi adze
          • Iranian *taš- to make, construct; to cut

            • Avestan 𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬌 𐬙𐬁𐬱𐬙𐬌 auui tāšti make with carpentry
            • Western Iranian

              • Old Persian

                • Persian تش taš hatchet, axe
            • Old Armenian տաշեմ tašem to rough hew, plane, polish, smooth

              • Armenian տաշել tašel to cut, hew, polish, smooth
        • Italic teksō

          • Latin texō I weave, I braid, I intertwine

            • Sardinian tèssere
            • Eastern Romance

              • Romanian a țese to weave, to devise
            • Western Romance

              • French tisser to weave, to braid, to wreathe

                • French tissu woven, fabric, tissue

                  • English tissue
              • Spanish tejer to knit, weave
              • Italian tessere to weave, plot
            • Latin tēla loom, web

              • Western Romance

                • French toile fabric, cloth, spider web

                  • French toilette small cloth, washing, personal grooming, place for washing

                    • English toilet
                • Italian tela cloth, canvas, theater curtain
                • Spanish tela cloth
                • Latin subtīlis fine, thin, slender

                  • Eastern Romance

                    • Romanian subțire thin, slender, sleazy
                  • Western Romance

                    • French subtil subtle

                      • English subtle
                    • Italian sottile thin, fine, delicate, subtle
                    • Spanish sutil subtle
          • Latin textus woven, texture, the style of a work of art

            • Medieval Latin textus style, wording, treatise, text

              • French texte text

                • English text

                  • Translingual .txt
              • Russian текст tekst text, wording, lyrics
            • Latin contextus interwoven, connected, uninterrupted, coherent

              • English context
            • Latin textūra weaving, texture

              • French texture texture

                • English texture
              • Spanish textura texture
            • Latin textilis woven

              • French textile fabric, textile

                • English textile
      • Proto-Indo-European *teḱtós adjective
      • Proto-Indo-European *tetḱdʰlo adze instrumental

        • Balto-Slavic

          • Slavic *tesla adze

            • East Slavic

              • Russian тесло́ tesló adze
            • South Slavic

              • Serbo-Croatian те̏сла tȅsla adze

                • Serbo-Croatian Тесла Tesla occupational surname

                  • English Tesla
                  • Translingual tesla SI derived unit of magnetic inductivity after Nikolai Tesla
              • West Slavic

                • Polish cieślica adze
                • Polish cieśla carpenter
        • Celtic *tāxslos adze

          • Primitive Irish ᚈᚐᚂᚐᚌᚅᚔ talagni adze

            • Old Irish tál adze

              • Irish tál adze
      • Proto-Indo-European *tétḱō derived noun

        • Hellenic *téktōn

          • Mycenaean Greek 𐀳𐀒𐀵𐀚 te-ko-to-ne carpenters
          • Ancient Greek τέκτων téktōn craftsman, carpenter, builder

            • Ancient Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitéktōn chief builder, architect

              • Latin architectus architect, inventor, author

                • French architecte architect

                  • English architect
              • Russian архите́ктор arxitéktor architect
            • Ancient Greek τεκτονικός tektonikós pertaining to building

              • Latin tectonicus pertaining to building, architectural

                • English tectonic
        • Indo-Iranian *táĉšān

          • Indo-Aryan

            • Sanskrit 𑀢𑀓𑁆𑀱𑀦𑁆 tákṣan carpenter, woodcutter
          • Iranian

            • Avestan 𐬙𐬀𐬱𐬀𐬥 tašan shaper, creator
      • Proto-Indo-European *teḱsneh₂ derived noun

        • Hellenic

          • Ancient Greek τέχνη tékhnē craft, skill, art

            • Ancient Greek τεχνολογία tekhnología systematic treatment of art and craft

              • English technology
            • Latin technicus

              • English technical
              • French technique technical

                • English technique
      • Proto-Indo-European *tetḱeh₂ derived noun

        • Germanic *þehsō axe, adze

          • West Germanic

            • Old English þeox spear
            • Old High German dehsa axe
          • Germanic *þehsalȭ axe diminutive?

            • North Germanic

              • Old Norse þexla

                • Danish teksel axe, adze
            • West Germanic

              • Old English *þeoxle axe
              • Old High German dehsala axe, adze

                • German Dechsel adze
      • Proto-Indo-European *tₔtḱtós built

        • Indo-Iranian *taçtás

          • Indo-Aryan *taçtás

            • Sanskrit 𑀢𑀱𑁆𑀝 taṣṭá fashioned, produced, hewn
          • Iranian *taçtáh

            • Avestan 𐬙𐬀𐬱𐬙𐬀 tašta
            • Western Iranian

              • Kurdish teşt
              • Old Persian

                • Persian تشت tašt basin, tub, pan
                • Arabic طَاس ṭas bowl, cup

                  • Georgian თასი tasi bowl, chalice
                  • Persian طاس tâs bowl, cup archaic

                    • Ottoman Turkish طاس tâs

                      • Armenian <թաս tʿas bowl, cup
                      • Greek τάσι tási wide bowl, basin, hubcap, plate of a scale
                      • Serbo-Croatian тас tas cymbal, the plate of a balance or scale
                  • Spanish taza cup, mug, toilet bowl

                    • French tasse cup, cupful

                      • Vietnamese tách cup
                      • French demi-tasse a small coffee cup, a serving of strong coffee, demitasse lit. "half-cup"

                        • English demitasse
                    • Italian tazza cup, mug, toilet bowl
                  • Swahili tasa medal bowl, gong
                • Aramaic ܛܫܬ ṭašt
                • Old Armenian տաշտ tašt cup, mug, bowl, trough, tub, basket

                  • Armenian տաշտ tašt trough, tub
                  • Georgian ტაშტი ṭašṭi wash basin
      • Proto-Indo-European ? builder? badger?

        • Celtic

          • Gaulish tasgos badger

            • Gaulish Tasgiitios Badger (personal name)
            • Gaulish Moritasgus Great-Badger (personal name)
            • Gaulish Tasciovanus Badger-Bane (personal name)
          • Old Irish Tadg Badger? (personal name) ^[1]

            • Irish Tadhg

              • English Teague
              • English taig
        • Germanic *þahsuz badger ^[2]

          • East Germanic

            • Gothic

              • Portuguese texugo badger
          • West Germanic

            • Frankish þahs badger

              • Dutch das badger

                • Afrikaans das

                  • English dassie hyrax
              • Vulgar Latin taxō badger or taxus ^[2]

                • Italian tasso badger

                  • Italian Tasso

                    • French de la Tour et Tassis

                      • German Thurn und Taxis

                        • English Princess TNT
                • Old French taisson badger

                  • Old French taisniere badger den

                    • French tanière den, lair, hideout
                • Spanish tejón badger, coati
          • Old High German dahs badger

            • German Dachs badger

              • German Dachshund breed of dog for hunting badgers and other burrow animals

                • English dachshund
            • Yiddish דאַקס daks badger
          • Germanic *agiþahsijȭ lizard, newt lit. "lizard-badger"

            • West Germanic

              • Old English āþexe lizard, newt

                • English ask newt dialectal
              • Frankish *egithassa

                • Dutch hagedis lizard

                  • Sranan Tongo lagadisa lizard
              • Old High German egidehsa lizard

                • German Eidechse lizard

                  • German Echse lizard
                • Yiddish עקדיש ekdish scorpion
  • Proto-Indo-European *tḱéy-ti athematic perfective

    • Proto-Indo-European *(t)ḱey- to cultivate, to settle, to live, to lie down re-analysed as a new root

      • Proto-Indo-European *(t)ḱéy-ti primary verb form

        • Indo-Iranian

          • Indo-Aryan

            • Sanskrit क्षेति kṣéti to reside, to abide, to stay, to dwell, to settle, to inhabit, to be quiet
          • Iranian

            • Avestan 𐬱𐬀𐬉𐬌𐬙𐬌 šaēiti lives
      • Proto-Indo-European *(t)ḱéys-t s-perfective

        • Hellenic *ktisa

          • Mycenaean Greek 𐀑𐀴𐀋𐀯 ki-ti-je-si they reside
          • Ancient Greek κτίζω ktízō to found, to build, to establish (a colony), to people, to plant (an orchard)

            • Ancient Greek χτίστης chtístis builder, bricklayer, mason
        • Indo-Iranian *ĉšáysat

          • Indo-Aryan *cšáisat

            • Sanskrit 𑀓𑁆𑀱𑁂𑀱𑀢𑁆 kṣeṣat to dwell, to stay, to reside
      • Proto-Indo-European *(t)ḱéytis

        • Hellenic

          • Ancient Greek κτῐ́σῐς ktísis founding, settling, created thing, creature, authority created or ordained

            • Italian autoctisi self-creation (theology)

              • English autoctisis
        • Indo-Iranian *ĉšitís

          • Indo-Aryan *cšitís

            • Sanskrit 𑀓𑁆𑀱𑀺𑀢𑀺 kṣití abode, dwelling, Earth

              • Telugu క్షితి kṣiti earth, 10 to the 14th or 20th power
          • Iranian *šitíh

            • Avestan 𐬱𐬌𐬙𐬌 šiti dwelling, house
      • Proto-Indo-European *(t)ḱeym̥no- to act of settling

        • Hellenic *ktímenos

          • Mycenaean Greek 𐀑𐀴𐀕𐀙 ki-ti-me-na (cultivated) field
          • Ancient Greek *ktímenos

            • Ancient Greek ἐϋκτίμενος eüktímenos well cultivated land
        • Indo-Iranian

          • Iranian *šēn

            • Avestan 𐬱𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬥𐬀 šaiiana place of residence
            • Western Iranian

              • Old Persian

                • Classical Syriac ܫܝܢܐ šainā cultivated land, urban area, domestication, prosperity, peace, treaty
                • Old Armenian շէն šēn inhabited place, village, building, inhabited, prosperous, happy

                  • Armenian շենք šenkʿ building
                  • Armenian շեն šen hamlet, inhabited, prosperous, intact
                  • Georgian შენი šeni village
                  • Turkish şen happy, cheerful, flourishing
        • Proto-Indo-European *(t)ḱéywos domestic, homey, intimate, friendly

          • Balto-Slavic *śéiwāˀ

            • East Baltic

              • Lithuanian sieva wife
          • Germanic *hīwã household member, spouse, couple, household

            • East Germanic

              • Gothic *heiwa

                • Gothic 𐌷𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰 heiwafrauja head of household
            • West Germanic

              • Old English hīwa household member

                • English hewe

                  • Swedish ide den
          • Germanic *hīwid household, land associated with a household

            • North Germanic

              • Old Norse hiþ beaver den
            • West Germanic

              • Old English hīd unit of land and tax assesment, approx. 120 acres, the farming land necessary to support a household

                • English hide
          • Indo-Iranian

            • Indo-Aryan

              • Sanskrit 𑀰𑀺𑀯 śivá auspicious, gracious, happiness, prosperity, welfare

                • Sanskrit 𑀰𑀺𑀯 Śivá

                  • Hindi शिव Śiv
                  • Telugu శివుడు śivuḍu Shiva
                  • English Shiva
          • Italic *keiwis

            • Latin cīvis citizen

              • English civic
              • English civil
              • Latin cīvitātem citizenship, citizenry, community, city

                • Sardinian tzitade city
                • Eastern Romance

                  • Romanian cetate citadel, fortress
                • Western Romance

                  • Old French cité (walled) city

                    • French cité city
                    • English city
                    • Old French citeien

                      • French citoyen citizen
                      • English citizen
                  • Italian città town, city
                  • Spanish ciudad city
                • Armenian qytet city
                • Welsh ciwdod race, people, nation
        • Proto-Indo-European *(t)ḱeyros adjective

          • Old Armenian սէր sēr love, affection, fondness, charity, kiss, Lovefeast/Agape feast

            • Armenian սեր ser love, affection, caring
            • Georgian სერი seri feast
          • Germanic *(ga)hiurijaz trusted, familiar, dear, gentle, mild

            • North Germanic

              • Old Norse hýrr smiling, pleasant, friendly

                • Icelandic hýr glad, happy, gay, homosexual, tipsy
            • West Germanic

              • Old English hēore pleasant, secure, gentle, mild
              • Frankish *hiuri

                • Dutch guur
              • Old High German (ga)hiuri

                • German geheuer pleasant, comfortable, sure
            • Germanic *un(ga)hiurijaz not familiar, not gentle

              • North Germanic

                • Old Norse úhýrr

                  • Danish uhyre enormous, tremendous, exceptionally, a monster
              • West Germanic

                • Old English unhēore unpleasant, awful, monstrous
                • Frankish unhiuri

                  • Dutch onguur nasty, repulsive, unreliable
                • Old High German ungahiuri

                  • German ungeheuer enormous, enormously
        • Proto-Indo-European *(t)ḱóymos family, house, village

          • Celtic *koymos

            • Brythonic

              • Welsh cu dear, beloved
            • Old Irish cóem

              • Irish caomh gracious, gentle, bland

                • Irish Caoimhín Gentle-Birth (personal name)

                  • English Kevin
          • Germanic *haimaz

            • East Germanic

              • Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌼𐍃 haims village
            • North Germanic

              • Old Norse heimr home, abode, land, world

                • Icelandic heimur world
                • Old Norse heim homewards, home adverb

                  • Danish hjem home noun and adverb
                  • Icelandic heim home adverb
                • Old Norse Heimdallr

                  • English Heimdall
            • West Germanic

              • Old English hām home, house, estate, farm, village

                • English home
                • Scots hame home
                • English -ham village in place names

                  • English Birmingham
                  • English Buckingham
                  • English Nottingham
              • Frankish *haim

                • Dutch heem house, home
                • Dutch -em home, village placenames

                  • Dutch Haarlem

                    • English Harlem
                • Old French ham village

                  • Old French hamel small village

                    • French hameau hamlet
                    • Old French hamelet small small village

                      • English hamlet
              • Old High German heim

                • German Heim home, hostel, asylum
                • Yiddish היים heym home
            • Balto-Slavic *káimas ^[3]

              • East Baltic

                • Lithuanian kiẽmas yard, courtyard, farmstead, estate, village
              • West Baltic

                • Old Prussian caymis village
            • Germanic *haimatjanã to bring home, to provide with a home

              • North Germanic

                • Old Norse heimta to fetch, to bring home

                  • Danish hente to fetch, to download
                  • Icelandic heimta to fetch, to bring home
                  • Scots hent to gather, to collect, to spirit away, a gathering
              • West Germanic

                • Old English hāmettan to provide a home for, to house, to bring home

                  • Old French hanter to frequent, to abide in one place

                    • French hanter to frequent, to haunt
                    • Dutch hanteren to handle, to use

                      • German hantieren to handle, to tamper
                    • Middle English

                      • English haunt
                      • Scots hant to frequent, association, usual abode, habit
          • Proto-Indo-European *(t)ḱóyméh₂

            • Balto-Slavic *śeimā́ˀ

              • East Baltic

                • Lithuanian šeimà family
              • Slavic *sěmь(ja) family, household, member of the same village

                • East Slavic

                  • Russian семья́ semʹjá family
                • Ancient Greek κώμη kṓmē unwalled village, country town, ward of a city
            • Hellenic
            • Indo-Iranian

              • Indo-Aryan

                • Sanskrit 𑀓𑁆𑀱𑁂𑀫 kṣéma basis, security

                  • Pali 𑀔𑁂𑀫 khema safe
                  • Sanskrit 𑀬𑁄𑀕𑀓𑁆𑀱𑁂𑀫 yogakṣema the security of possessions

                    • Hindi जोखिम jokhim risk, hazard
      • Proto-Indo-European *(t)ḱin-éti denominative imperfective

        • Italic *sinō

          • Latin sinō I put, I set down, I permit
          • Italic *pozinō away-put

            • Latin pōnō I place, I put, I ordain, I set up

              • Latin positus placed, ordained

                • English post
                • English posit
              • Latin positiō position, place, framing, attitude

                • English position
              • Latin compōnō

                • English compose
              • Latin dēpōnō

                • English depose
                • English deposit
                • English deponent
              • Latin dispōnō

                • English dispose
              • Latin expōnō

                • English expose
                • English expound
                • English exposition
              • Latin impōnō

                • English impose
              • Latin oppōnō

                • English oppose
                • English opponent
              • Latin postpōnō

                • English postpone
              • Latin praepōnō

                • English preposition
              • Latin prōpōnō

                • English propose
              • Latin repōnō

                • English repose
              • Latin suppōnō

                • English suppose
              • Latin trānspōnō

                • English transpose
        • Proto-Indo-European *(t)ḱoyneh₂ bed, cradle

          • Hellenic *kóimos

            • Ancient Greek κοιμάω koimáō I put to sleep, I lull

              • Greek κοιμάμαι koimámai I sleep, I die, I lounge, I sleep with
          • Italic *koinā

            • Latin cūnae cradle, nest, infancy

              • Eastern Romance

                • Aromanian cunã cradle, swing
              • Western Romance

                • Italian culla cradle
                • Spanish cuna cradle, crib

                  • Basque kuma

                    • Basque katakuma kitten
              • Greek κούνια koúnia swing, cradle
        • Proto-Indo-European *(t)ḱoyteh₂

          • Hellenic *koinā

            • Ancient Greek

              • Greek κοίτη koíti bed, river bed

Visual

Collected English words

tissue, toilet, subtle, text, .txt, context, texture, textile, tesla, architect, tectonic, technology, technical, technique, demitasse, taig, dassie, dachshund, ask, autoctisis, hewe, hide, Shiva, civic, civil, city, citizen, home, -ham, hamlet, haunt, post, posit, position, compose, depose, deposit, deponent, dispose, expose, expound, exposition, impose, oppose, opponent, postpone, preposition, propose, repose, suppose, transpose

Proper Names

Tesla, Teague, Princess TNT, Kevin, Heimdall, Birmingham, Buckingham, Nottingham, Harlem

Footnotes

1. ^

   While the Irish name "Tadg" is generally considered to mean "poet", the mythical king Tadg mac Céin is repeatedly associated with badgers in stories. It probably represents a merger of two names.

2. ^

   Germanic *þahsuz, Latin taxō, and/or Latin taxsus may be borrowed from Celtic.

3. ^

   Balto-Slavic is a satem branch, so PIE /ḱ/ should go to /ś/, as we see in the feminine PIE *(t)ḱóyméh₂ -> Balto-Slavic *śeimā́ˀ (Lithuanian šeimà, Russian семья́ semʹjá). But in *(t)ḱóymos -> Balto-Slavic *káimas (Lithuanian kiẽmas, Old Prussian caymis), there is no satemization (and also no Slavic cognate). This could be due to an early Germanic borrowing into the Baltic languages, instead of an in situ development.

   Alternatively, the "thorn-cluster" *tḱ could have blocked satemization in *(t)ḱóymos but not *(t)ḱóyméh₂ for some reason. Compare Sanskrit kṣéma from *(t)ḱoyneh₂ with thorn-cluster development, but śivá from *(t)ḱéywos with simple satemization, as if from *ḱéywos.