May theme: Plants 🌱

Introduction

In which dryad and druid are basically the same word, trust and tryst, trees and truce. Plus horse racing history.

Teaser

tree, true, true, endure, druid, dryad, larch, derby, tray, tray

Full Text

• Proto-Indo-European *drew- hard, firm, strong, wood, tree ^[1]

  • Proto-Indo-European *droweh₂yéti

    • Germanic *trūwijaną

      • North Germanic

        • Old Norse trúa to believe

          • Old East Norse

            • Danish tro to believe, to think
          • Old West Norse

            • Icelandic trúa to believe
      • West Germanic *trūēn

        • Old English trūwian to trust, to have faith in

          • Middle English trowen to trust, to judge, to think, to accept

            • English trow
            • Scots trow
        • Frankish *trūen

          • Middle Dutch truwen

            • Dutch trouwen to trust, to marry
        • Old High German trūēn / trūwēn

          • Middle English trūwen to trust

            • German trauen to trust, to marry
  • Proto-Indo-European *drewéyeti? ^[2]

    • Germanic *trēwaną? ^[2]

      • Germanic *triwwiz true, faithful

        • East Germanic

          • Gothic 𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃 triggws true, faithful
        • North Germanic

          • Old Norse tryggr true

            • Old East Norse

              • Danish tryg safe, secure, easy, confident
            • Old West Norse

              • Icelandic tryggur safe, secure
        • West Germanic *triuwī

          • Old English trīewe / trēowe true

            • Middle English treowe / trewe

              • English true
              • Scots trew
          • Frankish *triuwi

            • Middle Dutch trouwe

              • Dutch trouw true, faithful, loyal
          • Old High German triuwi

            • Middle High German triuwe

              • German treu loyal, faithful, true
        • Germanic *triwwiþō promise, contract

          • North Germanic

            • Old Norse tryggð

              • Old East Norse

                • Danish trygd
              • Old West Norse

                • Icelandic tryggð loyalty, fidelity
          • West Germanic *triuwiþu

            • Old English trēowþ

              • Middle English treuthe / trouth

                • Middle English bitrouthen / bitreuthen

                  • English betroth

                    • English betrothal
                • English truth
                • English troth
                • Scots trowth
        • Germanic *triwwijaną to be faithful, to make faithful

          • North Germanic

            • Old Norse tryggja

              • Icelandic tryggja to secure, to ensure, to insure
          • West Germanic

            • Old English trīewan / trēowan

              • Middle English trowen to trust, to judge, to think, to accept

                • English trow
                • Scots trow
  • Proto-Indo-European *druwós

    • Hellenic *drowós *drowón

      • Classical Greek δροόν *droós droón strong, mighty
    • Italic *dūros

      • Latin durus hard, harsh, vigorous, stern, unyielding ^[3]

        • Latin duracinus hard-berried, stone fruit

          • Central Romance

            • Dalmatian drucno
            • Italian duracina
          • Western Romance

            • Old French duraine
            • Spanish durazno peach Latin American only

              • Quechua turasnu peach
          • French duracine type of peach
          • Classical Greek δωράκινον dōrákinon type of peach

            • Greek ροδάκινο rodákino peach
            • Classical Syriac ܕܘܪܩܝܢܐ dōraqqīnā apricot, peach

              • Arabic دُرَّاق durrāq peach
        • Central Romance

          • Italian duro hard, tough, harsh
        • Insular Romance

          • Sardinian duru hard, tough
        • Western Romance

          • Old French

            • Middle French

              • French dur hard, tough, harsh
          • Spanish duro hard, solid, tough, cruel, stingy
        • Middle Irish

          • Irish dúr hard, tough, difficult, grim, dense, sluggish
          • Scottish Gaelic dùr obstinate, stubborn, sullen, dour

            • Scots dour

              • English dour
        • Latin dūrāre to harden, to last, to endure

          • Latin indūrāre to harden, to endure

            • Central Romance

              • Italian indurare
            • Eastern Romance

              • Romanian îndura
            • Western Romance

              • Old French endurer / andurer to last for

                • Middle French endurer

                  • French endurer
                • Middle English enduren to last

                  • English endure
                • Old French endurance

                  • Middle French endurance

                    • French endurance
                    • English endurance
              • Spanish endurar
          • Central Romance

            • Italian durare
          • Western Romance

            • Old French durer to last for

              • Middle French durer

                • French durer
                • Middle French duree duration, length

                  • French durée duration
              • Middle English duren to last
            • Spanish durar
          • Albanian duroj
          • Latin dūrātiō

            • Central Romance

              • Italian durazione
            • Western Romance

              • Old French duracion

                • English duration
              • Spanish duración
        • Latin dūrābilis durable, lasting

          • Central Romance

            • Italian durabile
          • Western Romance

            • Old French durable

              • Middle English durable

                • English durable
        • Latin dūritia hardness, rigidity, a harsh flavor, austerity, severity

          • Central Romance

            • Italian durezza harshness, rigidity, severity
          • Western Romance

            • Old French durece

              • Middle English duresse

                • English duress
            • Spanish dureza hardness, arduousness
  • Proto-Indo-European *drumós

    • Old Armenian տրամ tram solid, firm

      • Middle Armenian տրամ tram solid ground

        • Georgian ტრამა ṭrama wasteland
    • Germanic *trumaz firm, strong

      • North Germanic

        • Old Norse Þrymr
      • West Germanic *trum

        • Old English trum

          • Middle English trum

            • English trim
      • Germanic *trumjaną to strengthen, to make fast

        • West Germanic *trummjan

          • Old English trymman to strengthen

            • Middle English trymen / trimen

              • English trim
  • Proto-Indo-European *drutós

    • Balto-Slavic

      • Baltic

        • East Baltic

          • Lithuanian drūtas firm, strong ^[3]
    • Celtic *drūtos

      • Brythonic *drʉd

        • Breton druz fat, fertile
        • Cornish drudh favorite, cherished
        • Middle Welsh drut

          • Welsh drud expensive, daring
      • Gaulish *drudos strong, vigorous

        • French dru thick, luxurious (of hair), heavily
  • Proto-Indo-European *drewō a firmness?

    • Germanic *trewwō fidelity, pledge

      • East Germanic

        • Gothic 𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰 triggwa

          • Medieval Latin tregua

            • Italian tregua truce, rest, respite
            • Spanish tregua truce, rest, break
            • English treague
      • North Germanic

        • Old Norse trú

          • Old Norse vantrú disbelief, lack of confidence

            • Old East Norse

              • Danish vantro disbelief
      • West Germanic *treuwu

        • Old English trēow truth, fidelity

          • Middle English trewe / trewes

            • English true noun
            • English truce
        • Frankish *treuwa

          • Dutch trouw loyalty, faithfulness, marriage
          • Old French trieve

            • French trêve truce, break, rest
          • Old High German triuwa

            • German Treue faithfulness, loyalty
          • Old Saxon triuwa / treuwe

            • Old Norse trú

              • Old Norse vantrú disbelief, lack of confidence

                • Old East Norse

                  • Danish vantro disbelief
            • Middle Low German truwe / trouwe

              • Low German Treue
  • Proto-Indo-European *drowstōs

    • Germanic *traustaz firm, strong

      • Germanic *traustą shelter, aid, trust, confidence, alliance

        • East Germanic

          • Gothic 𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌹 trausti covenant, pact
        • North Germanic

          • Old Norse traust

            • Danish trøst comfort, solace
            • Icelandic traust trust, faith, confidence
            • Old English

              • English trust

                • French trust a trust (group)

                  • Vietnamese tơ-rớt a trust (group)
        • West Germanic

          • Old English *trēast

            • Middle English tryst / trist

              • English tryst
          • Frankish *traust

            • Dutch troost comfort, consolation
          • Old High German trōst

            • German Trost consolation
      • Germanic *traustijaną to make strong, to comfort

        • North Germanic

          • Old Norse treysta

            • Old French

              • Middle English tryst / trist

                • English tryst
  • Proto-Indo-European *dóru tree

    • Anatolian *dōru

      • Hittite 𒋫𒀀𒊒 tāru wood, tree
      • Hieroglyphic Luwian tarud- statue
      • Indo-Iranian *taru

        • Indo-Aryan

          • Sanskrit 𑀢𑀭𑀼 taru tree

            • Telugu తరువు taruvu tree
        • Iranian

          • Scythian *tūlyā tree

            • Alanian *tul

              • Alanian *tulʒæ diminutive

                • Ossetian толдзӕ / тулдз tolʒæ tulʒ oak
                • Hungarian tölgy oak
              • Old Armenian

                • Armenian թխկի tʻxki maple
              • Ingush дийхк diı̇xk pine tree
            • Saka *tūilā

              • Khotani 𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀻𑀮 ttīla tree, shrub
    • Hellenic *dóru tree

      • Classical Greek δόρῠ dóru wood, tree, pole, spear, lance

        • Greek δόρυ dóry pike, spear
        • English dory
      • Hellenic *drutómoi tree cutters

        • Mycenaean Greek 𐀉𐀬𐀵𐀗 du-ru-to-mo tree cutters
      • Hellenic *der-drewom?

        • Classical Greek δένδρον déndron tree

          • Classical Greek ῥοδόδενδρον rhodódendron rosebay, oleander

            • Latin rhododendron rosebay, oleander

              • Translingual Rhododendron
              • Vulgar Latin *arodandrum

                • Vulgar Latin *lorandrum

                  • Central Romance

                    • Italian oleandro oleander
                  • Western Romance

                    • French oléandre

                      • English oleander
                    • Galician loendro oleander
          • English dendr- / dendro-

            • English dendrogram
    • Indo-Iranian *dā́ru tree, wood

      • Indo-Aryan *dā́ru

        • Sanskrit 𑀤𑀸𑀭𑀼 dā́ru wood, timber

          • Sanskrit 𑀟𑀸𑀮 ḍāla branch ^[4]

            • Hindi डाल ḍāl branch
      • Iranian *dā́ru wood, tree

        • Avestan dāuru wood
        • Western Iranian

          • Northwestern Iranian

            • Kurdish دار dār tree, wood, staff
          • Old Persian 𐎭𐎠𐎽𐎢𐎺 d-a-ru-u-v wood

            • Persian دار dâr tree, wood, gallows
        • Iranian *dā́rukah wood, tree, stick

          • Sogdo-Bactrian

            • Sogdian δārukā wood, stick
          • Pashto لرګی largáy wood
          • Western Iranian

            • Northwestern Iranian

              • Medean *dāruwkah

                • Akkadian 𒁕𒊒𒊌𒆪 Da-ru-uk-ku place name
    • Tocharian *or

      • Arshian or wood
      • Kushean or wood

        • Kushean ārwa firewood
    • Proto-Indo-European *dréwom

      • Germanic *trewą

        • East Germanic

          • Gothic 𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌿 triu tree, wood, stick
        • North Germanic

          • Old Norse tré tree, mast, beam

            • Danish træ tree, wood, timber
            • Icelandic tré tree, wood
        • West Germanic *treu

          • Old English trēow tree

            • Middle English treo / tre / trau

              • English tree
          • Frankish *treo

            • Middle Dutch

              • Dutch teer rare, boom is more common
    • Proto-Indo-European *derwóm

      • Balto-Slavic *derwa
      • Celtic *derwo-

        • Brythonic

          • Brythonic *Deruentiū hydronym: of the Oaks?, Water-?

            • Old Welsh Derwennydd
            • Latin Derventiō

              • Old English Derwent

                • Old Norse *Djúrabýr

                  • Old English Deoraby (Danelaw) Derby

                    • English Derby ^[5]

                      • English derby ^[5]
                • Old English Derƿentby Derby lit. "Derwent-town"

                  • English Derby ^[5]

                    • English derby ^[5]
                • English Derwent
          • Welsh derw oaks
        • Old Irish derb wooden bucket
        • Old Irish derb sure, certain, fixed, truly

          • Old Irish derbráthair full brother, brother german

            • Irish deartháir brother
          • Old Irish derbṡiur sister

            • Irish deirfiúr sister
          • Irish dearbh sure, certain
        • Gaulish *deruo-

          • Latin Dereventum place name (in Gallia Lugdunensis)

            • Western Romance

              • French Drevant
          • Latin Dervus

            • French Der

              • French Montier-en-Der
          • Old French dervée oaken
      • Germanic *terwą tar, resin

        • North Germanic

          • Old Norse tjara

            • Danish tjære tar
            • Icelandic tjara tar
          • Finnic *tërva

            • Finnish terva tar
            • Samic *tërvē

              • Northern Sámi darvi tar
        • West Germanic

          • Old English teru tar, resin

            • English tar
          • Frankish

            • Dutch teer tar
          • Old Saxon

            • Low German

              • German Teer tar
    • Proto-Indo-European *drwós *drwh₂ós collective

      • Albanian dru tree, wood
      • Balto-Slavic

        • East Baltic

          • Finnic *tërva

            • Finnish terva tar
            • Samic *tërvē

              • Northern Sámi darvi tar
          • Lithuanian dervà tar, resin, wood chips
        • Slavic *drъvo wood

          • East Slavic

            • Russian дрова drova firewood
          • South Slavic

            • Old Church Slavonic дръва drŭva wood
            • Serbo-Croatian дрво drvo tree, wood, timber
          • West Slavic

            • Polish drwa

              • Polish drwal lumberjack
      • Celtic *daru tree, oak

        • Brythonic *dar oak, tree

          • Welsh dâr oak tree
          • Brythonic *aβaldar apple tree

            • Old English apuldor apple tree partial translation

              • English Appledore
        • Gaulish

          • Classical Greek λάριξ lárix larch, Venice turpentine

            • Latin larix larch

              • Translingual Larix taxonomic genus of conifers, the larches
              • Italian larice larch
              • Old High German larihha

                • German Lärche larch

                  • Dutch lork larch
                  • English larch larch
              • Finnic

                • Estonian lehis larch
                • Finnish lehtikuusi larch lit. "larch-spruce"
        • Old Irish dair oak

          • Old Irish Cell Dara place name: Church of the Oak, Kildare

            • Irish Cill Dara

              • English Kildare
          • Irish dair oak
        • Celtic *dru-wits *druwits druid

          • Brythonic *drüw

            • Welsh dryw druid, seer
            • Old English drȳ sorcerer, magician
          • Gaulish *druwits

            • Gaulish *druwides druids, the Druids

              • Classical Greek δρυΐδαι druḯdai the Druids

                • Latin Druidae the Druids

                  • French druide druid

                    • English druid

                      • Mandarin 德魯伊 délǔyī druid
                  • Italian druida druid
                  • Spanish druida druid
          • Old Irish druí / druï druid, sorcerer

            • Middle Irish

              • Irish draoi druid, sorcerer, diviner, trickster

                • Irish draíodóir magician
              • Scottish Gaelic draoidh druid, sorcerer, philosopher
            • Old Irish druídecht / draídecht druidry, wizardry, occult science

              • Middle Irish

                • Irish draíocht druidry, witchfraft, magic, enchantment
                • Manx druaight charm, spell, druid
                • Scottish Gaelic draoidheachd bewitchment, sorcery, druidry, magic, charm, enchantment
      • Hellenic

        • Classical Greek δρῦς drûs tree, timber, oak

          • Classical Greek δρυοκολάπτης druokoláptis woodpecker

            • Greek δρυοκολάπτης dryokoláptis woodpecker
          • Classical Greek χαμαίδρυς / χαμαίδρῡς khamaídrus khamaídrūs wall germander "ground-oak"

            • Latin chamaedrys

              • French germandrée

                • English germander
                • German Gamander
              • Italian camedrio avens
          • Classical Greek Δρυάς Druás tree nymph, dryad oblique stem Δρυάδ- Druád-

            • Latin Dryas dryad, druidess oblique stem Dryad-

              • French dryade dryad

                • English dryad
      • Indo-Iranian

        • Indo-Aryan

          • Sanskrit द्रु drú wood, wooden implement, branch

            • Sanskrit द्रुपद drupadá post, (wooden) pillar
      • Messapic *daras oaks

        • Classical Greek Τάρας Táras Tarentum Greek colony in southern Italy

          • Latin Tarentum

            • Central Romance

              • Italian Tarento

                • Italian Tarantino
                • Italian tarantola tarantula

                  • English tarantula
    • Proto-Indo-European *drumós

      • Germanic *trumaz root

        • West Germanic

          • Old English trum root, (tree) stump

            • Old English wyrttrum

              • Old English wyrttrumian to grow upward, as from a root or seed
      • Hellenic

        • Classical Greek δρυμός drumós copse, thicket, wood

          • Classical Greek Δρυμός Drumós place name: Thicket

            • Latin Drymus
          • Classical Greek Δρυμαία Drumaia
      • Indo-Iranian

        • Indo-Aryan

          • Sanskrit द्रुम druma tree
    • Proto-Indo-European *drukós wooden

      • Old Armenian տարգալ targal (wooden) spoon

        • Armenian գդալ gdal spoon
      • Celtic

        • Old Irish

          • Middle Irish drochta wooden basin, trough
      • Germanic *trugaz trough

        • North Germanic

          • Old Norse trog

            • Icelandic trog trough
        • West Germanic

          • Old English trog trough

            • English trough
            • Irish trach trough
          • Frankish *trog

            • Dutch trog trough, trench
          • Old High German troc

            • German Trog trough, trench
            • Italian trogolo trough
    • Proto-Indo-European *dréwh₂nom *dréwh₂tom *dréwh₂yom wooden implement

      • Anatolian

        • Hittite taru̯āli pestle?
      • Old Armenian տոռն toṙn (wooden) pestle
      • Germanic *trawją

        • North Germanic

          • Old Norse treyja

            • Old Swedish trø
        • West Germanic

          • Old English trēġ wooden serving board, tray

            • English tray
          • Old Saxon

            • Low German Treechel trough
      • Hellenic

        • Classical Greek δρουίτη drouítē (wooden) tub
      • Indo-Iranian *dráwnam

        • Indo-Aryan *dráwnam

          • Sanskrit द्रोण dróṇa wooden bucket, trough

            • Magadhi

              • Bengali ডিঙ্গা dinga small fishing boat, canoe

                • English dinghy
    • Proto-Indo-European

      • Indo-Iranian

        • Indo-Aryan

          • Sanskrit dārv wooden

            • Sanskrit दर्वि dárvi spoon, ladle
  • Proto-Indo-European *dweh₂- long?, distant?, enduring? or related to *dyew-: "day"?

    • Hellenic

      • Classical Greek δήν dḗn for a long time, long ago
      • Italic
      • Latin dēmum at last, only
    • Proto-Indo-European *duh₂rós

      • Italic *dūros

        • Latin durus hard, harsh, vigorous, stern, unyielding ^[3]

          • Latin duracinus hard-berried, stone fruit

            • Central Romance

              • Dalmatian drucno
              • Italian duracina
            • Western Romance

              • Old French duraine
              • Spanish durazno peach Latin American only

                • Quechua turasnu peach
            • French duracine type of peach
            • Classical Greek δωράκινον dōrákinon type of peach

              • Greek ροδάκινο rodákino peach
              • Classical Syriac ܕܘܪܩܝܢܐ dōraqqīnā apricot, peach

                • Arabic دُرَّاق durrāq peach
          • Central Romance

            • Italian duro hard, tough, harsh
          • Insular Romance

            • Sardinian duru hard, tough
          • Western Romance

            • Old French

              • Middle French

                • French dur hard, tough, harsh
            • Spanish duro hard, solid, tough, cruel, stingy
          • Middle Irish

            • Irish dúr hard, tough, difficult, grim, dense, sluggish
            • Scottish Gaelic dùr obstinate, stubborn, sullen, dour

              • Scots dour

                • English dour
          • Latin dūrāre to harden, to last, to endure

            • Latin indūrāre to harden, to endure

              • Central Romance

                • Italian indurare
              • Eastern Romance

                • Romanian îndura
              • Western Romance

                • Old French endurer / andurer to last for

                  • Middle French endurer

                    • French endurer
                  • Middle English enduren to last

                    • English endure
                  • Old French endurance

                    • Middle French endurance

                      • French endurance
                      • English endurance
                • Spanish endurar
            • Central Romance

              • Italian durare
            • Western Romance

              • Old French durer to last for

                • Middle French durer

                  • French durer
                  • Middle French duree duration, length

                    • French durée duration
                • Middle English duren to last
              • Spanish durar
            • Albanian duroj
            • Latin dūrātiō

              • Central Romance

                • Italian durazione
              • Western Romance

                • Old French duracion

                  • English duration
                • Spanish duración
          • Latin dūrābilis durable, lasting

            • Central Romance

              • Italian durabile
            • Western Romance

              • Old French durable

                • Middle English durable

                  • English durable
          • Latin dūritia hardness, rigidity, a harsh flavor, austerity, severity

            • Central Romance

              • Italian durezza harshness, rigidity, severity
            • Western Romance

              • Old French durece

                • Middle English duresse

                  • English duress
              • Spanish dureza hardness, arduousness
      • Old Armenian երկար erkar long, extended, slow ^[6]

        • Armenian երկար erkar long, lengthy, protacted
      • Hellenic *dwārós alternate zero-grade stem where *h₂ instead of *w is vocalized

        • Classical Greek δηρός dērós long, too long
      • Indo-Iranian *duHrás long, far

        • Indo-Aryan *duHrás

          • Sanskrit दूर dūrá

            • Pali dūra
            • Sauraseni 𑀤𑀽𑀭 dūra

              • Hindustani

                • Hindi दूर dūr distant, far, away from, off
              • Northwestern Sauraseni

                • Kashmiri دوٗر dūr
                • Punjabi ਦੂਰ dūr far
              • Western Sauraseni

                • Romani dur far
            • Telugu దూరము dūramu distance
        • Iranian *duHráh

          • Avestan dūrāt̰ from afar
          • Western Iranian

            • Northwestern Iranian

              • Kurdish دوور dûr distant, far off
            • Old Persian

              • Middle Persian

                • Persian دور dūr far, distant, away

Visual

Collected English words

Rhododendron, oleander, trow, true, truth, troth, betroth, betrothal, dour, endure, endurance, duration, durable, duress, trim, trim, treague, true, truce, trust, tryst, dory, dendr-, tree, Derwent, Derby, derby, tar, Appledore, Larix, larch, Kildare, dryad, germander, tarantula, trough, tray, dinghy, druid, dendrogram

Footnotes

1. ^

   It is impossible to tell at this point if the original meaning was "tree" or "firm". Compare Latin robustus/robur.

2. ^

   PIE *drewéyeti and Germanic *trewwaną are implied by the form of the Germanic adjective *triwwiz. Compare for example Germanic *hriwwiz: "regretful" from Germanic *hrewwaną: "to regret, to rue", from PIE *krewéyti: "cause to break". But I know of no other trace of *drewéyeti or *trewwaną, besides those through *triwwiz. Indeed, Germanic then re-derives a verb from the *triwwiz to get *triwwijaną.

3. ^

   In my opinion, Latin dūrus is probably a mix of *druwós: "firm" (with metathesis) and *duh₂rós: "long" (with metaphor to time, also present in Armenian and Greek).

   In Indo-Iranian *duh₂rós is (nearly) always a long distance, not a long time. There is another adjective very similar to Latin dūrus, *dʰruwás: "firm, fixed, strong" (Sanskrit dhruvá), but the *dʰ means it is not formally equivalent for Latin durus and English true, but to Latin firmus=lat-Latn and English darn`=ng-Latn (as in socks).

   Since Balto-Slavic merges *d and *dʰ, Lithuanian drūtas: "firm, strong" could be from either group (or both!)

4. ^

   I don't have any sources for an etymology for Sanskrit डाल ḍāla: "branch". But since in early Sanskrit d and ḍ are in conditioned alternation, and r and l are in dialectic alternation, it makes sense to tentatively connect it to दारु dā́ru: "wood, timber".

5. ^

   English Derby is a confluence of related influences: 1) organic formation of Derwent-by: "Derwent-town, town on the River Derwent", 2) from the Roman settlement Derventio (later Derbentio), itself from the Brythonic name of the river Derwent, 3) Old Norse Djúrabý, the Danelaw name of the town, literally "Deer-town", but probably influenced by the sound of one or both of the other two.

   English derby: "a race", is after the Earls of Derby, several of whom were famous patrons of horse-racing, especially Edward Smith-Stanley, 12th Earl of Derby who organized a sweepstake horse race in 1779 which was the founding event of two of the five most prestigious horse races in England: the Derby, open to colts and fillies, and the Oaks, restricted to fillies. Either of which counts as the second leg in the original "Triple Crown".

   Nota bene, Oaks after the London estate of the Earls of Derby (now Oaks Park), which connects back to the original Brythonic name *Deruentiū: "of the Oaks", such that these two equivalent races, Derby and Oaks, are ultimately synonymous.

6. ^

   Yes, Armenian erkar really is cognate to Greek dērós! Compare Armenian erku: vs. Greek dúo, both "two".