December theme: Religion 📿

Teaser

guide, vision, envy, prudent, Hades, idyllic, Rigveda, idea, history, wise

Full Text

• Proto-Indo-European *weyd- to see

  • Indo-Iranian *wayd- to know, to find

    • Indo-Aryan

      • Sanskrit 𑀯𑀺𑀤𑁆 vid know, find
    • Iranian *waid-

      • Avestan vid know, understand
      • Avestan vaēd find
      • Iranian *ni-waid invitation

        • Avestan niuuaēδaiiemi to invite a deity to the sacrifice, to dedicate
        • Western Iranian *nivēδ invitation

          • Northwestern Iranian

            • Parthian

              • Old Armenian նուէր nuēr offering, present, sacrafice

                • Armenian նվեր nver present, gift
          • Old Persian

            • Persian نوید navid promise, good news Also a given name: Navid, Naveed
          • Western Iranian *nivēδāk

            • Northwestern Iranian

              • Parthian

                • Old Armenian նուիրակ nuirak announcer, usher, messenger

                  • Armenian նվիրակ nvirak legate (deputy), nuncio (envoy)
  • Proto-Indo-European *winédti nasal-infix imperfective

    • Proto-Armenian

      • Old Armenian գտանեմ gtanem to find, to discover, to gain, to meet
    • Celtic *windeti

      • Brythonic *gwɨbod knowing, to know

        • Welsh gwybod to know
      • Old Irish (ro-)finnadar to find out, to discover, to know

        • Irish fionn ascertain, discover
    • Indo-Iranian

      • Indo-Aryan

        • Sanskrit 𑀯𑀺𑀦𑁆𑀤𑀢𑀺 vindati to know, to understand, to mind, to observe
      • Iranian

        • Avestan 𐬬𐬍𐬥𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬍 vīnastī to find
        • Northern Iranian

          • Ossetian уынын wynyn to see
        • Western Iranian

          • Northwestern Iranian

            • Parthian wyndyd acquires, gains?
          • Old Persian ​​vaina- to see

            • Persian بین bin see suppletive present stem of دیدَن didan

              • Persian دوربین durbin far-sighted, spyglass, binoculars, camera "spyglass" as calque of Latin telescopium

                • Arabic دَرْبِين darbīn telescope, binoculars dialectic

                  • Swahili darubini telescope, binoculars
                • Hindi दूरबीन dūrbīn telescope
                • Turkish dürbün binoculars
              • Persian اختربین axtarbin telescope lit. "star-seer"
  • Proto-Indo-European *wóyde has seen

    • Proto-Armenian *gēt-

      • Armenian գիտեմ gitem to know
    • Balto-Slavic

      • Slavic *věděti to know, to be sure of

        • East Slavic

          • Russian ве́дать védatʹ to know, to be sure of archaic
          • Ukrainian відати vidaty to deal, to manage
        • South Slavic

          • Old Church Slavonic вѣдѣти věděti to know
          • Serbo-Croatian vedeti to know regional
        • West Slavic

          • Czech vědět to know
          • Polish wiedzieć to know, to be sure of
    • Germanic *witanã to know

      • East Germanic

        • Gothic 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 witan to know
      • North Germanic

        • Old Norse vita to know

          • Danish vide
          • Icelandic vita to know, to see, to check
      • West Germanic

        • Old English witan to know, to be aware, to be wise, to be concious of, to feel (an emotion)

          • English wit
          • English wot
        • Frankish *witan

          • Dutch weten to know, to remember, to be able to
          • Old Occitan

            • French guider to guide

              • English guide
            • Italian guidare to guide, to manage, to drive (a vehicle)
            • Spanish guiar to guide, to drive, to steer, to advise
        • Old High German wizzan to know

          • German wissen to know, to be aware

            • German Wissenschaft science
          • Yiddish וויסן visn to know, knowledge
    • Hellenic

      • Classical Greek οἶδα oîda to know, to be acquainted with, to know how to
    • Indo-Iranian *wáytˢti

      • Indo-Aryan *wáytti

        • Sanskrit 𑀯𑁂𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀺 vetti to know, to understand, to know how to, to learn
      • Iranian *wáystī

        • Avestan 𐬬𐬋𐬌𐬯𐬙𐬁 vōistā you know
  • Proto-Indo-European *widéh₁yeti seeing, being seen? stative

    • Italic *widēō

      • Latin videō I see, I look, I note, I understand

        • Central Romance

          • Italian vedere
        • Eastern Romance

          • Romanian a vedea
        • Western Romance

          • French voir
          • Spanish ver
        • English video

          • Greek βίντεο vínteo movie, video game
        • Latin vīsus been seen passive perfect participle

          • Vulgar Latin *visus

            • Western Romance

              • French vue

                • English view
            • French visa

              • English visa
            • Vulgar Latin *vīsitus

              • Central Romance

                • Italian vista

                  • English vista
            • Vulgar Latin *vīsāticum

              • Western Romance

                • Old French visage

                  • French visage face
                  • English visage
          • Latin charta vīsa
          • Latin prōvīsus foreseen

            • Latin imprōvīsus unforeseen, unexpected, sudden

              • Western Romance

                • Italian improvviso unforeseen, unexpected, sudden

                  • Italian improvvisàre to improvise, to make up, to play by ear

                    • French improviser

                      • English improvise

                        • English improv
        • Latin vīsiō seeing, sight, vision, view

          • Central Romance

            • Italian visione
          • Western Romance

            • French vision

              • English vision
            • Spanish visión
        • Latin invideō I look askance at, I look maliciously at, I am prejudice against, I envy

          • Latin invidia envy, grudge, jealousy, spite

            • Central Romance

              • Italian invidia
            • Western Romance

              • French envie

                • English envy
              • Spanish envidia
        • Latin praevideō I see before, I anticipate

          • English preview
        • Latin prōvideō I foresee, I prepare for, I take care of

          • English provide
          • English purvey
          • English prudent
          • Latin prōvīsus foreseen

            • Latin imprōvīsus unforeseen, unexpected, sudden

              • Western Romance

                • Italian improvviso unforeseen, unexpected, sudden

                  • Italian improvvisàre to improvise, to make up, to play by ear

                    • French improviser

                      • English improvise

                        • English improv
        • Latin revideō I look again, I revisit

          • English review
        • Latin supervideō I oversee, I see from above

          • English supervise
          • English survey
        • Latin vidēns looking, seeing

          • Latin ēvidēns apparent, visible, evident, clear

            • Central Romance

              • Italian evidente
            • Western Romance

              • French évident

                • English evident
              • Spanish evidente
            • Latin ēvidēntia

              • English evidence
        • Latin vīsitō I go to see, I visit frequentive

          • Central Romance

            • Italian visitare
          • Western Romance

            • French visiter

              • English visit
            • Spanish visitar
        • Latin vīsō I look into, I stare at, I go to see intensive

          • Latin advīsō

            • English advise
          • Latin revīsō

            • English revise
        • Latin vīsor

          • English visor
  • Proto-Indo-European *n̥widḗs unseen

    • Hellenic *awidḗs

      • Classical Greek ἀϊδής aïdḗs invisible
      • Classical Greek ᾍδης Hā́idēs Hades (Realm of the Dead), Hades (Divinity of the Underworld), grave, death

        • Greek Άδης Ádis Hades
        • Latin Hādēs Hades

          • English Hades
        • Old Church Slavonic адъ adŭ hell

          • Russian ад ad hell, inferno, Hades
  • Proto-Indo-European *wéydo sight, knowledge

    • Balto-Slavic

      • Slavic *vȋdъ

        • East Slavic

          • Russian вид vid looks, appearance, form, kind, sort, species
        • South Slavic

          • Old Church Slavonic видъ vidŭ
          • Serbo-Croatian ви̑д vȋd eyesight, aspect, type
    • Celtic *wēdo

      • Brythonic

        • Welsh gŵydd presence, face
      • Old Irish fíad before, in front of
    • Germanic *witjã knowledge, reason, sense, wit

      • East Germanic

        • Gothic *witi

          • Gothic 𐌽𐍅𐌹𐍄𐌹 unwiti ignorance, folly
      • North Germanic

        • Old Norse vit

          • Danish vid
          • Icelandic vit wits, intelligence, sense, reason

            • Icelandic viska wisdom
      • West Germanic

        • Old English witt mind, understanding, sense, sanity

          • English wit
        • Old High German wizzi

          • German Witz wit, joke, humor
          • Yiddish וויץ‏ vvits joke
    • Hellenic

      • Classical Greek εἶδος eîdos form, image, shape, sight, fashion, kind

        • Classical Greek εἴδωλον eídōlon phantom, ghost, image, shape, statue, idol

          • Greek είδωλο eídolo idol, reflection
          • Latin idolum image, form, ghost, idol

            • English idol
          • Old Church Slavonic идолъ idolŭ

            • Russian идол idol idol
          • Coptic ⲉⲓⲇⲱⲗⲟⲛ eidōlon idol
          • English eidolon
          • Classical Greek εἰδύλλιον eidúllion diminutive

            • Latin īdyllium

              • French idylle

                • English idyll
                • French idyllique

                  • English idyllic
        • Classical Greek ειδής -eidḗs -shaped

          • Classical Greek ἰοειδής ioeidḗs violet "resembling violet, the flower"
          • English kaleidoscope Learned coining by David Brewster 1817
          • Latin -(o)īdēs

            • English -(o)id
    • Indo-Iranian

      • Indo-Aryan

        • Sanskrit 𑀯𑁂𑀤 véda knowledge, sacred knowledge, Veda

          • Magadhi

            • Bengali বেদ bed Veda
          • Sauraseni

            • Madhya Sauraseni

              • Hindi वेद ved Veda
            • Pali veda

              • Middle Chinese

                • Mandarin 吠陀 fèituó Veda
              • Thai เวท wêet Veda
          • Telugu వేదము vēdamu Veda
          • English Veda
          • Sanskrit 𑀋𑀕𑁆𑀯𑁂𑀤 ṛg-vedá Veda of Praise, Rigveda

            • Sauraseni

              • Madhya Sauraseni

                • Hindi ऋग्वेद ŕgved
            • English Rigveda
  • Proto-Indo-European *wideseh

    • Hellenic *widéhā

      • Classical Greek ἰδέα idéa look, appearance, form, type, style

        • Greek ιδέα idéa idea, opinion, impression
        • Russian идея ideja idea
        • Latin idea idea, prototype (Platonic)

          • English idea

            • Japanese アイデア aidea idea, invention
          • French idée idea
          • German Idee idea

            • Yiddish אידעע‏ idee idea
          • Italian idea idea
          • Spanish idea idea
  • Proto-Indo-European *wéydtōr one who has seen

    • Hellenic *wístōr

      • Classical Greek ἵστωρ hístōr witness, wise man, expert, judge

        • Classical Greek ἱστορία historía inquiry, examination, observation, science, the body of knowledge produced by such inquiry, a written account of such inquiry

          • Greek ιστορία istoría history, story, love affair
          • Russian история istorija history, story, affair, thing
          • Hebrew הסטורְיה história history
          • Latin historia history, account, story

            • Central Romance

              • Italian storia history, story, relationship
            • Western Romance

              • French histoire story, history

                • Haitian Creole istwa story, history
                • English history

                  • English historical linguistics
                • English story
                • English stor(e)y ^[1]
              • Spanish historia history, story, H (phonetic alphabet)
            • German Historie history

              • Yiddish היסטאריע historye history
            • Polish historia history, story
            • Welsh ystyr meaning, sense
    • Proto-Indo-European *weydtus seeing action noun

      • Celtic *wissus discovery, knowledge, message

        • Brythonic *gwɨs

          • Welsh gwŷs summons, citation
        • Old Irish fius knowledge, information, message

          • Irish fios knowledge, information
        • Celtic *towissākos chief, first, primary

          • Brythonic *towɨssọg

            • Welsh tywysog leader, chief, prince
          • Primitive Irish ᚈᚑᚃᚔᚄᚐᚉᚔ tovisaci

            • Old Irish toísech chief, first

              • Irish taoiseach chief, prime minister

                • English Taoiseach
    • Proto-Indo-European *weydstós knowledgeable lit. "like one who has seen"

      • Celtic

        • Celtiberian veizos witness
      • Germanic *wīsaz wise, knowledgeable

        • North Germanic

          • Old Norse víss wise

            • Danish vis wise
            • Icelandic vís wise, knowledgeable, certain
            • Finnish viisas wise ^[2]

              • Northern Sami viissis wise
        • West Germanic

          • Old English wīs wise

            • English wise

              • English wizard ^[3]
          • Old High German wīs wise

            • German weise wise
        • Germanic *wīsadōmaz wise judgment, wisdom

          • North Germanic

            • Old Norse vísdómr

              • Danish visdom wisdom
              • Icelandic vísdómur viska is more common
          • West Germanic

            • Old English wīsdōm wisdom

              • English wisdom
            • Old High German wīstuom

              • German Weistum Weisheit is more common
        • Germanic *wīsahaiduz wisdom

          • North Germanic

            • Old Norse

              • Swedish vishet wisdom
          • West Germanic

            • Old English wīs(a)had wisdom

              • English wisehood wisdom is more common
            • Old High German

              • German Weisheit wisdom, insight

Visual

Collected English words

wit, wot, guide, video, view, visa, vista, visage, vision, envy, preview, provide, purvey, prudent, improvise, improv, review, supervise, survey, evident, evidence, visit, advise, revise, visor, Hades, wit, idol, eidolon, idyll, idyllic, kaleidoscope, -(o)id, Veda, Rigveda, idea, history, historical linguistics, story, stor(e)y, Taoiseach, wise, wizard, wisdom, wisehood

Footnotes

1. ^

   stor(e)y meaning a level of a building seems to come from the narrative paintings on the sides of medieval buildings.

2. ^

   Finnish viisas as in the Kalevala (my latest textual obsession), Third Rune: Oi on viisas Väinämöinen, tietäjä iän-ikuinen! ("Oh thou wise Väinämöinen, immortal sage!", or something like that.)

3. ^

   Wizard: "one who is wise". Compare drunkard: "one who is drunk", dotard: "one who dotes", coward: "one who is cowed", etc.