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fermentation, thermos, warm, petit four, furnace, gore, frantic, adrenaline

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• Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰer- warm, hot

  • Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰéreti warms root imperfective

    • Pre-Albanian *džera

      • Pre-Albanian *džernja

        • Albanian ziej I boil, I cook
    • Celtic *gʷereti warms

      • Celtic *uɸo-gʷereti
      • Old Irish fo·geir to heat, to warm, to inflame, to irritate
    • Hellenic *kʷʰérō

      • Classical Greek θέρω thérō I heat, I become warm, I burn
  • Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰr̥néwti warms -nw- imperfective

    • Old Armenian ջեռնում ǰeṙnum to get warm, to be warmed, to get angry or excited, to burn (instransitve)

      • Armenian ջեռանալ ǰeṙanal to get warm

        • Armenian ջեռակ ǰeṙak hot water bottle
    • Germanic *brinnanã ^[1]

      • East Germanic

        • Gothic 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 brinnan to burn
      • North Germanic

        • Old Norse brinna to burn

          • Danish brænde to burn, to roast, to cremate, to sting
          • Icelandic brenna to burn
      • West Germanic

        • Old English biernan to burn

          • English burn
        • Old High German brinnan to burn

          • German brinnen to burn archaic
    • Indo-Iranian *gʰr̥náwti

      • Indo-Aryan

        • Sanskrit 𑀖𑀾𑀡𑁄𑀢𑀺 ghṛṇóti burns, shines, sprinkles and/or from *gʰer-: "to rub, to smear"
  • Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰigʷʰérti warms reduplicative imperfective

    • Indo-Iranian *ǰʰigʰárti

      • Indo-Aryan *ȷ́igʰárti

        • Sanskrit 𑀚𑀺𑀖𑀭𑁆𑀢𑀺 jígharti shines
  • Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰréh₁(ye)ti is warm -eh₁- stative

    • Pre-Albanian *grāja

      • Pre-Albanian *en-grāja

        • Albanian ngroh I warm, I heat
    • Balto-Slavic *grḗˀtei

      • Slavic *grěti to warm, to heat, to shine

        • East Slavic грѣти grěti

          • Russian греть gretʹ to heat
          • Ukrainian грі́ти hríty to radiate heat (instransitive), to heat up
        • South Slavic

          • Bulgarian гре́я гре́я to heat, to warm up, to shine
          • Old Church Slavonic грѣꙗти grějati
          • Serbo-Croatian грејати grejati to heat, to warm
        • West Slavic

          • Czech hřát to warm
          • Polish grzać to heat, to warm, to fight
        • Slavic *grě̃xъ sin

          • East Slavic грѣхъ grěxŭ

            • Russian ​​грех grex sin, fault

              • Karelian riähkä sin
            • Ukrainian гріх hrix sin, fault
          • South Slavic

            • Bulgarian грях grjah sin, error, fault
            • Old Church Slavonic грѣхъ grěxŭ sin
            • Serbo-Croatian грије̑х grijȇh sin
          • West Slavic

            • Czech hřích sin
            • Polish grzech sin
    • Hellenic *kʷʰeréyō

      • Classical Greek θερέω theréō
  • Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰegʷʰór-e is warm reduplicative stative

    • Balto-Slavic *garḗˀtei

      • East Baltic

        • Lithuanian garė́ti to boil, to steam, to evaporate
      • Slavic *gorěti to burn (instrans.)

        • East Slavic

          • Russian горе́ть gorétʹ to burn (intrans.), to be on fire, to be lit, to flush, to gleam
          • Ukrainian горі́ти horíty to burn (intrans.)
        • South Slavic

          • Bulgarian горя́ gorjá to burn (trans. or intrans.), to sting (trans.), to have a fever, to crave)
          • Old Church Slavonic горѣти gorěti to burn (intrans.)
          • Serbo-Croatian го̀рјети gòrjeti to burn (intrans.), to be lit, to blaze, to glow
        • West Slavic

          • Czech hořet to burn, to feel strongly
          • Polish gorzeć to glow, to flush
  • Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰoréyeti heats, makes warm causative

    • Celtic *gʷorīti

      • Brythonic

        • Welsh gori to brood, to incubate, to keep warm
      • Old Irish

        • Irish gor to incubate, to brood, to warm, to burn, to blush
      • Hispano-Celtic

        • Galician gorar to addle, to spoil, to covet

          • Galician goro incubated, but unfertilized egg
        • Portuguese gorar to addle, to miscarry
        • Old Spanish gorar

          • Old Spanish guero unfertilized egg

            • Spanish huero vain, empty
            • Spanish güero light-skinned person Mexican Spanish; semantic shift from "sickly" physical, not cultural like gringo;
    • Indo-Iranian *gʰaráyati

      • Indo-Aryan

        • Sanskrit 𑀖𑀭𑀬𑀢𑀺 gharáyati
  • Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰéros heat, warm weather

    • Old Armenian ջեր ǰer heat, warmth, sunny weather, warm, clear

      • Armenian ջեռ ǰeṙ warm, bright, shining
    • Balto-Slavic *géras heat, glowing embers

      • West Baltic

        • Old Prussian goro ash pit
      • Slavic *žarъ heat, glow

        • East Slavic жаръ žarŭ

          • Russian жар žar heat, fever, embers, fervor

            • Russian жар-пти́ца žar-ptíca firebird, phoenix

              • Russian Жар-птица Žar-ptíca (Stravinsky's) The Firebird
        • South Slavic

          • Serbo-Croatian жа̑р žȃr fervor, embers
          • Hungarian zsarátnok embers ^[2]
          • Romanian jar burning coals, heat, glow, fire
        • West Slavic

          • Polish żar embers, heat

            • Polish żarówka (incandescent) light bulb
    • Hellenic *kʷʰéros

      • Classical Greek θέρος théros heat, summer, harvest

        • Classical Greek θερινός therinós of summer

          • Greek θερινός therinós of summer

            • Greek θερινή ώρα theriní óra summer time, daylight saving time
    • Indo-Iranian *ǰʰáras

      • Indo-Aryan *źʰáras

        • Vedic Sanskrit háras flame, fire
  • Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰérmn̥

    • Old Armenian ջերմն ǰermn fever, heat

      • Armenian ջերմ ǰerm fever, warmth, warm, warmly, passionate, tender
    • Germanic *bermô yeast, leven ^[1]

      • West Germanic

        • Old English beorma yeast, leaven, beerhead

          • English barm

            • English barmy
        • Old Saxon *berma

          • Low German Bärme

            • German Bärme yeast
          • Danish bærme dregs
          • Estonian pärm yeast
    • Italic *xʷermen ^[1]

      • Italic *xʷermentom

        • Latin fermentum fermentation, leavening, yeast, passion

          • Latin fermentō I ferment, I leaven, I break up, I loosen, I spoil

            • Eastern Romance

              • Romanian a frământa to knead, to churn, to agitate, to work, to fret
            • French fermenter to ferment

              • English ferment
            • Italian fermentàre to ferment
            • Spanish fermentar to ferment
            • Latin fermentātiō fermentation

              • English fermentation
  • Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰermós warm

    • Old Armenian ջերմ ǰerm
    • Hellenic *kʷʰermós

      • Classical Greek θερμός thermós warm, hot, hotheaded, active

        • Greek θερμός thermós warm, hot, fervent, heartfelt
        • German Thermos company/product name for a vacuum flask

          • English Thermos

            • English thermos

              • Greek θερμός thermós thermos, vacuum flask
        • Classical Greek θερμο- thermo-

          • Classical Greek Θερμοπῠ́λαι Thermopúlai Hot-Gates (place name), Thermopylae ^[3]

            • Greek Θερμοπύλες Thermopýles Thermopylae
            • Latin Thermopylae

              • English Thermopylae
          • Classical Greek ​​θερμοφῠ́λᾰξ thermophúlax kettle lit. "heat guard"
          • English thermo-
          • French thermo-

            • French thermomètre

              • English thermometer
    • Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰerméh₂ warmth de-adjectival noun

      • Pre-Albanian *džerma

        • Albanian zjarm
      • Hellenic *kʷʰermá

        • Classical Greek θέρμη thermē

          • French thermal thermal learned coinage from Greek, 1756

            • English thermal
      • Phrygian

        • Classical Greek Γέρμη Gérmē Germa, place name

          • Latin Germa

            • English Germa
  • Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰermih₂

    • Indo-Iranian *gʰarmi

      • Iranian *garmi

        • Western Iranian

          • Old Persian

            • Persian گرمی garmi warmth, heat
  • Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰormós

    • Balto-Slavic *garmas

      • West Baltic

        • Old Prussian gorme heat
    • Germanic *warmaz

      • North Germanic

        • Old Norse varmr warm

          • Danish varm warm, hot
          • Icelandic varmur warm (archaic)
      • West Germanic

        • Old English wearm warm

          • English warm
        • Frankish *warm

          • Dutch warm warm, hot
        • Old High German warm

          • German warm warm
          • Yiddish וואַרעם varem warm
      • Germanic *warmijanã to warm, to heat

        • East Germanic

          • Gothic 𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽 warmjan to warm, to keep warm, to cherish
        • North Germanic

          • Old Norse verma to warm, to heat

            • Icelandic verma to warm, to heat
            • Swedish värma to warm, to heat
        • West Germanic *wermijan

          • Old English werman to warm, to heat

            • English warm
          • Frankish *wermen

            • Dutch warmen to warm
          • Old High German wermen

            • German wärmen to warm
    • Italic *xʷormos warm

      • Latin formos warm (archaic)
      • Italic *xʷormokaps warm-catcher, tongs

        • Latin forceps tongs, forceps, pincers

          • Western Romance

            • Italian forcipe forceps
          • English forceps
    • Indo-Iranian *gʰarmás

      • Indo-Aryan *gʰarmás

        • Sanskrit 𑀖𑀭𑁆𑀫 gharmá heat, warmth, warm weather, sunshine

          • Maharashtri 𑀖𑀫𑁆𑀫 ghamma

            • Marathi घाम ghām sweat
          • Pali 𑀖𑀫𑁆𑀫 ghamma
          • Sauraseni

            • Nepali घाम ghām sunlight, sun, heat of the sun
            • Romani kham sun
      • Iranian *garmáh

        • Avestan 𐬔𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨𐬀 garǝma
      • Northern Iranian

        • Khotani 𑀕𑀭𑁆𑀫 garma-
      • Western Iranian

        • Northwestern Iranian

          • Kurdish germ warm
        • Old Persian

          • Persian گرم garm warm, hot, friendly, passionate

            • Hindi गर्म garm warm, hot, active, fresh, angry
            • Malay gêram angry
  • Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰornós

    • Celtic

      • Old Irish gorn fire
  • Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰr̥nós

    • Balto-Slavic *gurnas

      • Slavic *gъrnъ

        • East Slavic горнъ gornŭ cauldron, pot, oven

          • Russian горн gorn fireplace, furnace, forge
        • South Slavic

          • Serbo-Croatian грно grno heart
        • West Slavic *gъrnъ

          • West Slavic *gъrnьcь diminutive

            • Czech hrnec cooking pot
            • Polish garnek cooking pot
        • Slavic *gъrnidlo furnace

          • East Slavic гърнило gŭrnilo

            • Russian горни́ло gornílo furnace
          • South Slavic

            • Old Church Slavonic грънилъ grŭnilŭ
            • Serbo-Croatian грнил grnil
    • Indo-Iranian *gʰr̥nás

      • Indo-Aryan

        • Sanskrit 𑀖𑀾𑀡 ghṛṇá heat, ardor, sunshine

          • Sanskrit 𑀖𑀾𑀡𑀸 ghṛṇā́ hatred, malice

            • Sauraseni

              • Hindi घिन ghin hatred, scorn, contempt
    • Italic *xʷornos

      • Latin furnus oven, bakery

        • Vulgar Latin

          • Sardinian forru oven
          • Eastern Romance

            • Aromanian furnu oven
          • Western Romance

            • French four oven, stove

              • French petit four petit four, a small cake ^[4]

                • English petit four
            • Italian forno oven, bakery
            • Spanish horno oven, furnace
          • Albanian furrë oven, kiln, bakery
        • Koine Greek φούρνος foúrnos oven, bakery, furnace

          • Aramaic 𐡐𐡅𐡓𐡍𐡀 phurna

            • Arabic فرن furn oven, bakery, furnace

              • Maltese forn oven
          • Old Armenian փուռն pʿuṙn oven, kiln

            • Armenian փուռ pʿuṙ oven, bakery
          • Turkish fırın oven
        • Georgian ფურნე purne bakery
        • Old Irish sorn oven, furnace, kiln

          • Irish sorn furnace, stone
          • Vulgar Latin *furnellus diminutive

            • Sardinian forredhu
            • Western Romance

              • Old French fornel

                • French fourneau stove, bowl of a pipe
              • Italian fornello stove, burner, hot plate
              • Spanish hornillo hot plate, camp stove
        • Latin furnārius baker

          • Western Romance

            • Italian fornaio baker
            • Italian Furnari Baker (occupational surname) presumably from the Latin vocative
            • Italian Fornaro Baker (occupational surname)
            • Sicilian furnaru

              • Maltese furnar baker
            • Spanish hornero baker, hornero (bird)

              • English hornero
          • Translingual Furnarius taxonomic genus of hornero birds
        • Latin fornāx oven, furnace, kiln apparently "warm-ish"?

          • Western Romance

            • Old French fornais furnace

              • French fournaise furnace, oven
              • English furnace
              • Irish foirnéis furnace
          • Latin Fornax Roman divinity of ovens

            • New Latin Fornax The Furnace, a winter constellation in the Southern Hemisphere

              • English Fornax
  • Proto-Indo-European

    • Balto-Slavic

      • Slavic *gȍře grief, suffering

        • East Slavic

          • Russian го́ре góre grief, distress, trouble, disaster
        • West Slavic

          • Czech hoře grief (archaic)
          • Old Polish gorze distress, woe
    • Germanic *gurã feces, filth, half-digested stomach contents

      • North Germanic

        • Old Norse gor cud
        • Finnic *kura

          • Finnish kura mud, dirt, diarrhea
      • West Germanic *gor

        • Old English gor dirt, dung, feces

          • English gore
        • Frankish

          • Dutch goor dirty, filthy, disgusting
  • Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰrḗn gut, stomach, seat of emotions and/or thought

    • Balto-Slavic

      • Slavic *grě̑nь blaze, rot, puss

        • East Slavic

          • Ukrainian грянь hrjanʹ
        • South Slavic

          • Bulgarian гран gran rot

            • Bulgarian грани́в graniv rotten, a dirty yellow or orange color
          • Slovene grénək bitter
    • Germanic *gruniz

      • North Germanic

        • Old Norse grunr doubt, uncertainty, suspicion
    • Hellenic

      • Classical Greek φρήν phrḗn midriff, stomach, seat of emotions and appetite, seat of the mind, will

        • Classical Greek Λῠκόφρων Lukóphrōn Wolf-Mind (personal name)

          • Latin Lycophrōn

            • English Lycophron
        • Classical Greek σώφρων sṓphrōn of sound mind, sane, prudent, sober

          • Classical Greek σωφροσῠ́νη sōphrosúnē moderation, sanity, self-control, temperance

            • English sophrosyne
        • Classical Greek φρονέω phronéō I think, I understand, I am prudent, I consider

          • Classical Greek φρόνησῐς phrónēsis prudence, wisdom

            • English phronesis
        • Classical Greek φρενῖτις phrenîtis inflammation of the mind, inflammation of the brain

          • Latin phrenītis

            • English phrenitis
          • Classical Greek φρενῑτικός phrenītikós

            • Latin phrenēticus mad, delirious

              • Old French frenetike

                • French frénétique frenetic, frantic
                • English frantic
                • English frenetic
            • Classical Greek *phrénēsis variant of phrenītikós

              • Latin phrenesis madness, delirium, frenzy

                • Old French frenesie

                  • French frénésie frenzy
                  • English frenzy
    • Italic xrēn ^[5]

      • Latin rēn kidney

        • Vulgar Latin *rene

          • Eastern Romance

            • Romanian rână the two sides of the body
          • Western Romance

            • French rein kidney, lower back, waist
          • Albanian rrâni kidney
          • Vulgar Latin *rēniō

            • Western Romance

              • French rognon kidney (cooking)

                • Italian rognone kidney (cooking)
              • Spanish riñón kidney, hematite
          • Vulgar Latin *renicāre

            • Vulgar Latin *derenicāre

              • Eastern Romance

                • Romanian a dărâna to wear out, to exhaust
              • Western Romance

                • Italian direnare
                • Spanish derrengar to bend, to twist, to wear out
        • Latin rēnālis of the kidneys

          • English renal

            • English adrenal

              • English adrenaline ^[6]
        • Latin rēniculus

          • Vulgar Latin rēniclus

            • Sardinian arrigu
            • Eastern Romance

              • Romanian rinichi kidney

Visual

Collected English words

burn, barm, barmy, ferment, fermentation, Thermos, thermos, Thermopylae, thermo-, thermometer, thermal, Germa, warm, forceps, petit four, hornero, Furnarius, furnace, Fornax, gore, Lycophron, sophrosyne, phronesis, phrenitis, frantic, frenetic, frenzy, renal, adrenal, adrenaline

Footnotes

1. ^

   In Latin, *bʰ- and *gʷʰ- merge at the beginning of words to *f-, which makes it difficult to distinguish between words derived from *gʷʰer-: "warm, hot" versus from *bʰrewh₁-: "to boil, to bubble"; and there are not other Italic examples of any of these words.

   In Germanic, *gʷʰ can becomes any of *gw, *g, *w, or *b; and there is debate as to which conditions lead to which reflex. If *gʷʰ regularly becomes *w, then *warmaz is a regular descendant of *gʷʰer- and *brinnanã would come from *bʰrewh₁-, not *gʷʰer-. If *gʷʰ becomes *w only between vowels, and *b at the beginning of words, then *brinnanã is indeterminate between *gʷʰer- and *bʰrewh₁-, like Italic reflexes; and *warmaz is either irregular or from *wer-: "to burn". But as far as I know, the root *wer-: "to burn" is a pretty marginal root: only confidently found in Balto-Slavic, with possible a reflexe in Hittite 𒉿𒊏 wa-ar as well as Germanic *warmaz.

   In particular, Germanic *bermô: "yeast, leavening" and Latin fermentum: "fermentation, yeast, levening"—clearly related to each other—fit semantically better with *bʰrewh₁-: "to boil, to bubble, to brew", but better phonetically with *gʷʰer-: "warm, hot". The trouble is, each of them is … plausible, without being instinctive.

2. ^

   Hungarian zsarátnok: "embers" comes from South Slavic—Serbo-Croatian жа̑р žȃr: "fervor, embers" or a close relative thereof. The "-noc" is a common noun-formation suffix in Hungarian, generalized from borrowed Slavic "-nik"-type words like Serbo-Croatian bȏjnīk to Hungarian bajnok. The -at- is a little more confusing. It could be one of the four or more -a-t derivational suffixes in Hungarian, or a piece of Slavic morphology; Hungarian sometimes has -at for in borrowings from Slavic *-dlo, for example (garat, lapát).

3. ^

   The pass of Thermopylae is named "Hot Gates" after the sulfur hot springs in pass. Interesting note, all names for the pass in other languages that I know of are purely phonetic renderings except 2. Icelandic Laugaskarð: "Bath-Notch" and Mandarin Chinese 温泉关 wēnquán guān: "Hot Spring Border-Pass", or possibly "Spa Check-Point".

4. ^

   The name petit four (a kind of small cake) means literally "small oven" in French. The name comes from a time when bakers used large brick ovens that heated up and cooled down slowly. When the oven was heating up with the fire going full, that was baking à grand four, "in the big oven"; when the oven was cooling down afterward, small pastries could be baked using only the residual heat, which was called baking à petit four, "in the small oven". Petit fours were originally baked à petit four, and retained the name.

5. ^

   Latin rēn: "kidney" may be from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰrḗn: "gut, stomach, seat of emotions and/or thought", as Greek phren, Norse grunr, and *grěnь. The loss of rounding in front of the *r is probably regular (*gʷʰr- to *xr-, as opposed to *gʷʰe- to xʷe-), but there are very few other examples to compare to.

   Alternatively, rēn could be from a root approximately like *h₂er- together with Hittite 𒄩𒄩𒊑 ḫaḫri-: "lungs, chest" (from a reduplicative form, h₂eh₂r-), Kushean arañce: "heart, seat of emotion" (Proto-Tocharian *ār-(e)-äñce), and Welsh aren: "kidney" (Celtic *ārū)

6. ^

   The adrenal glands are next to the kidneys, thus ad-renal. Adrenaline was named by the Japanese chemist 高峰 譲吉 Takamine Jōkichi in 1901 (working in English after he had emigrated to the United States).