Introduction
One final "turtle" word: "honu"
It is very tempting to unify *pəñu : "sea turtle" with *pəNuʔ : "to fill, full, container". And *pəNuʔ : "full" has potential cognates in the possible Sino-Austronesian macrofamily/Southeast Asian historic sprachbund.
And then at that point you're speculating a link between "green sea turtles" and "an army of 10,000 Mongolians", and you start to wonder if you've lost the thread.
Teaser
honu ,
Manyogana ,
toman
Full Text
Sino-Austronesian
Austronesian *pəNuʔ full, container
Paiwan peljuq to fill, full
Malayo-Polynesian *pənuʔ
Bornean
Javanese pinuh full
Malayo-Sumbawan
Chamic
Aceh peunòh full, laden
Aceh buleuën peunòh full moon
Malayic
Oceanic *ponuʔ
Micronesian *wonu
Kiribati on full, filled, fullness
Philippine
Tagalog punô full, fed up
Sundanese ᮕᮤᮔᮥᮂ pinuh full
Austronesian
Malayo-Polynesian *penpen to provision, to fill up
Philippine
Ilokano penpén heap, pile, store of something
Ilokano i-penpén to accumulate, to store, to keep in reserve
Malayo-Sumbawan
Bali penpen to put into, to fill up
Austronesian *pəñu sea turtle
Puyuma penu turtle, sea turtle
East Formosan
Malayo-Polynesian *pəñu green sea turtle
Bornean
Barito
Malagasy fanu green sea turtle, a kind of beetle, a kind of fish
Moken penyui
Land Dayak
Javanese penyu sea turtle
Malayo-Sumbawan
Bali penyu
Chamic
Malayic *pəñu
Iban penyu
Malay penyu sea turtle
Malay penyu-penyuan ant-lion
Sundanese penyu
Oceanic *poñu
Micronesian *woñu
Chuukese wiin
Kiribati on sea turtle
Fijian vonu sea turtle
Polynesian *fonu
Tongic
Niuēan fonu sea turtle, quiet person
Tongan fonu green sea turtle, a kind of beetle
Nuclear Polynesian
Rapa Nui honu
Marquesic
Hawaiʻian honu green sea turtle, turtle
Tahitic
Māori honu sea turtle (archaic)
Tahitian honu
Tuvaluan fonu
Hmong-Mien *pu̯ɛŋX
Sino-Tibetan
Old Chinese 满 *mˤoːnʔ
Middle Chinese 滿 muɑnˣ to fill, to satisfy, full, complete, very
Mandarin 滿 mǎn
Wu 滿 moe³
Yue 滿 mun⁵
Min Nan
Sino-Tibetan
Old Chinese 万 *C.man-s
Middle Chinese 萬 mʉɐnᴴ myriad (10,000), very, extremely
Mandarin 萬 wàn
Mandarin 萬事通 wànshìtōng jack-of-all-trades, know-it-all lit. "10,000 things expert"
Wu 萬 maan⁶
Yue 萬 me³
Middle Chinese 萬里長城 mʉɐnᴴ lɨˣ ɖɨɐŋ dʑiᴇŋ Great Wall of China literally "Ten Thousand Mile Long Wall"
Mandarin 萬里長城 Wànlǐ Chángchéng
Japanese ばん ban many, all
Japanese まん man myriad (10,000)
Japanese まんようしゅう Man'yōshū Ten Thousand Leaves Collection
Japanese まんようが名な man'yōgana Man'yōgana
Korean 만 man myriad (10,000)
Thai หมื่น mʉ̀ʉn myriad (10,000)
Vietnamese vạn myriad (10,000)
Tocharian
Arshian tmāṃ myriad (10,000)
Kushean tᵤmāne myriad (10,000)
Xiongnu *tuman
Old Chinese 头曼 *doː-moːn
Middle Chinese 頭曼 Touman, first Chanyu (Tarkhan?) of the Xiongnu
Middle Mongolian ᠲᠦᠮᠡᠨ tümen myriad (10,000)
Mongolian ᠲᠦᠮᠡ tüme myriad (10,000)
Manchu ᡨᡠᠮᡝᠨ tumen
Manchu ᡨᡠᠮᡝᠨ ᠰᡝᡴᡳᠶᡝᠨ tumen sekiyen River of Ten Thousand Sources (place name)
Persian تومان tūmān toman (currency), toman (army division of 10,000)
Russian Тюмень Tjumenʹ
Turkic
Turkish tümen very many, myriad (10,000), toman
Tibeto-Burman
Bodish *ᵐbum
Tibetan འབུམ 'bum myriad (10,000), complete, entire
Austroasiatic
Mon-Khmer *dpəɲ
Eastern Mon-Khmer
Khmer ពេញ pɨñ to be full, to complete, whole
Vietnamese đầy full, filled
Northern Mon-Khmer
Khasi tbeng full, as if full
Visual
Collected English words
honu ,
Wan Shi Tong ,
Manyogana ,
Touman ,
Tumen (River) ,
toman ,
Tyumen
Footnotes
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