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Dravidian *ūr village, settlement

Central Dravidian
- Kolami ūr village
Northern Dravidian
- Brahui ارآ urā house ^[1]
Southern Dravidian
- Kannada ಊರು ūru town, city, dwelling
- Tamil ஊர் ūr town, village, dwelling, place
South-Central Dravidian
- Telugu ఊరు ūru village, town
  - Telugu ఊరేగు ūrēgu to parade, to go in procession lit. "go through the town"
  - Telugu కల్లూరు Kallūru Stone-Town (place name)
    
    English Kallur(u)
  - Telugu పావులూరు Pāvulūru Quarters-Town (place name)
    
    English Pavuluru
    
    Telugu పావులూరి Pāvulūri from Quarters-Town (habitational surname)
    
    English Pavuluri
    
    Telugu పావులూరి గణితము Pāvulūri Gaṇitamu
    
    English Pavuluri Ganitamu
Dravidian *ʋeɭ-ūr White-Town (place name) modern day Bēlūr, Karnāṭaka
- Southern Dravidian
  - Kannada ಬೇಲೂರು bēlūru Belur
    
    Hindi बेलूर belur Belur
    
    English Belur
- Pali veḷuriya lapis lazuli, gemstone "Veḷurian, from Veḷur"
  - Sanskrit 𑀯𑁃𑀟𑀽𑀭𑁆𑀬 vaiḍūrya cymophane (cat's eye/chrysoberyl), jewel, lapis lazuli
    
    Hindi वैदूर्य vaidūrya cymophane
    
    Middle Chinese 吠瑠璃 bʉɐiʰ liᴇ a kind of gemstone
    
    Japanese べいるり beruri beryl
    
    Japanese るり ruri lapis lazuli, azure, azurite
    
    Japanese おおるり ōruri blue-and-white flycatcher "big blue"
    
    Japanese こるり koruri Siberian blue robin "little blue"
    
    Malayalam വൈഡൂര്യം vaiḍūryaṃ cymophane
    
    Telugu వైడూర్యము vaiḍūryamu cymophane
    
    Thai ไพฑูรย์ pai-tuun chrysoberyl
  - Middle Persian 𐭡𐭩𐭫𐭥𐭫 bylwl crystal
    
    Persian بلور bolur crystal
    
    Arabic بِلَّوْر billawr crystal
    
    Arabic بِلَّوْرِيّ billawriyy crystalline
    
    Spanish abalorio glass bead, bauble
    
    Malay hablur crystal, sparkling
    
    Tagalog abaloryo glass bead
    
    Geʿez ብሉር bəlur
    
    Malay balur rock-crystal
    
    Ottoman Turkish بلور bıllur crystal
    
    Turkish billur
    
    Serbo-Croatian бѝљӯр bìljūr rock crystal
    
    Kurdish belûr crystal
    
    Mongolian ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠷ bolor crystal
    
    Punjabi ਬਲੌਰ balaur crystal
  - Maharashtri *veruḷiya
    
    Parthian 𐫁𐫏𐫡𐫇𐫓 byrwl / *bērūl crystal
    
    Classical Greek βηρύλλιον bērúllion beryl
    
    Old Georgian ბჳრილიონი bwirilioni beryl
    
    Georgian ბროლი broli crystal, glass
    
    Georgian ნაზიბროლა Nazibrola Delicate-Crystal (personal name)
    
    Classical Greek βήρυλλος bḗrullos beryl variant from bērúllion
    
    Greek βήρυλλος víryllos beryl
    
    Old Armenian բիւրեղ biwreł beryl, crystal
    
    Amharic ብርሌ bərəlle glass, crystal, carafe, bottle, beryl
    
    Latin bēryllus bēryllus beryl
    
    New Latin beryllium
    
    Translingual Be
    
    Vulgar Latin berillus
    
    Western Romance
    
    Old French beril
    
    French béryl beryl
    
    Polish beryl beryl, beryllium
    
    Dutch beril beryl
    
    English beryl
    
    Italian berillo beryl
    
    Spanish berilo beryl
    
    German Brille spectacles, glasses, goggles
    
    Czech brýle spectacles, glasses
    
    Danish brille spectacles, glasses
    
    Dutch bril spectacles, glasses, telescope
    
    German WC Brille toilet seat "water closet glasses"
    
    German Klobrille toilet seat "Klo", another shortening of "water closet"
    
    Vulgar Latin *b(e)rillāre to shine, to sparkle (like a beryl)
    
    Western Romance
    
    Italian brillàre
    
    French briller to shine, to sparkle
    
    French brillance shininess, brightness
    
    English brilliance
    
    French brillant shining, shiny
    
    English brilliant

Dravidian *ʋeɭ- white

Southern Dravidian
- Kannada ಬಿಳಿ biḷi white
- Malayalam വെളുത്ത veḷutta white
- Tamil வெள் vel white
  - Tamil வெள்ளை veḷḷai white
  - Tamil வெண்மை veṇmai white
    
    Tamil வெங்காயம் veṅkāyam onion lit. "white scar"?
South-Central Dravidian
- Telugu వెలి veli white, outside, external
Dravidian *ʋeɭ-am white water? ^[2]
- Southern Dravidian
  - Malayalam വെള്ളം water
  - Tamil வெள்ளம் veḷḷam flood, water, wetness, abundance, truth
Dravidian *ʋeɭ-ney butter with *ney: "oil, ghee"
- Southern Dravidian
  - Kannada ಬೆಣ್ಣೆ beṇṇe butter
  - Tamil வெண்ணெய் veṇṇey butter
- South-Central Dravidian
  - Telugu వెన్న venna butter
Dravidian *ʋeɭ-i silver
- Southern Dravidian
  - Kannada ಬೆಳ್ಳಿ beḷḷi silver
  - Malayalam വെള്ളി veḷḷi silver, Venus, Friday ^[3]
    
    Malayalam വെള്ളിയാഴ്ച veḷḷiyāḻca Friday ^[3]
  - Tamil வெள்ளி veḷḷi silver, Venus
    
    Tamil வெள்ளிக்கிழமை veḷḷikkiḻamai Friday ^[3]
- South-Central Dravidian
  - Telugu వెండి veṇḍi silver
Dravidian *ʋeɭ-ūr White-Town (place name) modern day Bēlūr, Karnāṭaka
- Southern Dravidian
  - Kannada ಬೇಲೂರು bēlūru Belur
    
    Hindi बेलूर belur Belur
    
    English Belur
- Pali veḷuriya lapis lazuli, gemstone "Veḷurian, from Veḷur"
  - Sanskrit 𑀯𑁃𑀟𑀽𑀭𑁆𑀬 vaiḍūrya cymophane (cat's eye/chrysoberyl), jewel, lapis lazuli
    
    Hindi वैदूर्य vaidūrya cymophane
    
    Middle Chinese 吠瑠璃 bʉɐiʰ liᴇ a kind of gemstone
    
    Japanese べいるり beruri beryl
    
    Japanese るり ruri lapis lazuli, azure, azurite
    
    Japanese おおるり ōruri blue-and-white flycatcher "big blue"
    
    Japanese こるり koruri Siberian blue robin "little blue"
    
    Malayalam വൈഡൂര്യം vaiḍūryaṃ cymophane
    
    Telugu వైడూర్యము vaiḍūryamu cymophane
    
    Thai ไพฑูรย์ pai-tuun chrysoberyl
  - Middle Persian 𐭡𐭩𐭫𐭥𐭫 bylwl crystal
    
    Persian بلور bolur crystal
    
    Arabic بِلَّوْر billawr crystal
    
    Arabic بِلَّوْرِيّ billawriyy crystalline
    
    Spanish abalorio glass bead, bauble
    
    Malay hablur crystal, sparkling
    
    Tagalog abaloryo glass bead
    
    Geʿez ብሉር bəlur
    
    Malay balur rock-crystal
    
    Ottoman Turkish بلور bıllur crystal
    
    Turkish billur
    
    Serbo-Croatian бѝљӯр bìljūr rock crystal
    
    Kurdish belûr crystal
    
    Mongolian ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠷ bolor crystal
    
    Punjabi ਬਲੌਰ balaur crystal
  - Maharashtri *veruḷiya
    
    Parthian 𐫁𐫏𐫡𐫇𐫓 byrwl / *bērūl crystal
    
    Classical Greek βηρύλλιον bērúllion beryl
    
    Old Georgian ბჳრილიონი bwirilioni beryl
    
    Georgian ბროლი broli crystal, glass
    
    Georgian ნაზიბროლა Nazibrola Delicate-Crystal (personal name)
    
    Classical Greek βήρυλλος bḗrullos beryl variant from bērúllion
    
    Greek βήρυλλος víryllos beryl
    
    Old Armenian բիւրեղ biwreł beryl, crystal
    
    Amharic ብርሌ bərəlle glass, crystal, carafe, bottle, beryl
    
    Latin bēryllus bēryllus beryl
    
    New Latin beryllium
    
    Translingual Be
    
    Vulgar Latin berillus
    
    Western Romance
    
    Old French beril
    
    French béryl beryl
    
    Polish beryl beryl, beryllium
    
    Dutch beril beryl
    
    English beryl
    
    Italian berillo beryl
    
    Spanish berilo beryl
    
    German Brille spectacles, glasses, goggles
    
    Czech brýle spectacles, glasses
    
    Danish brille spectacles, glasses
    
    Dutch bril spectacles, glasses, telescope
    
    German WC Brille toilet seat "water closet glasses"
    
    German Klobrille toilet seat "Klo", another shortening of "water closet"
    
    Vulgar Latin *b(e)rillāre to shine, to sparkle (like a beryl)
    
    Western Romance
    
    Italian brillàre
    
    French briller to shine, to sparkle
    
    French brillance shininess, brightness
    
    English brilliance
    
    French brillant shining, shiny
    
    English brilliant

Visual

Collected English words

Footnotes

Brahui ارآ urā: "house" could be related to the descendants of *ūr: "village, settlement" in other Dravidian languages.

It could also be related to Tamil uḷ: "inside" and/or Dravidian *uḷ: "to be, to exist, to live, to stay at, to dwell" (Tamil uḷ, Telugu uṅḍu). It may be that the Brahui meaning is older, and shows a semantic missing link in a chain of "be" -> "inside"-> "house" -> "village" -> "city". Compare English "-by": "village" (in place names), "building", "booth", and "bottle" (dialectic): "house, dwelling", which are all related to verb be.

Dravidian *ʋeɭ-am looks like it means "white water"—that is rough or moving water—as preserved in the meaning "flood" of Tamil வெள்ளம் veḷḷam. For *am, see Northern Dravidian words for "water": amm (Kurukh), ammu (Sauria Paharia), amdu (Kumarbhag Paharia). I've seen one source also mention Tamil am/ām: "water", but I haven't been able to verify that.

Other Dravidian languages mostly use descendants of *nīr and/or a version of jalam for "water". jalam is described as a learned borrowing of Sanskrit, but given that a) Indo-Aryan *jalá(m) has no cognates in Iranian or any other Indo-European language; and b) the -m is only attested in "Dravidian borrowings", I have to wonder if "Indo-Aryan *jalám" has some origin or influence from Dravidian *am.

But Sanskrit would indeed delete inherited *-m in that position (compare Sanskrit dā́na vs. Latin dōnum, both "gift"). And Dravidian borrowings do regularly add -m: Telugu aśvamu from Sanskrit áśva or snēhamu from sneha; or Malayalam rahasyaṃ from rahasya.

Tamil வெள்ளிக்கிழமை veḷḷikkiḻamai: "Friday", lit. "Venus day (of the week)", a calque ultimately from Greek Aphrodī́tēs hēméra: "Aphrodite's day".

Note that in Tamil the word used here, kiḻamai means "day of the week", it is not the same as the normal word for day, nāḷ. In other contexts, kiḻamai means "possession, relation, connection, alliance, attribute", so probably originally it meant "belonging to Venus, connected to Venus", with "day" elided. Compare for example Latin month names, like iānuārius: literally "of Janus", an elision of mensis iānuārius: "month of Janus".

The corresponding Malayalam വെള്ളിയാഴ്ച veḷḷiyāḻca: "Friday"—like other Malayalam week day words—uses āḻca: "week" in the compound, perhaps best translated as "the Venus of the week", again with "day" elided.

Word Family - Emerald

Introduction

Both Classical Sanskrit 𑀫𑀭𑀓𑀢 marakata: "emerald" and Classical Greek μᾰ́ραγδος máragdos: "emerald" appear to be borrowed from a source like *maraktV.

This is presumably a form closely related to the Phoenician brqt and Hebrew baréket: "emerald", from *b-r-ḳ: "shining, sparkling". Akkadian cognate baraqu: "shine" instead might have had an equivalent -t …

Teaser

ruby, roan, red, rowan, russet, robust, corroborate, julep, rose

Proper names

Rob Roy, Rufus, Eritrea, Rousseau, Russell, Paso Robles, Rosetta Stone

Full Text

Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewdʰ- red
- Proto-Indo-European *h₁rudʰéh₁ti is red (stative)
  - Germanic *rudānã to be red
    
    Germanic *rudō redness
    
    West Germanic
    
    Old English rudu redness …

AidanEM

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Word Family - Emerald

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Word Family - Red

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