April theme: Dinosaurs and Friends🦕

Introduction

Ankylosaurus! And as an unexpected bonus, I found Azhdarchid pterosaurs deep in the family, too. Pterosaurs are probably my very favorite Mesozoic animals (stay tuned for next week!). Also in this family: various spiders and snakes and fears and sins in various languages.

I include words here that are formally reconstructed to five different roots: 1) *h₂enk-: "to curve, to bend, joint"; 2) *h₂enǵʰ-: "to constrict, to tighten, narrow, distress"; 3) *h₂egʰ-: "to be upset, to be afraid"; 4) *h₂engʷʰ-: "snake, eel, water worm"; 5) *h₃égʷʰ-: "snake, serpent, dragon". Looking at that list, it seems clear at least some of those are related to each other. It has also been compared to *h₂eḱ-: "sharp".

Teaser

anchor, Ankylosaurus, angle, English, angst, Baba Yaga, Yggdrassil, ugly, eel, Azhdarcho, Echidna

Full Text

• ?

  • Anatolian *h₂emǵʰ-

    • Hittite ḫamank- to tie, to bind, to get married
  • Proto-Indo-European *h₂enk- to curve, to bend, joint

    • Proto-Indo-European *h₂énkti primary verb

      • Indo-Iranian

        • Indo-Aryan

          • Sanskrit 𑀅𑀜𑁆𑀘𑀢𑀻 áñcati to curve, to make round, to wander
    • Proto-Indo-European *h₂n̥kos bent adjective

      • Celtic *ankos

        • Brythonic *ank

          • Brythonic *kraβ̃-ank

            • Welsh crafanc talon, claw
        • Celtic *ankotos

          • Brythonic

            • Welsh anghad hand, grasp
          • Old Irish écath fishhook
      • Italic

        • Latin ancus
      • Indo-Iranian

        • Indo-Aryan

          • Sanskrit 𑀅𑀁𑀓𑀼𑀰 aṃkuśa hook, goad
        • Iranian

          • Western Iranian

            • Persian آکج âkej hook
    • Proto-Indo-European *h₂n̥krós bent adjective

      • Proto-Indo-European *h₂n̥kreh₂ feminine

        • Hellenic

          • Classical Greek ἄγκῡρα ánkūra anchor, hook

            • Greek άγκυρα ágkyra anchor
            • Latin ancora hook

              • Central Romance

                • Italian ancora anchor
              • Western Romance

                • French ancre anchor

                  • English anchor
                • Spanish ancla anchor

                  • Tagalog angkla anchor
            • Persian لنگر langar anchor

              • Arabic أَنْجَر ʾanjar anchor
            • Classical Greek Ἄγκῡρα Ánkūra Ancyra/Angora/Ankara

              • Greek Άγκυρα Ágkyra Ankara
              • Latin Ancȳra Ankara

                • Central Romance

                  • Italian Angora Ankara

                    • English angora
              • Ottoman Turkish انقره Anqarah Ankara

                • Turkish Ankara

                  • English Ankara
    • Proto-Indo-European *h₂énkōs bend, turn resultative noun

      • Hellenic *ánkos

        • Classical Greek ᾰ̓́γκος ánkos bend, hollow, valley
      • Indo-Iranian *Hánkas

        • Indo-Aryan *Hankás

          • Sanskrit 𑀅𑀗𑁆𑀓 aṅká curve, hook, hip, curved line, number

            • Sauraseni

              • Madhya Sauraseni

                • Hindi अंक aṅk number, mark, point

                  • Hindi आंकड़ा āṅkṛā numerical, statistical
            • Sanskrit 𑀧𑀮𑁆𑀬𑀗𑁆𑀓 palyaṅka bed, couch, bedstead lit. "curve around"

              • Odia ପାଲଙ୍କି palôṅki

                • Portuguese palanquim palanquin

                  • English palanquin
    • Proto-Indo-European *h₂ónkos bend, turn agentive noun

      • Balto-Slavic

        • East Baltic

          • Lithuanian anka loop, ring
        • Slavic *ǫkotь hook

          • East Slavic укоть ukotĭ claw, anchor
          • South Slavic

            • Old Church Slavonic ѫкоть ǫkotĭ
          • Slavic *pàǭkъ spider "hook-leg"

            • East Slavic паукъ paukŭ spider

              • Russian пау́к paúk spider

                • Russian Челове́к-пау́к Čelovék-paúk Spider-man
              • Ukrainian паву́к pavúk spider
            • South Slavic

              • Old Church Slavonic паѫкъ paǫkŭ
              • Serbo-Croatian па̏ӯк pȁūk spider
            • West Slavic

              • Czech pavouk spider
              • Polish pająk spider
      • Hellenic

        • Classical Greek ὄγκος ónkos curve, angle, hook, barb
      • Italic

        • Latin uncus hook, barb, hooked, curved

          • Latin aduncus hooked, curved

            • Central Romance

              • Italian adunco hooked
            • Eastern Romance

              • Romanian adânc deep, profound, serious
    • Proto-Indo-European *h₂ónkustos?

      • Indo-Iranian *Hangúštʰas

        • Indo-Aryan

          • Sanskrit 𑀅𑀗𑁆𑀕𑀼𑀱𑁆𑀞 aṅgúṣṭha thumb, big toe

            • Maharashtri 𑀅𑀁𑀕𑀼𑀝𑁆𑀞 aṃguṭṭha

              • Marathi अंगठा ãṅgaṭhā thumb, big toe
            • Pali aṅguṭṭha thumb
            • Sauraseni

              • Madhya Sauraseni

                • Hindi अंगूठा aṅgūṭhā thumb, big toe
              • Pahari

                • Nepali औंठी aũṭhī (finger) ring
        • Iranian

          • Avestan 𐬀𐬧𐬔𐬎𐬱𐬙𐬀 aṇgušta toe
          • Western Iranian

            • Persian انگشت angošt finger
    • Proto-Indo-European *h₂enkulos? joint

      • Old Armenian անգղ angł handle, vulture

        • Armenian անգղ angł vulture
      • Balto-Slavic

        • Slavic *ǫ̑gъlъ corner, angle

          • East Slavic оугълъ ugŭlŭ

            • Russian у́гол úgol corner, angle
            • Ukrainian ву́гол vúhol angle, corner
          • South Slavic

            • Old Church Slavonic ѫгълъ ǫgŭlŭ angle
            • Serbo-Croatian у̏гао ȕgao corner, angle
          • West Slavic

            • Czech úhel angle
            • Polish węgieł corner, keystone
      • Germanic *ankulaz

        • North Germanic

          • Old Norse ǫkkla

            • Icelandic ökkli ankle
        • West Germanic

          • Old English *ancel

            • Old English anclēow ankle modification by association with "claw"
            • English ankle
          • Frankish

            • Dutch enkel ankle
          • Old High German ankala ankle

            • German Enkel ankle
      • Hellenic

        • Classical Greek ἀγκύλος ankúlos cooked, curved, intricate, wily

          • Classical Greek ἀγκυλόω ankulóo I bend, I make crooked

            • Classical Greek ἀγκύλωσις ankúlōsis stiffening of joints lit. "bent condition"

              • English ankylosis

                • English ankylo- bent, crooked, stiff, fused

                  • Translingual Ankylosaurus genus of ornithischian dinosaur refers to fusion of bones via ankylosis, not directly to "crooked"
      • Indo-Iranian *Hanguri-

        • Indo-Aryan

          • Sanskrit 𑀅𑀗𑁆𑀕𑀼𑀭𑀺 aṅgúri finger, toe
          • Sanskrit 𑀅𑀗𑁆𑀕𑀼𑀮𑀻 aṅgulī finger
      • Italic

        • Latin angulus corner, angle

          • Central Romance

            • Italian angolo angle, corner
          • Eastern Romance

            • Romanian unghi angle
          • Insular Romance

            • Sardinian àngolo
          • Western Romance

            • French angle angle

              • English angle
            • Spanish ángulo angle
            • Welsh ongl angle
          • Latin triangulus three-cornered

            • Latin triangulum triangle

              • Central Romance

                • Italian triangolo triangle
              • Eastern Romance

                • Romanian triunghi triangle
              • Western Romance

                • French triangle

                  • English triangle
                • Spanish triángulo triangle
          • Latin quādrangulus four-cornered

            • Latin quadrangulum quadrangle

              • French quadrangle

                • English quadrangle

                  • English quad
    • Proto-Indo-European *h₂énkō noun

      • Germanic *angô bend, crook, hook, angle

        • East Germanic

          • Gothic *agga

            • Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌻𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰 halsagga neck
            • Galician anga handle

              • Galician angazo hand rake
              • Galician angarela windlass, crank
        • West Germanic

          • Old High German ango hook, angle, narrowly

            • German Ange hinge
        • Germanic *angulō hook, fishhook diminutive

          • North Germanic

            • Old Norse ǫngull hook, fishhook

              • Icelandic öngull hook, fishhook
          • West Germanic

            • Old English angol

              • English angle
            • Frankish *angul

              • Dutch angel stinger, fishhook, tang

                • Dutch voetangel caltrop lit. "foot-stinger"
              • Dutch hengel fishing rod
            • Old High German angel

              • German Angel fishhook, hinge, fishing rod

                • German angeln to angle, to fish
                • German Fußangel caltrop
                • German Türangel door hinge
          • Germanic *? Angles/Anglia (Peninsula) ^[1]

            • West Germanic

              • Old English Engle Angle

                • Old English Englisc

                  • English English
                • Old English Engla land England "Angles' land"

                  • English England
              • Old High German

                • German Angeln Anglia (Peninsula)
            • Latin Anglus Angle

              • English Angle

                • English anglo-
    • Proto-Indo-European *h₂enkuleh₂

      • Germanic *anhulō strap

        • North Germanic

          • Old Norse ǫ́l

            • Icelandic ól leather belt or strap
        • West Germanic

          • Old English *ōl

            • Old English ōlþwong whip, scourge
      • Hellenic

        • Classical Greek ἀγκύλη ankúlē belt
    • Proto-Indo-European *h₂n̥kyós?

      • Old Armenian անկիւն ankiwn angle, corner, nook

        • Armenian անկյուն ankyun angle, corner, nook
  • Proto-Indo-European *h₂enǵʰ- to constrict, to tighten, narrow, distress

    • Proto-Indo-European *h₂énǵʰeti primary verb

      • Hellenic

        • Classical Greek ἄγχω ánkhō I compress, I choke, I pressure

          • Classical Greek κῠνάγχη kunánkhē dog collar, sore throat, tonsilitis

            • Latin cynanchē tonsilitis

              • English cynache
              • Medieval Latin quinancia

                • Old French quinencie

                  • English quinsy
      • Italic *anɣō

        • Latin angō I bind, I press together, I choke, I cause pain

          • Latin angina choking, suffocation

            • English angina
          • Latin ānxius troubled, uneasy, anxious

            • Central Romance

              • Italian ansioso anxious, apprehensive, eager
            • Western Romance

              • French anxieux anxious, apprehensive
              • Spanish ansioso anxious, eager
              • English anxious
            • Latin ānxietās anxiety, caution

              • Central Romance

                • Italian ansietà anxiety, yearning
              • Western Romance

                • French anxiété anxiety

                  • English anxiety
                • Spanish ansiedad anxiety
    • Proto-Indo-European *h₂énǵʰus narrow, tight

      • Old Armenian անձուկ anjuk narrow, difficult, strait, anxiety, wish

        • Armenian անձուկ anjuk narrow, strait, constrained, wish ^[2]
      • Balto-Slavic

        • East Baltic

          • Lithuanian añkštas tight
        • Slavic *ǫzъkъ

          • East Slavic оузъкъ uzŭkŭ

            • Russian у́зкий úzkij narrow, tight
            • Ukrainian вузьки́й vuzʹkýj narrow
          • South Slavic

            • Old Church Slavonic ѫзъкъ ǫzŭkŭ tight, narrow
            • Serbo-Croatian у̏зак ȕzak narrow, strait, tight
          • West Slavic

            • Czech úzký narrow
            • Polish wąski narrow, tight
        • Finnic *ahtas narrow, cramped

          • Finnish ahdas tight, narrow, restrictive, cramped
      • Celtic *angus narrow

        • Brythonic

          • Breton enk too small, too narrow
          • Welsh ing anguish, distress
        • Celtic *kom-ingus

          • Brythonic

            • Welsh cyfyng narrow, confined, difficult, limited
          • Old Irish cumung narrow, constricted

            • Irish cúng narrow
      • Germanic *anguz narrow, tight, choked

        • East Germanic

          • Gothic 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌿𐍃 aggwus narrow, strait

            • Gothic 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌹𐌸𐌰 aggwiþa distress, anguish
        • North Germanic

          • Old Norse ǫngr narrow
        • West Germanic

          • Old English ange tight, painful

            • Old English angnæġl hangnail lit. "painful (finger

              • English hangnail eggcorn
          • Frankish

            • Dutch eng

              • Dutch engte narrowness, difficulty
          • Old High German engi narrow, narrowness

            • German eng narrow, tight
            • Yiddish ענג eng narrow, crowded
        • Germanic *angustiz

          • West Germanic

            • Frankish *angust

              • Dutch angst
            • Old High German angist

              • German Angst fear, fright, anxiety

                • English angst ^[3]
            • Old Saxon *angust

              • Old Norse angist

                • Danish angst fear, apprehension, anxiety, angst

                  • English angst ^[3]
                • Icelandic angist anguish
        • Germanic *? Angles/Anglia (Peninsula) ^[1]

          • West Germanic

            • Old English Engle Angle

              • Old English Englisc

                • English English
              • Old English Engla land England "Angles' land"

                • English England
            • Old High German

              • German Angeln Anglia (Peninsula)
          • Latin Anglus Angle

            • English Angle

              • English anglo-
      • Indo-Iranian *Hánĵʰuš

        • Indo-Aryan

          • Sanskrit 𑀅𑀁𑀳𑀼 áṃhu narrow, anxiety, distress
      • Italic *angus

        • Italic *angustos

          • Latin angustus narrow, close, confined, small

            • Central Romance

              • Italian angusto narrow
            • Eastern Romance

              • Romanian îngust narrow, tight, thin
              • Albanian ngushtë narrow
            • Western Romance

              • Spanish angosto narrow, reduced

                • Spanish angostura narrowness, narrow passage, narrows

                  • Spanish Angostura place name city in Venezuela at the narrows of the Orinoco River, now called Ciudad Bolívar

                    • English Angostura bitters
            • Latin angustō I narrow, I make smaller

              • Eastern Romance

                • Romanian îngusta to narrow, to tighten, to shrink
                • Albanian ngushtoj I narrow
              • Western Romance

                • Spanish angostar to narrow
            • Latin angustia narrowness, confinement, difficulties, brevity, deprivation

              • Central Romance

                • Italian angoscia anguish
              • Western Romance

                • French angoisse anguish, distress, dread, angst

                  • English anguish
                • Spanish angoja grief, anguish
    • Proto-Indo-European *h₂énǵʰos

      • Balto-Slavic *inˀgāˀ

        • Slavic *ęga anguish, sore, dread, terror

          • East Slavic ꙗзѧ jazę ulcer
          • South Slavic

            • Old Church Slavonic ѧꙃа ędza wound, illness, weakness
            • Serbo-Croatian језа jeza horror, thrill, shudder
          • Slavic *bàba ęga granny dread, dread hag

            • East Slavic

              • Russian Баба-Яга Baba-Jaga

                • English Baba Yaga
              • Ukrainian Баба-Яга Baba-Jaha
            • West Slavic

              • Czech ježibaba
              • Polish Baba Jędza
      • Germanic *angazaz worry, grief, anxiety

        • North Germanic

          • Old Norse angr sorrow, distress, resentment, affliction, injury

            • Danish anger regret, remorse
            • Icelandic angur trouble
            • English anger
          • Finnic *ankeda

            • Finnish ankea dreary, dismal
      • Hellenic

        • Classical Greek ἀγχοῦ ankhoû near, nearby preposition, probably derived from a genitive form
      • Indo-Iranian *Hánĵʰas

        • Indo-Aryan *Hánźʰas

          • Sanskrit 𑀅𑀁𑀳𑀲𑁆 áṃhas anxiety, trouble, sin
        • Iranian *Hanĵah

          • Avestan ązah tightness, constriction, anxiety
    • Uralic *aŋke painfully constricted
    • Proto-Indo-European ?

      • Old Armenian անձաւ anjaw cave, den

        • Armenian անձավ anjav cave
    • Proto-Indo-European *h₂egʰ- to be upset, to be afraid

      • Proto-Indo-European *h₂eh₂ógʰe to be upset, to be afraid stative

        • Celtic *āgetor to fear, to dread

          • Old Irish ad·ágathar to fear, to dread, to be in awe of
        • Germanic *aganą to fear, to be afraid

          • East Germanic

            • Gothic 𐍉𐌲𐌰𐌽 ōgan to fear, to be afraid
      • Proto-Indo-European *h₂eh₂ogʰéy-eti to scare causative

        • Germanic *ōgijaną

          • East Germanic

            • Gothic 𐍉𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 ōgjan to scare
          • North Germanic

            • Old Norse œgja
            • Old Norse œgr terrible

              • Old Norse Yggr Terrible (epithet of Odin)

                • Old Norse Yggdrassil

                  • English Yggdrassil
              • French ogre ^[4]

                • English ogre
          • West Germanic

            • Old English onœ̄ġan
      • Proto-Indo-European *h₂égʰos distress

        • Germanic *agaz

          • East Germanic

            • Gothic 𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 agis fear
          • North Germanic

            • Old Norse agi awe, terror, uproar, constraint, discipline

              • Danish ave discipline
              • Icelandic agi discipline
              • English awe

                • English awful
                • English awesome
            • Old Norse uggr fear, apprehension, dread
          • Germanic *agazlīkaz fearsome, frightening-looking "awe-like"

            • North Germanic

              • Old Norse uggligr fearful, dreadful

                • Icelandic ugglegur
                • English ugly
            • West Germanic

              • Frankish *egislīk

                • Dutch ijselijk

                  • Dutch ijzingwekkend frightening
              • Old Saxon egislīk terrifying, horrible

                • Low German aislik horrible, gruesome, ugly
              • Mycenaean Greek 𐀀𐀑𐀩𐀄 a-ki-re-u personal name, Achilles?
              • Classical Greek Ἀχιλλεύς Akhilleús
        • Hellenic *akhos

          • Classical Greek ἄχος ákhos distress, pain, grief
          • Hellenic *Akhílāu̯os Achilles lit. "Grief of the People"?
        • Indo-Iranian *Hagʰás bad, evil

          • Indo-Aryan *Hagʰás

            • Sanskrit 𑀅𑀖 aghá bad, evil, sinful, dangerous

              • Pali agha
              • Sauraseni 𑀅𑀳 aha

                • Madhya Sauraseni
                • Hindi अह ah
              • Telugu అఘము aghamu sin, guilt
          • Iranian

            • Avestan 𐬀𐬖𐬀 aγa evil
      • Proto-Indo-European *h₂egʰlos distressing, repulsive

        • Germanic *agluz upsetting, offensive, burdensome

          • East Germanic

            • Gothic 𐌰𐌲𐌻𐌿𐍃 aglus difficult
          • Germanic *aglijaną to offend, to damage

            • East Germanic

              • Gothic 𐌰𐌲𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 agljan to hurt, to damage
            • West Germanic

              • Old English eġlan to trouble, to pain, to afflict

                • English ail
      • Proto-Indo-European *h₂eg- guilt, penance?

        • Proto-Indo-European *h₂éǵeti primary verb

          • Germanic *akaną to ache

            • West Germanic

              • Old English acan to ache

                • English ache ^[5]
            • Germanic *akiz an ache

              • West Germanic

                • Old English eċe ache

                  • English ache ^[5]
        • Proto-Indo-European *h₂éǵos action/result noun

          • Hellenic

            • Classical Greek ἄγος ágos awe, reverence, curse, guilt, penance
          • Indo-Iranian

            • Indo-Aryan *Hā́gas

              • Sanskrit 𑀆𑀕𑀲𑁆 ā́gas injury, sin, fault
  • Proto-Indo-European *h₂engʷʰ- snake, eel, water worm

    • Proto-Indo-European *h₂éngʷʰis

      • Old Armenian աւձ awj snake, serpent

        • Armenian օձ ōj snake, serpent
      • Old Armenian

        • Armenian անգի angi thin, emaciated
      • Balto-Slavic *angis

        • East Baltic

          • Lithuanian angis viper
        • Slavic *ǫ̃žь

          • East Slavic ꙋжь užĭ

            • Russian уж už grass snake
            • Ukrainian вуж vuž grass snake
            • Estonian uss worm, maggot, snake
          • West Slavic

            • Polish wąż
      • Celtic

        • Brythonic

          • Welsh llysywen eel
        • Old Irish escong

          • Irish eascann eel, snake, reptile
      • Indo-Iranian *Hánǰʰiš

        • Iranian *Hánǰiš

          • Persian یغنیج yağni grass snake
      • Italic

        • Latin anguis snake, serpent, dragon
    • Proto-Indo-European *h₂éngʷʰileh₂? eel
    • Pre-Albanian *engellā

      • Albanian ngjalë eel
      • Pre-Albanian *ts-engellā

        • Albanian thnegël ant but more likely a Balkan Romance borrowing from formicula, with common 'f'=sqi-Latn / 'th'=sqi-Latn alternation
    • Hellenic

      • Classical Greek ἔγχελυς énkhelus eel should be ánkhelus, but influenced by ékhis?

        • Greek χέλι chéli eel
    • Italic

      • Latin anguilla eel, small snake

        • Central Romance

          • Dalmatian anǧola eel
          • Italian anguilla eel
        • Insular Romance

          • Sardinian anguidda
        • Western Romance

          • French anguille eel
          • Spanish anguila eel
        • Translingual Anguilla a taxonomic genus of eels
    • Proto-Indo-European *h₂n̥gʷʰos

      • Germanic *unkʷô snake

        • West Germanic

          • Old High German unc snake

            • German Unke fire-bellied toad
    • Proto-Indo-European *h₂engʷʰrós

      • Balto-Slavic *angurios

        • East Baltic

          • Lithuanian ungurỹs eel
        • Slavic *ǫgorjь eel

          • East Slavic

            • Russian у́горь úgorʹ eel
            • Ukrainian вуго́р vuhór eel
          • South Slavic

            • Old Church Slavonic ѫгорищь ǫgorištĭ
            • Serbo-Croatian у̀гор ùgor eel, conger
          • West Slavic

            • Czech úhoř eel
            • Polish węgorz eel

              • Yiddish ווענגער venger eel
        • Finnic

          • Finnish ankerias eel
      • Germanic *angraz

        • West Germanic

          • Old High German angar mealworm, grub

            • Old High German engiring diminutive

              • German Engerling maggot
  • Proto-Indo-European *h₃égʷʰis snake, serpent, dragon

    • Old Armenian իժ iž viper

      • Armenian իժ iž viper, snake
    • Germanic agiz snake, lizard

      • Germanic *egalaz leech

        • North Germanic

          • Old Norse *iglr

            • Danish igler leeches
            • Icelandic iglur leeches
        • West Germanic

          • Frankish

            • Dutch echel leech
          • Old High German egala leech

            • German Egel leech
      • Germanic *agiþahsijǭ lizard, newt lit. "badger-lizard"

        • West Germanic

          • Old English āþexe lizard, newt

            • English ask newt dialectal
          • Frankish *egithassa

            • Dutch hagedis lizard

              • Sranan Tongo lagadisa lizard
          • Old High German egidehsa lizard

            • German Eidechse lizard

              • German Echse lizard
              • Yiddish עקדיש ekdish scorpion
        • Germanic *ēlaz

          • North Germanic

            • Old Norse áll eel

              • Danish ål eel
              • Icelandic áll eel, river channel
          • West Germanic

            • Old English ǣl eel

              • English eel
              • Old English ǣlfær migration of eels lit. "eel journey"

                • English elver
            • Frankish *āl

              • Dutch aal eel, elver
            • Old High German āl

              • German Aal eel
    • Hellenic

      • Classical Greek ὄφῐς óphis serpent, snake

        • Koine Greek ὀφίδιον ophídion

          • Greek φίδι fídi snake
          • English ophidiophobia
        • English ophiophobia
        • Coptic ⲟⲃⲓⲟⲛ
        • Classical Greek ὀφιοῦχος ophioûkhos snake-handler, Ophiuchus (constellation)

          • Latin Ophiuchus

            • English Ophiuchus
    • Indo-Iranian *Háǰʰiš snake

      • Indo-Aryan *Háźʰiṣ

        • Sanskrit 𑀅𑀳𑀺 áhi

          • Pali ahi

            • Tagalog ahas snake
      • Iranian *Háǰiš

        • Avestan aži

          • Avestan Aži Dahāka

            • Parthian až-δahāg

              • Persian اژدها aždahâ dragon

                • Armenian աժդահա aždaha monstrous giant
                • Hindi अज़दहा azdahā dragon
                • Ottoman Turkish اژدرها ejderha dragon

                  • Turkish ejderha dragon
                  • Serbo-Croatian ажда̀ха aždàha dragon
              • Persian اژدر aždar dragon

                • Translingual Azhdarcho a taxonomic genus of pterosaur
        • Western Iranian

          • Northwestern Iranian

            • Kurdish ažî bug, worm, snake
    • Phrygian

      • Classical Greek ἔχις ékhis snake, adder, viper

        • Classical Greek ἔχιδνᾰ ékhidna viper

          • Greek έχιδνα échidna adder, viper, echidna
          • Classical Greek Ἔχιδνα Ekhidna

            • English Echidna
            • English echidna
    • Tocharian

      • Kushean auk snake, serpent

Visual

Collected English words

anchor, angora, Ankara, palanquin, ankle, ankylosis, ankylo-, Ankylosaurus, angle, triangle, quadrangle, quad, angle, English, England, Angle, anglo-, cynache, quinsy, angina, anxious, anxiety, hangnail, angst, Angostura bitters, anguish, Baba Yaga, anger, Yggdrassil, ogre, awe, awful, awesome, ugly, ail, ache, Anguilla, ask, eel, elver, ophidiophobia, ophiophobia, Ophiuchus, Azhdarcho, Echidna, echidna

Footnotes

1. ^

   Anglia/Anglen Peninsula, the homeland of the Angles before they settled England. Some possibilities for the origin of the name of the place/people:

   1) "fishhook", referring to the shape of the peninsula,

   2) "fisherman", referring to the industry of the people, or

   3) "narrow", referring to the Flensburg Firth/Fjord between the Anglia Peninsula to the south and the Als/Sonderberg region to the north.

2. ^

   There are a pair of Armenian homonyms: անձուկ anjuk; on the one hand "narrow, constrained, wish" (cognate to angst and anguish) and on the other hand an-+juk: "fishless" (equivalent to a Greek formation of "an-icthyan"). I wish for fish.

3. ^

   English angst is adopted in the 19th C via Freud's German and Kierkegaard's Danish.

4. ^

   The general guess is that French ogre is from Italian orco (with metathesis), from Latin Orcus, god of the underworld. The related flesh-eating monsters orc and orca almost certainly are from Orcus. But since the French ogre is first attested only in 1697 in Perrault's fairy tales, and is apparently a literary invention, it seems worth asking whether it could instead be related to nearly Old Norse œgr: "terrifying" or œgir: "terrifier".

5. ^

   Originally the noun and verb of ache were pronounced and spelled differently: ake eık (verb), ache eıtʃ (noun), comparable to speak/speech. The pronunciation of the noun merged with the verb, and the spelling of the verb merged with the noun. Possibly under the influence of Greek ákhos of much the same meaning.