Teaser
oxygen, acid, eager, vinegar, tear, edge, ax, hammer, hear, acoustic, coin, cuneiform, cone
Full Text
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱ- sharp
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂ḱh₂owsyéti hears (well) lit. "is sharp-earing" [3]
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Germanic *hauzijaną to hear
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East Germanic
- Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 hausjan to hear, listen
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North Germanic
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Old Norse
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Dalecarlian
- Övdalian ära to hear
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Old East Norse
- Danish høre to hear, to learn
- Swedish höra to hear
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Old West Norse heyra to hear, to listen
- Faroese hoyra to hear, to listen
- Icelandic heyra to hear, to listen
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West Germanic *hauʀijan
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Old English hīeran / hīran / hȳran to hear, to listen, to obey
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Middle English heren
- English hear [3]
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Frankish *hōren
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Middle Dutch horen
- Dutch horen to hear, to be polite, to be supposed to, to belong
- Afrikaans hoor to hear
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Old High German hōren to hear
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Middle High German hœren to hear
- German hören to hear, to listen
- Yiddish הערן hern to hear
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West Germanic *hauʀukōn to hark "to hear" + intensifier
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Old English *heorcian *hercian
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Middle English herken / herkien to listen attentively, to heed, to hark
- English hark
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Old English heorcnian / hercnian to listen to, to harken, to obey
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Middle English herkenen
- English harken
- Scots herkin
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Frankish *hōrkon
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Middle Dutch horken / hurken
- Dutch horken to listen attentively, to hark
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Old High German *hōrachōn
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Middle High German horchen
- German horchen to eavesdrop, to hark
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Hellenic *akouhyō
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Classical Greek ἀκούω akoúō I hear, I listen, I learn, I obey
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Classical Greek ἀκουστικός akoustikós auditory, related to hearing
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Latin acousticus
- French acoustique acoustic
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English acoustic
- Japanese アコースティック akōsutikku acoustic (unamplified)
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Tocharian
- Kushean āks- to awaken
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂oḱós sharp
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Hellenic
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Classical Greek ὀξύς oxús sharp, pointed, clever, swift
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French oxygène oxygen Greek technical formation "sharp-forming", for oxygen's role in forming acids
- English oxygen
- Translingual O
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Classical Greek ὀξύμωρος oxúmōros a witty saying that is seemingly paradoxical, oxymoron "clever-foolish"
- English oxymoron
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English oxytocic Greek technical formation "swift-birth"
- English oxytocin
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱéh₁yeti secondary imperfective
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Italic *akēzi to be sharp, to be sour
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Latin acere to be sour
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Latin acidus / acida / acidum sour, tart, acidic, harsh
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French acide acid, acidic, sour, tart
- English acid
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Italian acido / acida acidic, acid
- English agita
- Spanish ácido
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Latin acetum vinegar
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Central Romance
- Italian aceto vinegar
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Insular Romance
- Sardinian acedhu
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Western Romance
- Spanish acedo sour, tart, a sour juice
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West Germanic *aket *atek
- Old English æċed vinegar
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Frankish
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Middle Dutch edic vinegar
- Dutch edik vinegar
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Old High German ezzih vinegar
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Middle High German ezzich
- German Essig vinegar
- Yiddish עסיק esik vinegar
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Old Saxon ekid
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Middle Low German êtik
- Low German Etig vinegar
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Old Norse edik vinegar
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Old East Norse
- Danish eddike vinegar
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Old West Norse
- Icelandic edik vinegar
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Gothic 𐌰𐌺𐌴𐍄 / 𐌰𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍄 aket akeit vinegar
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Slavic *ocьtъ
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East Slavic
- Russian оцет ocet vinegar
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South Slavic
- Old Church Slavonic оцьтъ ocĭtŭ vinegar
- Serbo-Croatian оцат ocat vinegar
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West Slavic
- Czech ocet vinegar
- Polish ocet vinegar
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Old Irish aicét / aigéd vinegar
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Middle Irish
- Irish aigéad acid
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- English acetate
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Latin acetulum
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Western Romance
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Old French aisin
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Middle Dutch aisine / aysijn
- Dutch azijn vinegar
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Latin *acētillum
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Western Romance
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Old French aisil
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Middle French
- French aisy
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Middle English aisel
- English eisel
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂ḱrós sharp adjective
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Balto-Slavic *aśras
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Baltic
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East Baltic
- Lithuanian aštrus sharp
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Slavic *ostrъ sharp
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East Slavic
- Russian острый ostryj sharp, acute, keen, spicy
- Ukrainian гострий hostryj sharp, spicy
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South Slavic
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Old Church Slavonic ⱁⱄⱅⱃⱏ / остръ ostrŭ sharp, rough
- Bulgarian остър ostăr sharp
- Serbo-Croatian оштар oštar sharp, acute, keen, precise
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West Slavic
- Czech ostrý sharp, spicy
- Polish ostry sharp, spicy, acute
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Hellenic
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Classical Greek ἄκρος / ἄκρα / ἄκρον ákros ákra ákron outermost, top, best, first, on the edge, peak, cape
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Classical Greek ἀκροβάτης akrobátēs acrobat "top-walker"
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French acrobate acrobat
- English acrobat
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Classical Greek ἀκρόπολις akrópolis
- English acropolis
- Greek άκρη ákri end, point, tip, edge
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Classical Greek Ἄκραι Ákrai
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Latin Acrae
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Central Romance
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Italian Acre
- Italian Acreide / Palazzolo Acreide
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- Classical Greek Θρινακία / Τρινακρία Thrinakría Trinakría Sicily "three-ends, three-capes", probably by folk-etymology
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Italic *akris sharp, sour irregular
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Latin ācer / ācrem / ācrus sharp, sour, keen, shrewd
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Central Romance
- Italian agro sour, vinegary
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Western Romance
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Old French aigre / egre
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Middle French
- French aigre sharp, sour, shrill
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Middle English egre
- English eager [1]
- Scots laager eager
- Yola aagar eager
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Old French vinaigre vinegar lit. "wine-sour"
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Middle French vinaigre
- French vinaigre vinegar
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Middle English vinagir / vynegre / wyne-egre
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English vinegar
- Japanese ビネガー binegā vinegar
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Middle Welsh vinegyr
- Welsh finegr vinegar
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Middle Irish fínégra
- Irish fínéagar vinegar
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- Spanish agrio sour, tangy, bitter
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Latin acerbus sour, bitter, rough, oppressive
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French acerbe acerbic, harsh
- English acerbic
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Latin acerbātus make sour, make bitter, make worse
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Latin exacerbātus provoke, exacerbate, thoroughly worsen
- English exacerbate
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- English acrid
- French âcre acrid, bitter
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Old Irish aicher sharp, fierce
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Middle Irish
- Irish aichear sharp, keen
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱru a sharp, a bitter, tear deadjectival
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Proto-Indo-European *dr̥ḱ-h₂eḱru tear(s) lit. "eye-bitter" "eye-sting"
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Proto-Indo-European *drh₂éḱru haplology
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Germanic *trahnuz a tear
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West Germanic *trahnu
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Frankish *trān
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Dutch traan a tear, fish oil
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Dutch traanolie fish oil
- English train oil
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Old High German trahan / traan
- German Träne a tear
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Proto-Indo-European *dh₂éḱru further haplology
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Pre-Armenian *artawr a tear
- Old Armenian արտօսր artōsr a tear with 's' from the plural
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Pre-Armenian *artaḱu-? tears
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Old Armenian արտասուք artasukʿ tears
- Armenian արցունք arcʿunkʿ a tear
- Armenian արտասուք artasukʿ a tear, to weep, to lament re-borrowing
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Hellenic
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Classical Greek δάκρυ dákru a tear, sap
- Greek δάκρυ dákry a tear
- English dacryo-
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Classical Greek δακρύω dakrúō I weep
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Classical Greek δακρυμα dakryma a tear re-derived noun as a deverbal
- Old Latin 𐌃𐌀𐌂𐌓𐌖𐌌𐌀 dacruma a tear
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Northwestern Indo-European *dáḱrom
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Celtic *dakrom a tear
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Old Irish dér a tear
- Irish deoir a tear
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Germanic *tahrą *tagr- a tear
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East Germanic
- Gothic 𐍄𐌰𐌲𐍂 tagr a tear singular stem levelled to plural stem
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North Germanic
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Old Norse tár a tear
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Danish tår a drop, a sip
- Danish tåre a tear originally a plural
- Icelandic tár a tear, a drop, a sip
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West Germanic
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Old English tear a tear
- English tear
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Old High German zahar
- German Zähre a tear archaic
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Germanic *tahrijaną to weep, to shed tears
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East Germanic
- Gothic 𐍄𐌰𐌲𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽 tagrjan to weep, to shed tears
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West Germanic
- Old English tieran to weep, to water (of eyes)
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Italic *dakrom
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Old Latin 𐌃𐌀𐌂𐌓𐌖𐌌𐌀 / 𐌃𐌀𐌂𐌓𐌉𐌌𐌀 dacruma dacrima a tear
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Latin lacruma / lacrima a tear
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Central Romance
- Italian lacrima a tear
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Eastern Romance
- Romanian lacrimă a tear
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Western Romance
- French larme a tear, a drop
- Spanish lágrima a tear
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Latin lacrimālis of tears, related to tears
- English lacrimal
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Latin lacrimosus full of tears, lamentable
- English lachrymose partly re-modelled as if Greek
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Latin lacrimare to weep, to shed tears
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Central Romance
- Italian lacrimàre to weep, to drip, to mourn
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Eastern Romance
- Romanian lăcrima to weep
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Western Romance
- Spanish lacrimar / lagrimar
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Vulgar Latin *lacrimidiare
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Eastern Romance
- Aromanian lãcãrmedz to weep
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Western Romance
- French larmoyer to weep, to whine, to drip
- Spanish lagrimear
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Proto-Indo-European *dáḱruh₂ tears collective
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Celtic *dakrū tears
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Brythonic *dėgr
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Welsh deigr tears archaic
- Welsh deigryn a tear new singular derived from deigr with -yn singulative suffix
- Welsh dagrau tears new regular plural
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Hellenic
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Classical Greek δάκρυα dákrua tears
- Classical Greek δάκρυον dákruon a tear back-formed from dákrua
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Anatolian
- Hittite 𒅖𒄩𒀪𒊒 isḫaḫru tears
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Balto-Slavic
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Baltic
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East Baltic
- Lithuanian ãšara tear, pearl
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Indo-Iranian *Háćru
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Indo-Aryan *Háśru
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Sanskrit 𑀅𑀰𑁆𑀭𑀼 áśru tear
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Maharashtri 𑀅𑀁𑀲𑀼 aṃsu
- Marathi आसू āsū
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Pali assu
- Khmer អស្សុ ʾahsoʾ tear
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Sauraseni 𑀅𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀼 assu
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Hindustani
- Hindi आँसू ā̃sū tear
- Urdu آنسو ā̃sū tear
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Pahari
- Nepali आशू āśū
- Punjabi ਅੱਥਰੂ atharū
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- Telugu అశ్రువు aśruvu tear
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Iranian *Hácru
- Avestan 𐬀𐬯𐬭𐬏𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬥 asrūazan tears
- Pashto اوښه óẍa
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Western Iranian
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Northwestern Iranian
- Kurdish hêstir
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Old Persian
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Middle Persian
- Persian ارس ars tear
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Tocharian *ākru
- Arshian ākär tear
- Kushean akrūna tears
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂oḱris top, protrusion, corner *o-is noun derived from *h₂ḱrós
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Celtic *ókris
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Old Irish ochair edge
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Middle Irish ochair
- Irish achar limit, extent, (geometric) area
- Welsh ochr side
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Brythonic
- Welsh ochr side
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Hellenic *ókris
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Classical Greek ὄκρις ókris point, prominence
- Classical Greek ὀκρίς okrís pointed, rugged, peaked
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Indo-Iranian *Háćriš
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Indo-Aryan *Háśriṣ
- Sanskrit 𑀅𑀰𑁆𑀭𑀺𑀂 áśriḥ sharp edge, corner, angle
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Italic *okris
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Old Latin ocris rugged mountain, crag
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Latin mediocris middling, medium, ordinary, tolerable, mediocre apparently "halfway up the mountain"?
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French médiocre
- English mediocre
- Italian mediocre
- Spanish mediocre
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Umbrian 𐌖𐌊𐌀𐌓 ukar
- Umbrian 𐌖𐌊𐌓𐌉𐌐𐌄𐌓 ukriper mountain
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱus
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Old Armenian հասկ hask ear (of grain)
- Armenian հասկ hask ear (of grain)
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Balto-Slavic *ašus
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Baltic
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East Baltic
- Latvian ass sharp, pointed
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Germanic *ahaz ear (of grain)
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East Germanic
- Gothic 𐌰𐌷𐍃 ahs ear (of grain)
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West Germanic *ahaʀ
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Old English æhher / ēar ear (of grain)
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Middle English er / eere / eichyr ear (of grain)
- English ear only as in grain [3]
- Scots aicher ear (of grain)
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Old High German ahir ear (of grain)
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Middle High German eher ear (of grain)
- German Ähre ear (of grain), spike (of a flower)
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Italic *akus
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Latin acus needle (sewing or pine), husk
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Latin acuere to sharpen, to make pointed, to spur, to exercise, to practice
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Latin acutus sharp, sharpened
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Central Romance
- Italian aguzzo sharp
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Western Romance
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Old French
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Middle French
- French aigu sharp, pointy, acute
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Middle English
- English ague
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- Spanish agudo sharp, witty, acute
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- English acute
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Latin acūmen sharpened point
- English acumen
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Latin acūcla small needle
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Central Romance
- Italian agucchia needle
- Emilian gùccia sewing needle [2]
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Western Romance
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French aiguille needle, watch hand, spire
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French aiglet needle, aiglet
- English aiglet
- English aglet
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Latin aculeus prickle, spine, stinger
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Vulgar Latin *aculentus
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Western Romance
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Old French aiglent sweebriar rose
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Middle French
- French églantier wild rosebush
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Middle English
- English eglantine
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Tocharian
- Kushean āk ear (of grain)
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Proto-Indo-European *Heḱu-péth₂r̥ swift-winged?, sharp-winged?, hawk
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Balto-Slavic
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Slavic *àstrę̄bъ hawk
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East Slavic ꙗстрѧбъ jastrębŭ
- Russian ястреб jastreb hawk
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South Slavic
- Serbo-Croatian јастреб / јастријеб / jastreb / jastrijeb hawk
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West Slavic
- Czech jestřáb hawk, goshawk
- Polish jastrząb hawk
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Hellenic
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Classical Greek ὠκύπτερος ōkúpteros swift-winged
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Classical Greek ὀξυπτέριον oxuptérion hawk
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Byzantine Greek ξεφτέριν xiphtérin
- Greek ξιφτέρι xiphtéri sparrowhawk, quick witted
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Old Albanian *qiftër
- Albanian qift kite (predatory bird)
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Italic *akupeter
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Latin accipiter hawk, falcon
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Central Romance
- Italian astore goshawk
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Eastern Romance
- Albanian skifter falcon
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Western Romance
- French autour goshawk
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Portuguese açor goshawk
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Portuguese Açores Goshawk (Islands), Azores
- English Azores
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- Spanish azor goshawk
- Basque aztore falcon
- English accipiter
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱh₂enh₂?
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Balto-Slavic
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East Baltic
- Lithuanian ašnìs
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Slavic
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West Slavic
- Czech osina awn
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Germanic *aganō chaff
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North Germanic
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Old Norse
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Old East Norse
- Swedish ag fen sedge, saw sedge sharp marsh grasses
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West Germanic
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Old English ægnan
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Middle English
- English awn
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Frankish *aghn
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Middle Dutch
- Dutch agen
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Hellenic
- Classical Greek ἄκανος ákanos thistle
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Italic
- Latin agna straw, ear (of grain)
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂oḱyeh₂ optative: ~"it should be sharp"
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Balto-Slavic
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Baltic
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East Baltic
- Lithuanian akėčios harrow
- Latvian ecēšas harrow
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West Baltic
- Old Prussian aketes harrow
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Germanic *agjō edge, corner
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North Germanic
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Old Norse egg edge
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Old East Norse
- Danish æg
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Old West Norse
- Icelandic egg edge of a knife or sword, edge of a mountain
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Old Norse eggja to incite, to egg on
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Old West Norse
- Icelandic eggja to incite, to egg on
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Old English eggian
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Middle English eggen
- English egg
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Finnic *akja edge, border
- Estonian ai hem of a skirt
- Finnish aaja large, wide, broad
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Livonian aiga / aďa edge, border, shore
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Sudovian ajga end
- Sudovian ajgd to end
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- Northern Sámi ávju edge
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West Germanic
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Old English eċġ edge
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Middle English egge / ege / eghge edge, blade
- English edge
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Frankish
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Middle Dutch egge
- Dutch eg harrow
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Middle Dutch eggen
- Dutch eggen to harrow, to plow
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Middle High German
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German eggen to harrow
- German Egge harrow backformed
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Old High German egga
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Middle High German
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German Ecke edge, corner, roughly triangular piece
- German Dreieck triangle
- German Eckzahn canine tooth
- German Vieleck polygon
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Germanic *Agi personal name: Sword's-Edge
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North Germanic
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Old Norse Eggi
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Old East Norse
- Danish Ove
- German Uwe
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Germanic *Agino dimunitive
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West Germanic
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Frankish Aizino
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Old French Aisincurt place name: Aizino's farmstead
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Middle French
- French Azincourt
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Middle English
- English Agincourt
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Old High German
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Middle High German
- German Egon
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Italic
- Latin occa harrow
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂ḱeh₂ noun
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Hellenic
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Classical Greek ἀκή akḗ point
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Classical Greek ἄκανθος ákanthos acanthus, thorn
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Translingual Acanthus a taxonomic genus of prickly herbs
- Translingual Pyracantha taxonomic genus of the firethorn shrubs
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Classical Greek ἀκακία akakía acacia/shittah tree
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Latin acacia
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Central Romance
- Italian gaggia sweet acacia
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Western Romance
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Old Provençal
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Occitan cacìo
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French cassie sweet acacia, needle bush, cassie
- English cassie
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- Translingual Acacia taxonomic genus of wattle shrub
- English acacia
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Finno-Ugric
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Finnic *kaca
- Finnish kasa corner
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Ugric
- Hungarian hegy mountain, tip (of a knife, finger, pencil, etc.)
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Samic
- Northern Sámi geahčči point
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱstis
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Balto-Slavic
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Baltic
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East Baltic
- Latvian aksts
- Lithuanian akstìs thorn, javelin
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Slavic *ostь
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East Slavic
- Russian ость ostʹ awn, bristle
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West Slavic
- Czech ost
- Polish ość fishbone, awn
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Celtic *axtīnos gorse
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Brythonic
- Breton bezhin
- Cornish eythin furze, gorse
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Welsh eithin furze, gorse
- Welsh eithin y cwrw juniper
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Old Irish aiten
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Middle Irish
- Irish aiteann gorse
- Manx aittin / aadjin gorse
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂egʷsih₂ axe collective? "sharpnesses"?
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Germanic *akwisī axe [4]
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East Germanic
- Gothic 𐌰𐌵𐌹𐌶𐌹 aqizi axe
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North Germanic
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Old Norse øx axe
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Old East Norse
- Danish økse axe
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Old West Norse
- Icelandic öxi axe
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West Germanic *akusi
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Old English æx axe
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Middle English ax / axe / ex / exe axe
- English ax / axe
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Frankish *akus
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Middle Dutch akes / aex
- Dutch aks
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Old High German ackis
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Middle High German ackes / aks / axt
- German Axt axe
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Hellenic
- Classical Greek ἀξίνη axínē axe, axe-head [4]
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Italic
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Latin ascia axe, mason's trowel [4]
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Central Romance
- Italian ascia axe, adze
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Western Romance
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Old French aisse
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Middle French
- French asse a type of pickaxe
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Middle French
- French asseau slater's hammer
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Old Provençal
- Catalan aixa adze, battle axe
- Spanish aja adze
- Spanish aja adze
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Western Romance *asciāta hoe
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Old Provençal
- Catalan aixada / eixada / xada hoe
- Occitan aissada hoe
- Spanish azada hoe
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Latin asciola adze
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Western Romance
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Old Provençal
- Occitan aissòla
- Spanish azuela adze
- Basque aizkora axe
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Latin asciāre to work with an axe or trowel
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Central Romance
- Italian asciare to cut with an axe
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂ḱmeh₂
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Hellenic
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Classical Greek ἀκμή akmḗ point, edge, highest of culminating point of something
- Greek ακμή akmí peak, point, edge, crisis, acne
- English acme
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New Latin acnē
- English acne
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Classical Greek παρακμή parakmḗ decline "[falling away] from the peak"
- Greek παρακμή parakmí decay, decline
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂éḱmō *h₂éḱmonm̥ stone, rock agentive, "sharpener"? "cutter"?
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Balto-Slavic *kā́ˀmō *kā́ˀmenin
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Baltic
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East Baltic
- Lithuanian akmuo stone semantically expected
- Lithuanian ašmuõ edge, blade phonologically expected
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Slavic *kàmy *kàmenь stone
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East Slavic камꙑ / камень kamy kamenĭ
- Russian камень kamjenʹ stone, rock, cliff, weight
- Ukrainian ка́мінь káminʹ stone
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South Slavic
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Old Church Slavonic ⰽⰰⰿⱏⰺ / камꙑ kamy stone
- Bulgarian камък / камен kamăk kamen rock, stone
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West Slavic
- Czech kámen stone, game piece
- Polish kamień stone, stone (unit of mass), plaque
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Slovak kameň stone
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Slovak Kamenec place name: Stony (Szombathely)
- Hungarian Kámon
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Germanic *himinaz sky, heaven
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East Germanic
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Gothic 𐌷𐌹𐌼𐌹𐌽𐍃 himins heaven
- Gothic 𐌷𐌹𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍃 himinakunds born of heaven, heavenly
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North Germanic
- Old Norse himinn
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West Germanic *hebun sky, heaven nasal dissimilation
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Old English heben / heofon / heafun sky, heaven
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Middle English hevene / evne / heaven
- English heaven
- Scots heiven heaven": "heaven
- Yola heaaven / heoven heaven
- Old English heofoncund heavenly, celestial
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Frankish *hevan
- Middle Dutch heven
- Old Saxon heban / hevan sky, heaven
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West Germanic *himil sky, heaven nasal dissimilation
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Frankish *himil
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Middle Dutch hemel
- Dutch hemel sky, heaven
- Afrikaans hemel sky, heaven
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Old High German himil sky, heaven
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Middle High German himel / hemel sky, heaven
- German Himmel sky, heaven, canopy
- Yiddish הימל himl sky, heaven
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Old Saxon himil sky, heaven
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Middle Low German hemel / hemmel sky, heaven
- Low German Hemel / Hemmel / Himmel / Hiemel
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Old East Norse
- Danish himmel sky, heaven
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Swedish himmel sky, heaven
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Finnish himmeli mobile (hanging decoration), something (overly) complicated and possibly delicate
- Finnish hallintohimmeli organization chart
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West Germanic *himiliti *gahimiliti roof, ceiling
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Frankish *himiliti *gahimiliti
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Middle Dutch hemelte
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Middle Dutch verhemelte
- Dutch verhemelte palate (roof of the mouth), canopy
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Middle Dutch gehemelte
- Dutch gehemelte palate (roof of the mouth), taste, flavor, canopy
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Germanic *uppahiminaz up-heaven, high heaven
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North Germanic
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Old Norse ᚢᛒᚼᛁᛘᛁᚾ ubhimin
- Old East Norse ᚢᛔᚼᛁᛘᛅᚿ uphimæn
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Old West Norse
- Icelandic upphiminn
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West Germanic
- Old English upheofon
- Old High German ûfhimil
- Old Saxon upphimil
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Hellenic
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Classical Greek ἄκμων / ἄκμονα ákmōn ákmona anvil, pestle, head of a battering ram
- Greek αμόνι amóni anvil
- Greek άκμονας ákmonas incus anvil shaped bone in the middle ear
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Classical Greek ἀκμόνιον diminutive
- Greek αμόνι amóni anvil, incus
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Indo-Iranian *Háĉmā *Háćmānam stone, hammer, thunderbolt
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Indo-Aryan *Háśmā
- Sanskrit 𑀅𑀰𑁆𑀫𑀸 अश्मा áśmā stone, hammer, thunderbolt
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Iranian *Háĉmā *Hácmānam
- Avestan asman sky, heaven
- Pashto اسمان / آسمان asmān āsmān sky, heaven
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Sogdo-Bactrian
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Bactrian *ašn-
- Bactrian αϸνηφινδανο ašnēfindano Lord of the Sky
- Khwarezmian 𐾰𐾿𐾺𐾽 / 𐾰𐾿𐾽 asəm asm
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Sogdic
- Sogdian 𐫀𐫘𐫖𐫀𐫗 / 𐫘𐫖𐫀𐫗 / 𐼼𐼺𐼰𐼻𐼳 / ܣܩܐܢ āsmān smān smānh
- Yaghnobi осмон āsmān sky
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Western Iranian
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Northwestern Iranian
- Kurdish esman sky
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Medean *asman
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Old Persian 𐎠𐎿𐎶𐎴 asman sky
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Middle Persian 𐭠𐭮𐭬𐭠𐭭 / 𐫀𐫘𐫖𐫀𐫗 / 𐮀𐮍𐮋𐮀𐮌 āsmān
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Persian آسمان âsemân sky, heaven
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Hindustani
- Hindi आसमान āsmān sky
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Tajik осмон osmon sky
- Yaghnobi осмон āsmān sky
- Luri ںاسمو asemo sky
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Iranian *Haĉanáh *Haĉangáh stone, weight
- Avestan 𐬀𐬯𐬇𐬥𐬋 / 𐬀𐬯𐬆𐬥𐬔𐬀 asə̄nō asənga stone
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Scythian
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Alanian
- Ossetian дзӕнгъа / дзӕнхъа / дзӕгъгъа ʒænǧa ʒænqa ʒæǧǧa
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Saka
- Khotani saṃgga- stone
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Old Chinese slaːn ɡaː
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Middle Chinese 珊瑚 sɑn ɦuo coral
- Mandarin 珊瑚 shānhú coral
- Wu 珊瑚 se hhu coral
- Yue 珊瑚 saan1 wu4 coral
- Japanese サンゴ sango coral
- Korean 산호 sanho coral
- Vietnamese san hô coral
- Taiwanese 珊瑚 soan-ô͘ coral
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Sogdo-Bactrian
- Bactrian ασαγγο asango stone, rock
- Khwarezmian 𐾿𐾾𐾻 snk
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Sogdic
- Sogdian 𐫘𐫗𐫃 / 𐼼𐼻𐼲 / 𐼼𐼻𐼸𐼰 sng snɣ snkā stone
- Yaghnobi sánka / sánk / sang
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Western Iranian
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Northwestern Iranian
- Kurdish seng weight
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Medean *asangáh
- Elamite 𒀾𒃻𒀭𒋡 áš-šá-an-ka₄
- Old Persian 𐎠𐎿𐎴 asan- stone
- Parthian 𐫀𐫘𐫗𐫃 / 𐫀𐫘𐫗𐫗𐫃 āsng āsnng stone
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Old Persian 𐎠𐎰𐎥 aθaⁿga- stone
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Middle Persian 𐭮𐭭𐭢 sng stone, rock
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Persian سنگ sang stone, tombstone, weight, value, authority
- Coptic ⲃⲁⲥⲛϭ basnc tin with "ba-" prefix based on other metal names
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Hindustani
- Hindi संग saṅg stone, rock
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱmoros stony
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Balto-Slavic
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Slavic *kamorъ rare, most descendants derive directly from *kamy
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West Slavic
- Polish kamor large stone
- Slovincian kamor stone, rock
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Germanic
- North Germanic
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Old Norse hamarr stone, cliff, hammer
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Dalecarlian
- Övdalian åmår
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Old East Norse
- Danish hammer hammer
- Swedish hammare hammer
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Old West Norse
- Faroese hamar / hamari hammer, cliff, crag
- Icelandic hamar hammer, cliff
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West Germanic
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Old English hamor / hamer / homer hammer
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Middle English hamer / hamber
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English hammer
- Japanese ハンマー hanmā hammer
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Frankish *hamar
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Middle Dutch hamer hammer
- Dutch hamer hammer
- Afrikaans hamer hammer
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Old High German hamar hammer
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Middle High German hamer hammer
- German Hammer hammer
- Yiddish האַמער hamer hammer
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Indo-Iranian
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Indo-Aryan
- Sanskrit 𑀅𑀰𑁆𑀫𑀭𑀂 aśmaráḥ stony
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Proto-Indo-European *?
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Italic
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Latin acies sharp edge or point, battle line
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Latin acinus
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Latin duracinus hard-berried, stone fruit
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Central Romance
- Dalmatian drucno
- Italian duracina
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Western Romance
- Old French duraine
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Spanish durazno peach Latin American only
- Quechua turasnu peach
- French duracine type of peach
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Classical Greek δωράκινον dōrákinon type of peach
- Greek ροδάκινο rodákino peach
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Classical Syriac ܕܘܪܩܝܢܐ dōraqqīnā apricot, peach
- Arabic دُرَّاق durrāq peach
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Latin *acillus
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Medieval Latin arillus pip, grape seed
- English aril
- French arille
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Latin aciārium steel
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Central Romance
- Italian acciaio steel
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Western Romance
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Old French acier / acer
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Middle French
- French acier steel
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- Spanish acero steel, weapon, arms
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂ḱew- sharp thing, sting
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂ḱunyós? An IE form that was suffixed with *(Ø)-nós and then *(Ø)-yós completely explains the Latin, but is weird morphology
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Italic
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Latin cuneus wedge, die stamp
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Central Romance
- Italian conio die stamp, minting of coins
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Eastern Romance
- Romanian cui nail, pin
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Western Romance
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Old French coine / coigne
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Middle French
- French coin wedge, cornerpiece, corner
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Middle English coyn / coygne / quyne wedge, imprint, coin
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English coin
- Japanese コイン koin coin
- English coign / quoin
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- Spanish cuño stamp, die stamp, mark
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Latin cuneātus wedged, wedge-like
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Western Romance
- French cognée axe, hatchet
- English cuneate
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Latin cuneiformis cuneiform lit. "wedge-shaped"
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French cunéiforme cuneiform
- English cuneiform
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂ḱulis stinging insect
- Armenian սլաք slakʿ arrow, arrowhead
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Celtic *kuli fly, gnat
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Brythonic *kulion
- Welsh cylion gnats, flies
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Primitive Irish *culi
- Primitive Irish ᚉᚒᚂᚔᚇᚑᚃᚔ culidovi personal name: Black-Fly
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Old Irish cuil fly, flea
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Middle Irish cuil
- Irish cuil fly, bug
- Manx quill
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Middle Irish cuileóc fly diminutive
- Irish cuileog fly
- Manx quaillag
- Scottish Gaelic cuileag fly
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Italic
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Latin culex / culicem mosquito
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Latin *culicīnus diminutive
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Western Romance
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Old French
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Middle French cousin mosquito, cranefly
- French cousin mosquito, cranefly, parasite
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Proto-Indo-European *ḱeh₃- to sharpen [5]
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Proto-Indo-European *ḱoh₃nos
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Hellenic
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Classical Greek κῶνος kônos pine cone, tip, cone
- Greek κώνος kónos cone
- Armenian կոն kon cone
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Latin cōnus
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Central Romance
- Italian cono cone
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Middle English cone
- English cone
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Middle French
- English cone
- French cône cone
- Spanish cono cone
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Celtiberian *cunos? *cunxtos? rabbit?, rabbit burrow? [6]
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Vasconic *Hunx́i
- Basque unxti rabbit
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Classical Greek κύνικλος / κόνικλος kóniklos
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Latin cuniculus rabbit, rabbit burrow, mine
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Central Romance
- Italian coniglio rabbit
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Western Romance
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Old French connil / connin rabbit
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Middle French
- French connil / connin
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Middle English coni
- English cony
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Middle Welsh cwning
- Welsh cwning rabbit, cony, hyrax
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Middle Low German kanīn
- Low German Kanien rabbit
- Danish kanin rabbit
- German Kanin rabbit
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- Spanish conejo rabbit
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Mozarabic konélyo rabbit
- Mozarabic koncháir greyhound from their use as hare-coursers
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Proto-Indo-European *ḱh₃tós
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Italic *katos clever
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Latin catus clever, cunning, sly [7]
- Translingual Felis catus
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Latin Catō cognomen
- English Cato
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Proto-Indo-European *ḱeh₃s
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Italic
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Latin cōs / cōtem whetstone
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Central Romance
- Italian cote sharpening stone, hone
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Eastern Romance
- Romanian cute whetstone
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Western Romance
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Old French keuz
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Middle French
- French queux whetstone
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Latin *cōtōnem
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Western Romance
- Spanish codón pebble
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Visual
Collected English words
Felis catus, acrobat, train oil, dacryo-, tear, lacrimal, lachrymose, oxygen, O, oxymoron, oxytocic, oxytocin, acid, agita, acetate, eisel, acropolis, eager, vinegar, acerbic, exacerbate, acrid, ear, ague, acute, acumen, aiglet, aglet, eglantine, awn, egg, edge, Agincourt, cassie, Acacia, acacia, Acanthus, Pyracantha, ax, acme, acne, heaven, hammer, aril, hear, hark, harken, acoustic, coin, coign, cuneate, cuneiform, cone, cony, Cato, mediocre, Azores, accipiter
Footnotes
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^
The modern English meaning of eager is a local innovation. English also kept "sharp, sour" as a secondary meaning until 19thC; that's what Shakespeare usually means by eager, e.g., "It is a nipping and an eager (sharp) air" (Hamlet 1.4.2) or "And curd, like eager (sour) droppings into milk" (Hamlet 1.5.69).
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^
I really wanted Emilian gùccia: "sewing needle" to be the source of Guccio Gucci's names, as an occupational surname for a tailor. But it's not, Guccio is a version of Hugo (ultimately from West Germanic *hugi)
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^
The word ear, as in an ear of corn, and ear, as in the part of your body you hear with, are unrelated—from PIE roots *h₂eḱ- and *h₂ows-, respectively.
The word hear is from a compound of both of those roots: *h₂ḱh₂owsyéti from *h₂eḱ- (sharp) + *h₂ows- (ear) + *-yéti (intransitive imperfective verb ending), "to be sharp-earing".
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^
Classical Greek ἀξῑ́νη axī́nē is derivable either from Proto-Indo-European, or from a Semitic borrowing. Compare Akkadian 𒍏𒄩𒍣𒅔 ḫaṣṣinnu: "axe" and Aramaic 𐡇𐡑𐡉𐡍𐡀 ḥaṣīnā: "axe" from Semitic *ḥaṣṣ-. Latin ascia and Germanic *akwisī could also be from the Semitic borrowing, but the evidence is more towards the PIE root for those.
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^
*ḱeh₃- looks like metathesis from *h₂eḱ- and has the same base meaning, but the o in Greek and o/a alternation in Latin require *ḱeh₃-, not *ḱeh₂-.
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^
There is apparently an Iberian substrate word of some kind here behind Basque unxti and Greek kóniklos, meaning either "rabbit" or "rabbit burrow" (unclear which way the semantic shift is going). There are a lot of possibilities, but I think the best single option is a Celtiberian word from *ḱoh₃nos: "sharp thing".
Borrowing of this word from an Iberian substrate is logical given the native range of the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus): Iberia, western France, and a bit of northwest Africa. Similarly, the Old French descendant connin was widely borrowed in a later wave.
Compare that Spain/Hispania is from traditionally thought to be from Phoenician 𐤀𐤉 𐤔𐤐𐤍 ‘i špn: "island of hyraxes/rabbits". Rabbits were a notable feature of Iberia to ancient visitors! Though that may be a very old folk etymology, ‘i ṣpn: "northern/remote/hidden island", ‘i spn "island of smithing" or ‘i spn "island of sailors" are all plausible alternatives both phonologically and semantically.
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^
Latin catus: "clever, cunning, sly" makes Linaeus' binomial name Felis catus (instead of *Felis cattus) for the domestic cat, an (unintentional?) pun.