Introduction

Proto-Indo-European *h₂ew: "away from, since, again" cannot be formally tied to *h₂epó: "off, away", but the similarity is suggestive. Perhaps Pre-Proto-Indo-European *b became either *p (by fortition) or *w (by lenition) in almost all cases, accounting for the paucity of *b in PIE.

In any case, the later (re?)-merger of the two etymons in Italic and Celtic convinced me to present them together.

Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwh₂os: "maternal grandfather, maternal uncle" similarly merges with *h₂ew: "from" in the Irish ó/ua, and has plausible semantic relationship, so I've included that also even though I don't have an explanation for where the *-h₂os came from.

The root *h₂ews-: "sunrise" is probably also connected, especially in light of *h₂éwgeh₂: "sunrise, dawn"

Teaser

nickname, autism, negotiate, uncle, author, August, Yugoslavia, waist, of, off, bodega, alert, avocation, position, after, awkward

Full Text

• Pre-Proto-Indo-European *h₂eb-?

  • Proto-Indo-European *h₂ew away from, since, again

    • Old Armenian հաւ haw beginning, rise, origin
    • Balto-Slavic *au

      • Slavic *u away from, at, near

        • East Slavic

          • Russian у u at, by, near, from, of, belonging to
          • Ukrainian у u in, at phonological merger with *vъ from PIE *h₁én: "in"
        • South Slavic

          • Bulgarian у u at the home of, chez, with, among, in the possession of
          • Serbo-Croatian у u at the home of, chez partially merged with *vъ from PIE *h₁én: "in"
        • Czech u at, by
        • Polish u of, by, at, with, chez, from, among
    • Celtic *aw of, from

      • Brythonic

        • Welsh o from, of, out of
      • Old Irish ó from, of, with, since, after

        • Irish ó of, from, since
    • Hellenic

      • Classical Greek αὖ again, in turn, further, on the other hand
    • Indo-Iranian *Hu

      • Indo-Aryan

        • Sanskrit 𑀉 u
    • Proto-Indo-European *h₂ew- away from, since, again prefix

      • Pre-Albanian *awa-

        • Albanian v- at, away, on
      • Balto-Slavic *au- away from

        • East Baltic

          • Lithuanian au-
        • West Baltic

          • Old Prussian *au-

            • Old Prussian aumūsnan washing off, ablution
            • Old Prussian auklextes chaff, waste from winnowing
          • Sudovian *au-

            • Sudovian aucima village, countryside
      • Italic *au-

        • Latin au- from, away, off, completely ^[1]
    • Proto-Indo-European *h₂ew-ge with intensifying particle <*g(ʰ

      • Germanic *auk and, but, also, furthermore

        • East Germanic

          • Gothic 𐌰𐌿𐌺 auk because, but, but also
        • North Germanic

          • Old Norse auk and

            • Danish og and, also
            • Icelandic auk in addition to
            • Icelandic og and
        • West Germanic

          • Old English ēac also, too, either, along with

            • Middle English eke

              • Middle English ekename nickname, an additional name

                • English nickname by rebracketing an ekename to a nekename and then further modification
          • Frankish *ōk

            • Dutch ook also, too, either
          • Old High German ouh

            • German auch also, too, even
            • Yiddish אויך oykh also, even

              • Yiddish אויכעט oykhet
    • Proto-Indo-European *h₂ew-kʷe

      • Hellenic

        • Classical Greek αὖτε aûte again, furthermore, on the other hand
    • Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewti(s)

      • Hellenic

        • Classical Greek αὖτις back, again, in turn
        • Classical Greek αὖτε aûte again, furthermore, on the other hand
      • Italic *auti either, or

        • Latin aut or, otherwise, else

          • Central Romance

            • Italian o(d) or
          • Insular Romance

            • Sardinian a question marker
          • Eastern Romance

            • Romanian au really? or (archaic)
          • Western Romance

            • French ou or
            • Spanish o or
        • Oscan aut(i) but, or
        • Umbrian ute or
    • Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewtos

      • Hellenic

        • Classical Greek αὐτός autós self, the same, he/she/it

          • Greek αυτός aftós this, that, he/she/it
          • German Autismus

            • English autism ^[2]
          • Greek και αυτός ποιος and who is this one?, who's this clown?

            • Turkish kıtıpiyos ordinary, unimportant, worthless

              • Laz კიტიპიროზი ǩiťip̌irozi stingy
              • Laz ხიტიპიჲოზი xiťip̌iyozi swindler, conman
      • Phrygian αυτος autos self
    • Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewtyos left behind, deserted, empty

      • Germanic *auþijaz empty, deserted, barren, void

        • East Germanic

          • Gothic 𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌴𐌹𐍃 auþeis deserted, barren, wild
        • North Germanic

          • Old Norse auðr desolate

            • Danish øde desolate, waste, wilderness
            • Icelandic auður empty, desolate
            • Old East Norse *auðkin desert

              • Danish ørken desert
        • West Germanic

          • Old English īeþe empty, barren
          • Old High German ōdi empty, desolate, void

            • German öde empty, bleak, deserted, dull, tedious
        • Finnic *autijo deserted, desolate, uninhabited

          • Finnish autio desolate, empty, abandoned
        • Samic *awta

          • Samic *vuovtē forest

            • Northern Sami vuovdi forest
      • Hellenic *awtsios

        • Classical Greek αὔσιος aúsios idle
      • Italic *autiom

        • Latin ōtium leisure, free time, idleness, peace

          • Italian ozio sloth, idleness
          • Spanish ocio leisure, recreation, diversion
          • Latin negōtium business, labor, trouble "not leisure"

            • Central Romance

              • Italian negozio shop, store, deal, transaction
            • French négoce business
            • Latin negotiari to do business, to trade, to bank

              • Central Romance

                • Italian negoziàre to negotiate, to trade, to deal
              • Eastern Romance

                • Romanian a neguța to engage in trade, to bargain, to negotiate
              • French négocier to negotiate
              • Latin negotiatus past participle

                • English negotiate
    • Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewo

      • Celtic *aw

        • Old Irish úa from, from their, of which
    • Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwh₂(o)s maternal grandfather, maternal uncle

      • Anatolian

        • Hittite 𒄷𒄴𒄩𒀸 ḫu-uḫ-ḫa-as grandfather
        • Luwian

          • Cuneiform Luwian 𒄷𒌋𒄩 ḫūḫa- grandfather
          • Hieroglyphic Luwian 𔕳𔓷 huha- grandfather
        • Lydian 𐤨𐤰𐤨𐤠𐤮 kukaś grandfather, personal name: Grandfather

          • Akkadian 𒄖(𒊌)𒄖 gu-(ug)-gu Gyges
          • Classical Greek Γύγης Gúgēs

            • Latin Gyges

              • English Gyges
      • Old Armenian հաւ haw grandfather, ancestor, uncle

        • Armenian հավ hav
        • Old Armenian *havuk diminutive/affectionate

          • Cappadocian Greek αβούκα avoúka grandfather
      • Italic *awos

        • Latin avus

          • Latin avunculus partly, but mostly from lost <*awō(n

            • Vulgar Latin *unculus uncle

              • Eastern Romance

                • Romanian unchi
                • Old Albanian ungël

                  • Albanian ungj uncle
              • Western Romance

                • Old French oncle uncle

                  • French oncle uncle

                    • German Onkel uncle

                      • Danish onkel uncle
                    • Yiddish אָנקל onkl uncle
                  • English uncle

                    • Hawaiʻian ʻanakala uncle
                    • Irish uncail uncle
      • Tocharian

        • Kushean āwe- grandfather
      • Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwh₂eh₂ grandmother, aunt

        • Germanic *awǭ

          • East Germanic

            • Gothic 𐌰𐍅𐍉 awō grandmother
        • Italic *awā

          • Latin ava grandmother, old wive's tale

            • Central Romance

              • Italian ava female ancestor, ancestress
            • Insular Romance

              • Sardinian aba grandmother
      • Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwh₂ō oblique stem *h₂uh₂n-

        • Celtic *awū (maternal) uncle

          • Celtic *altrawū foster uncle with *altros: "foster", related to Latin alma mater, English old

            • Brythonic *alltrọw

              • Welsh athro teacher, professor
            • Middle Irish altra foster father

              • Middle Irish banaltra foster-mother, nurse lit. "woman-foster-uncle"

                • Irish banaltra (female) nurse

                  • Irish banaltra fir (male) nurse lit. "woman-foster-uncle of man"
          • Celtic *awontīr (maternal) uncle with agentive *-tīr, "uncler"

            • Brythonic *ọɨntir

              • Welsh ewythr uncle
            • Old Irish amnair maternal uncle
        • Germanic *awô grandfather

          • North Germanic

            • Old Norse ái great-grandfather
          • Germanic *awahaimaz maternal uncle with *haimaz: "home"

            • West Germanic *auhaim

              • Old English ēam (maternal) uncle

                • Scots eme maternal uncle, friend
              • Frankish *ōm

                • Dutch oom uncle
              • Old High German ōheim uncle
        • Italic *awō oblique stem *awun-

          • Italic *awunkolos

            • Latin avunculus partly, but mostly from lost <*awō(n

              • Vulgar Latin *unculus uncle

                • Eastern Romance

                  • Romanian unchi
                  • Old Albanian ungël

                    • Albanian ungj uncle
                • Western Romance

                  • Old French oncle uncle

                    • French oncle uncle

                      • German Onkel uncle

                        • Danish onkel uncle
                      • Yiddish אָנקל onkl uncle
                    • English uncle

                      • Hawaiʻian ʻanakala uncle
                      • Irish uncail uncle
      • Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewh₂yós

        • Balto-Slavic *auˀis maternal uncle

          • West Baltic

            • Old Prussian awis uncle
            • Slavic *ujь maternal uncle

              • East Slavic

                • Ukrainian вуй vuj maternal uncle, old man
              • West Slavic

                • Polish wuj maternal uncle
              • Slavic *ujьkъ

                • South Slavic

                  • Bulgarian вуйчо vujčo maternal uncle
                  • Serbo-Croatian ујак ujak maternal uncle
                • West Slavic

                  • Polish wujek uncle
          • Balto-Slavic *auˀinas

            • East Baltic

              • Lithuanian avynas maternal uncle
        • Celtic *auyos descendant, grandchild

          • Brythonic *uwer with excrescent *r or instead from *ɸuweros cognate to Latin puer: "child, boy"

            • Welsh ŵyr grandson
          • Gaulish aua grandaughter
          • Primitive Irish ᚐᚃᚔ avi descendant

            • Old Irish aue grandson, descendent

              • Irish ó

                • Irish Ó

                  • English O'-
                • Irish iníon uí daughter of descendant of

                  • Irish Ní
    • Proto-Indo-European *h₂wg-

      • Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewg- to increase, to enlarge ^[3]

        • Germanic *auk and, but, also, furthermore

          • East Germanic

            • Gothic 𐌰𐌿𐌺 auk because, but, but also
          • North Germanic

            • Old Norse auk and

              • Danish og and, also
              • Icelandic auk in addition to
              • Icelandic og and
          • West Germanic

            • Old English ēac also, too, either, along with

              • Middle English eke

                • Middle English ekename nickname, an additional name

                  • English nickname by rebracketing an ekename to a nekename and then further modification
            • Frankish *ōk

              • Dutch ook also, too, either
            • Old High German ouh

              • German auch also, too, even
              • Yiddish אויך oykh also, even

                • Yiddish אויכעט oykhet
        • Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwgeti primary verb

          • Balto-Slavic *augtei

            • East Baltic

              • Lithuanian áugti to grow
          • Germanic *aukaną to increase, to grow

            • East Germanic

              • Gothic 𐌰𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽 aukan to increase, to grow
            • North Germanic

              • Old Norse auka to add, to increase, to surpass

                • Danish øge to increase, to enhance
                • Icelandic auka to increase, to augment
            • West Germanic

              • Old English ēacan to increase, to enlarge, to become pregnant

                • English eke (out)
              • Frankish *ōkan
              • Old High German ouhhan
        • Proto-Indo-European *h₂ugséti se imperfective

          • Hellenic

            • Classical Greek αὐξάνω auxánō to make grow, to increase, to promote, to honor
          • Indo-Iranian *Hukšáti

            • Indo-Aryan

              • Sanskrit 𑀉𑀓𑁆𑀱𑀢𑀺 ukṣati to be strong
        • Proto-Indo-European *h₂owgéyeti causative

          • Italic *augezi

            • Latin augēre to increase, to augment, to spread, to strengthen, to enrich

              • Latin augmentum an increase, a growth, an augmentation

                • English augment
                • Latin augmentare

                  • English augment
              • Latin auxilium help, aid, remedy

                • Latin auxiliarius assistant, ally, auxiliary

                  • English auxiliary
              • Latin auctor creator, originator, author, vendor

                • English author unetymologic h, possibly by conflation with unrelated authentic
                • English auteur
                • Latin auctoritas credibility, prestige, reputation, power, authority

                  • English authority
                • Latin auctorizo

                  • English octroy
                  • English authorize
              • Latin auctio an increase, a profit, an auction

                • English auction
        • Proto-Indo-European *h₂ugrós large, strengthened adjective

          • Indo-Iranian *Hugrás powerful, strong
          • Venetic 𐌀𐌖𐌙𐌀𐌓 augar uncertain meaning on a votive offering
        • Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwgos an increase noun

          • Indo-Iranian *Háwǰas
          • Italic *augos an increase

            • Latin augur
            • Italic *augostos increased

              • Latin augustus

                • English august
                • English Augustus
                • English August
                • English Aosta
                • Latin Caesaraugusta place name

                  • English Kaiseraugst
                  • English Saragossa
                  • English Zaragoza
                • Latin Augusta Vindelicorum place name

                  • English Augsburg
        • Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwgō an increase noun

          • Germanic *aukô increase, addition

            • North Germanic

              • Old Norse auki

                • Icelandic auki increase, addition
            • West Germanic

              • Old English ēaca addition, increase, supplement

                • English eke (out)
        • Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwgeh₂ sunrise, dawn secondary noun: collective or feminine

          • Pre-Albanian *(h)aug-

            • Albanian ag dawn, predawn light, shine, fog, pupils

              • Albanian vegoj to appear, to look blurry, to barely see

                • Albanian vegim mirage, illusion, dream
              • Albanian agull dawn, predawn light, fog diminutive

                • Albanian vagëlloj to barely see, to blink, to glow dimly, to dim, to weaken
          • Hellenic

            • Classical Greek αὐγή augḗ sunlight, dawn, sheen

              • Greek αυγή avgí dawn, beginning
          • Balto-Slavic

            • Slavic *jùgъ south, south wind

              • South Slavic

                • Bulgarian юг jug south
                • Serbo-Croatian југ jug south

                  • Serbo-Croatian Југославија Jugoslavija

                    • English Yugoslavia
                • Albanian jug south
              • West Slavic

                • Czech jih south
        • Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwgs-

          • Proto-Indo-European *h₂ugstos grown adjective

            • Balto-Slavic

              • East Baltic

                • Lithuanian áukštas high, tall, noble
          • Finno-Ugric *kawsa-

            • Finno-Ugric *kaswa- regular metathesis

              • Finnic *kasva- to grow

                • Finnish kasvaa to grow, to become, to increment
      • Proto-Indo-European *h₂weg- ^[3]

        • Proto-Indo-European *h₂wégseti se imperfective

          • Germanic *wahsijaną

            • West Germanic

              • Old English weaxan to grow

                • English wax
          • Hellenic *awéksō

            • Classical Greek αὔξω aúxō to increase, to promote archaic
          • Indo-Iranian *Hwakšáyati

            • Iranian

              • Avestan 𐬎𐬑𐬱𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬍 uxšiieitī grows
              • Western Iranian

                • Persian وخشیدن vaxšidan to grow (archaic)
        • Proto-Indo-European *h₂wégses

          • Indo-Iranian *Hwákšas

            • Indo-Aryan

              • Sanskrit 𑀯𑀓𑁆𑀱𑀲𑁆 vákṣas chest, breast

                • Magadhi

                  • Assamese বুকু buku chest
        • Proto-Indo-European *h₂wégstus result noun

          • Germanic *wahstuz size, growth

            • West Germanic

              • Old English

                • English waist
        • Proto-Indo-European *h₂wegrom

          • Celtic *wegrom grass, hay

            • Brythonic *gweɣr

              • Welsh gwair grass, hay
            • Old Irish fér grass

              • Irish féar grass
        • Proto-Indo-European *h₂wógros

          • Germanic *wōkraz gain, yield, offspring, interest, usury

            • East Germanic

              • Gothic 𐍅𐍉𐌺𐍂𐍃 wōkrs usury
            • North Germanic

              • Old Norse okr

                • Danish åger usury
                • Icelandic okur usury
                • Middle English o(c)ker
            • West Germanic

              • Old English wōcor
              • Frankish *wōkar

                • Dutch woeker usury
              • Old High German wuohhar

                • German Wucher usury, price-gouging
                • Yiddish וואָכער vokher
            • Finnic *vookra

              • Finnish vuokra lease, rent
        • Proto-Indo-European

          • Balto-Slavic

            • Slavic *ovoťe fruit, yield
  • Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó off, away

    • Anatolian

      • Hittite 𒀀𒀊𒉺 a-ap-pa behind, afterward, back, again
      • Luwian

        • Cuneiform Luwian 𒀀𒀊𒉺 a-ap-pa back, again
    • Pre-Albanian *apa

      • Albanian pa without, minus, not including
      • Pre-Albanian *pər apa lit. "front away"

        • Albanian prapë again, back, anew
    • Celtic *aw of, from

      • Brythonic

        • Welsh o from, of, out of
      • Old Irish ó from, of, with, since, after

        • Irish ó of, from, since
    • Germanic *ab

      • West Germanic

        • Old English af

          • English of
          • English off
    • Hellenic *apó

      • Mycenaean Greek 𐀀𐀢 a-pu from
      • Classical Greek ἀπό apó from, away, because of

        • Greek από
        • Classical Greek ἀπο- apo-

          • Classical Greek ἀφαιρέω aphairéō I take away, I deprive, I rob, I abstract away

            • English apheresis
          • Classical Greek ἀφορίζω aphorízō I mark off, I set apart, I define

            • English aphorism
          • Classical Greek ἀποκαλύπτω apokalúptō I reveal, I disclose

            • English apocalypse
          • Classical Greek ἀποκόπτω apokóptō I cut off

            • English apocope
          • Classical Greek ἀπολογία apologíā speech in defense of something, justification, apology

            • English apology
          • Classical Greek ἀποπλήσσω apoplḗssō I strike down, I cripple, I become dazed

            • English apoplexy
          • Classical Greek ἀπόπτωσις apóptōsis a falling away, a depositing, a vanishing

            • English apoptosis
          • Classical Greek ἀφίστημι aphístēmi I stand away, I depart

            • English apostate
          • Classical Greek ἀποστρέφω apostréphō I turn away

            • English apostrophe
          • Classical Greek ἀποθεόω apotheóō I deify, I make a god

            • English apotheosis
          • Classical Greek ἀποθήκη apothḗkē repository, warehouse "put away"

            • English apothecary
            • English boutique
            • English bodega
          • Classical Greek ἀποτρέπω I cause to turn away, I halt

            • English apotropaic
    • Indo-Iranian *Hapá off, away, from

      • Indo-Aryan

        • Sanskrit 𑀅𑀧- apa- away, off, back, down
      • Iranian

        • Avestan 𐬀𐬞𐬀 apa
        • Western Iranian

          • Old Persian 𐎠𐎱 a-p(a) away
          • Armenian ապա apa then, after that, so, therefore, however, but but also compare Georgian აბა aba: "so, well, right"
    • Italic

      • Latin ab from, with, out of, after, at

        • Central Romance

          • Italian a to, at, with, by

            • English a cappella
            • English alarm
            • English alert
        • Western Romance

          • French à to, on, at, in

            • French aujourd’hui today
            • English a la mode
            • English apropos
          • Spanish a
        • Latin ab-

          • Latin abundare

            • English abound
            • English abundance
          • Latin avocare

            • English avocation
          • Latin amanuensis

            • English amanuensis
          • Latin absolvere

            • English absolve
          • Latin au- from, away, off, completely ^[1]
    • Messapian ΑΠΑ apa from, out of, by
    • Proto-Indo-European *h₂pó

      • Balto-Slavic *pa
      • Celtic *φo
      • Italic *po

        • Latin po- off, away
        • Italic *pozinezi "away-put"

          • Latin pōnere to place, to put, to ordain, to set up passive participle: positus

            • English post
            • English posit
            • Latin positiō position, place, framing, attitude

              • English position
            • Latin compōner "place together"

              • English compose
            • Latin dēpōnere "place away"

              • English depose
              • English deposit
              • English deponent
            • Latin dispōnere "place apart"

              • English dispose
            • Latin expōnere "place out"

              • English expose
              • English expound
              • English exposition
            • Latin impōnere "place in"

              • English impose
            • Latin oppōnere "place against"

              • English oppose
              • English opponent
            • Latin postpōnere "place after"

              • English postpone
            • Latin praepōnere "place before"

              • English preposition
            • Latin prōpōnere "place forward"

              • English propose
            • Latin repōnere "place back"

              • English repose
            • Latin suppōnere "place under"

              • English suppose
            • Latin trānspōnere "place across"

              • English transpose
      • Proto-Indo-European *h₂poneh₁

        • Germanic *fanē from

          • West Germanic

            • Frankish *fan

              • Dutch van of, by, from
            • Old High German fon

              • German von from, of, by, with
              • Yiddish פֿון fun of, from, by
    • Proto-Indo-European *h₂eps

      • Hellenic

        • Classical Greek ἄψ áps back, again, in return
      • Italic

        • Latin abs archaic alternative to ab
    • Proto-Indo-European *h₂eperos

      • Germanic *aferą

        • East Germanic

          • Gothic 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 afar after, following, according to
        • North Germanic
        • West Germanic

          • Old High German aber

            • German aber but, however, though, again, to a surprising degree
      • Indo-Iranian *áparas

        • Indo-Aryan

          • Sanskrit 𑀅𑀧𑀭 ápara later, following, another, different, western, distant

            • Magadhi *avara

              • Bengali আর ar and
              • Bengali ও ō and, also
            • Sauraseni 𑀅𑀯𑀭 avara

              • Madhya Sauraseni

                • Hindi और aur other, more, and
              • Northwestern Sauraseni

                • Punjabi ਹੋਰ hor more, another, different
              • Western Sauraseni

                • Romani aver other
              • Telugu అపరము aparamu other, another
        • Iranian

          • Avestan 𐬀𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬀 apara later, further back
          • Western Iranian

            • Old Persian 𐎠𐎱𐎼 apara later, after
    • Proto-Indo-European *h₂epteros contrastive

      • Germanic *afteraz back, behind

        • Germanic *after after, behind locative adverb

          • North Germanic ᚨᚠᛏᛖᚱ after after on the Tune Stone

            • Old Norse eptir after, afterwards, along
          • West Germanic

            • Old English æfter

              • English after
    • Proto-Indo-European *h₂epotm̥mos furthest back, furthest away

      • Indo-Iranian *Hapatamás

        • Iranian

          • Western Iranian

            • Old Persian *apatama

              • Persian افدم afdom last, end, oldest, finale
    • Proto-Indo-European *h₂épyeh₂ an awaying? a turning back?

      • Germanic *abjǭ an ebb

        • North Germanic

          • Old Norse efja mud, ooze
        • West Germanic *abbjā

          • Old English ebba an ebb, a tide

            • English ebb
        • Finnic *apaja bay, fishing spot

          • Finnish apaja fishing spot, fishing waters
    • Proto-Indo-European *h₂époh₃kʷos looking back

      • Balto-Slavic

        • East Baltic

          • Lithuanian apúokas eagle owl for being able to turn their head around and look backward
        • Slavic *opakъ

          • South Slavic

            • Serbo-Croatian опак opak wicked, spiteful, severe
      • Germanic *abuhaz backwards, inverted, wicked

        • East Germanic

          • Gothic 𐌹𐌱𐌿𐌺𐍃 ibuks backward, back
        • North Germanic

          • Old Norse ǫfugr backward, unkind, harsh

            • Danish avet backward
            • Icelandic öfugur backward, inverted, wrong, inside out, queer
            • English awk

              • English awkward
        • West Germanic

          • Old High German abuh

            • German äbich inside out
      • Indo-Iranian

        • Indo-Aryan

          • Sanskrit 𑀅𑀧𑀸𑀜𑁆𑀘𑁆 apāñc facing backward, behind, western

Visual

Collected English words

nickname, autism, negotiate, Gyges, uncle, O'-, eke (out), augment, augment, auxiliary, author, auteur, authority, octroy, authorize, auction, august, Augustus, August, Aosta, Kaiseraugst, Saragossa, Zaragoza, Augsburg, Yugoslavia, wax, waist, of, off, apheresis, aphorism, apocalypse, apocope, apology, apoplexy, apoptosis, apostate, apostrophe, apotheosis, apothecary, boutique, bodega, apotropaic, a cappella, alarm, alert, a la mode, apropos, abound, abundance, avocation, amanuensis, absolve, post, posit, position, compose, depose, deposit, deponent, dispose, expose, expound, exposition, impose, oppose, opponent, postpone, preposition, propose, repose, suppose, transpose, after, ebb, awk, awkward

Footnotes

1. ^

   Latin au- (from *h₂ew-) became an allomorph of ab- (*h₂epó) used before base words starting with f-, interpreted as if it was a dissimilatory variant of ab-.

2. ^

   As I've said before, I'm not always thrilled with the word autism—it was originally coined to describe a symptom of a completely different neurotype, and then applied to us by a Nazi. And yet, it's still probably the best term available. If I break down the morpehemes past Greek all the way to PIE, I get *h₂ew-tó-id-ye-mos, which I translate as "doing-that-again-ness", which I can get behind.

3. ^

   Proto-Indo-European *h₂weg- and *h₂ewg-, both "to increase, to enlarge" are clearly variants, with one (or both) formed by guessing were the root vowel was supposed to be from a zero-grade form. Typologically, it is more common for that re-analysis to have gone from *h₂weg- to *h₂ewg-. But if the pair is connected to *h₂ew- perhaps it went the other way. Or perhaps both were back formed separately from the same zero-grade extension form, *h₂wg-.