Introduction

The root *h₂ews-: "sunrise" may be connected to *h₂ew-: "away from, since, again" and *h₂ewg-: "to increase, to enlarge", compare for example *h₂éwgeh₂: "sunrise, dawn" (literally, "the increase") from *h₂ewg-.

Teaser

Eärendil, Easter, air, soar, east, Austria, Australia, early

Full Text

• Pre-Proto-Indo-European *qʷ:eb-??

  • Proto-Indo-European *h₂ew away from, since, again

    Proto-Indo-European *h₂ews- dawn, east

    • Proto-Indo-European *h₂ussḱéti is dawning ske- imperfective

      • Indo-Iranian *Hušćáti

        • Indo-Aryan

          • Sanskrit 𑀉𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀢𑀺 ucchati to dawn
    • Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwsōs Divinity of Dawn

      • Old Armenian այգ ayg dawn, morning

        • Armenian այգ ayg morning
        • Old Armenian ցայգ cʿayg night lit. "until morning"
        • Old Armenian զայգոյ zaygoy until tomorrow, tomorrow morning lit. "after? morning"

          • Georgian ზეგ zeg day after tomorrow
      • Germanic *auzi

        • Germanic *Auziwandilaz personal name: Bright-Wanderer, Dawn-Wanderer, Morning Star ^[4]

          • East Germanic

            • Gothic 𐌰𐌿𐌶𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌻 auzandil morning star (Venus), Lucifer ^[4]
          • North Germanic

            • Old Norse Aurvandil
          • West Germanic

            • Old English Earendel ^[4]

              • Quenya  Eärendil personal name: Sea-Friend

                • English Eärendil
            • Old High German Orentil
            • Lombardic Auriwandalo

              • Latin Horvandillus
      • Hellenic *auhṓs

        • Classical Greek ἠώς

          • Classical Greek Ἠώς Ēṓs Divinity of Dawn

            • English Eos
      • Indo-Iranian *Háwšās

        • Indo-Aryan

          • Sanskrit 𑀉𑀱𑀲𑁆 uṣás dawn, Divinity of Dawn

            • Hindi उषा uṣā dawn
            • Old Japanese *uzu

              • Old Japanese 天鈿女 Ama no Uzume Divinity of Dawn ^[3]
      • Italic *auzōs

        • Latin aurora dawn

          • Central Romance

            • Italian aurora dawn
          • French aurore dawn, aurora
          • Spanish aurora aurora
          • English aurora

            • English aurora australis
          • Latin Aurora Divinity of Dawn

            • English Aurora
      • Proto-Indo-European per-h₂usés before dawn

        • Old Armenian առաւաւտ aṙawawt

          • Old Armenian առաւօտ aṙawōt morning

            • Armenian առավոտ aṙavot morning
    • Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewsro

      • Albanian err dark, darkness

        • Albanian terr dark, darkness

          • Albanian terrtohem to scowl
      • Balto-Slavic *auš(t)ra

        • Lithuanian aušrà dawn, daybreak

          • Lithuanian aušrìnis dawning, morning, dawn relational adjective

            • Lithuanian Aušrinė (of the) Dawn, Divinity of Dawn, personal name
        • Slavic *ùtro dawn

          • East Slavic

            • Russian утро utro morning
          • South Slavic

            • Serbo-Croatian јутро jutro morning
          • West Slavic

            • Czech jitro early morning
            • Polish jutro tomorrow
      • Germanic *Austrȭ Divinity of Spring, springtime

        • West Germanic

          • Old English Eostre festival of spring time, Divinity of Spring?, Easter

            • English Easter ^[1]
          • Old High German ōstra

            • German Ostern Easter ^[1]
    • Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewsḗr

      • Hellenic *auhḗr

        • Classical Greek ἀήρ aḗr morning mist, mist, wind, air, color of the sky

          • Latin aer air

            • Vulgar Latin *aera

              • Central Romance

                • Italian aria air

                  • English aria
                  • Italian bonario good natured, kindly, affable
                  • Italian malaria

                    • English malaria
              • Insular Romance

                • Sardinian ària air

                  • Sardinian Nostra Segnora (Santa Maria) del Bonaria Divine Epithet: Our Lady (Saint Mary) of the Fair Wind ^[5]

                    • Aragonese Nuestra Sinyora Santa Maria del Buen Ayre ^[5]

                      • Aragonese Ciudat de Nuestra Sinyora Santa Maria del Buen Ayre ^[5]

                        • Spanish Ciudad de Nuestra Señora Santa Maria de los Buenos Aires ^[5]

                          • Spanish Buenos Aires ^[5]

                            • English Buenos Aires ^[5]
              • Eastern Romance

                • Romanian aer air
              • Western Romance

                • Aragonese ayre
                • French air air

                  • English air
                • Spanish aire air

                  • Spanish Buenos Aires ^[5]

                    • English Buenos Aires ^[5]
          • Classical Syriac ܐܐܪ aar air, breeze
          • Classical Greek ἀέρος aéros of the air

            • English aero-
    • Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwsreh₂

      • Hellenic

        • Classical Greek αὔρα aúra fresh air, breeze, steam

          • Latin aura air, breeze

            • Central Romance

              • Italian ora blow, breeze
            • Eastern Romance

              • Aromanian avrã breeze, coolness, freshness
            • Western Romance

              • Old French ore wind

                • French orage thunderstorm
              • Spanish orear to air
              • Spanish orate crazy person
            • English aura
            • Vulgar Latin *exaurare to rise into the air

              • Western Romance

                • Old French essorer

                  • French essorer to hang out to dry
                  • English soar
    • Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwsri

      • Hellenic

        • Greek αύριο ávrio tomorrow, soon
    • Proto-Indo-European *h₂wōsrih₂

      • Celtic *wārī sunrise, east

        • Insular Celtic

          • Old Irish fáir
          • Brythonic

            • Welsh gwawr dawn, daybreak
    • Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewsteros east contrastive, lit. "the dawn-er of them"

      • Germanic *austraz east

        • West Germanic

          • Old English ēast

            • English east
            • Old French est east ^[2]

              • French est east ^[2]
              • Italian est east ^[2]
              • Spanish este east ^[2]
          • Old High German

            • German Ost east
            • Old High German Ostarīhhi Austria lit. "Eastern realm/kingdom"

              • German Österreich Austria
              • Medieval Latin Austria

                • English Austria
      • Italic *austeros

        • Latin auster southerly wind, south

          • Central Romance

            • Italian ostro southerly wind, the south
          • Eastern Romance

            • Romanian austru dry wind from the south
          • Latin austrālis southern

            • English aurora australis
            • English Australia

              • Hawaiʻian ʻAukekulelia Australia
              • Irish An Astráil (The) Australia
              • Japanese オーストラリア Ōsutoraria Australia
              • Mandarin 澳大利亞 Àodàlìyà Australia

                • Mandarin 澳(洲) Ào(zhōu) Australia (Continent)

                  • Vietnamese Úc (Châu) Australia (Continent)
    • Proto-Indo-European *h₂éh₂uso glow of dawn, gold

      • Balto-Slavic

        • East Baltic

          • Lithuanian áuksas gold
        • West Baltic

          • Old Prussian ausis gold
      • Latin aurum gold

        • Central Romance

          • Italian oro gold
        • Insular Romance

          • Sardinian oru gold
        • Eastern Romance

          • Romanian aur gold
        • Western Romance

          • French or gold
          • Spanish oro gold

            • Navajo óola gold
        • Albanian ar gold
        • Basque urre gold
        • Old Irish ór gold

          • Irish ór gold
          • Old Irish Órfhlaith personal name: Gold-Sovereignty, Gold-Princess

            • Irish Órfhlaith

              • English Orla
        • Welsh aur gold
        • Translingual Au
        • Latin Aurelius Golden (family name)

          • Latin Aurelianus of the Golden (personal name)

            • Latin Aurelianum

              • Western Romance

                • French Orléans

                  • English Orleans

                    • English New Orleans
      • Tocharian

        • Arshian wäs gold
        • Kushean yasā gold
    • Proto-Indo-European *h₂ey- day, morning

      • Proto-Indo-European *h₂óyr̥ r-stem noun

        • Indo-Iranian *Háyr̥

          • Iranian

            • Avestan 𐬀𐬫𐬀𐬭
      • Proto-Indo-European *h₂éyeri in the morning, early locative adverb

        • Albanian herët early in the morning, at dawn
        • Germanic *airi early

          • East Germanic

            • Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐍂 air early, soon
          • West Germanic

            • Old English ǣr early, previous, former

              • English ere
          • Germanic *airiz earlier

            • Old Norse áðr already, before, ere, until

              • Icelandic áður before, earlier, previously
          • Germanic *airist earliest, first, foremost

            • West Germanic

              • Old English ǣrest first, at first

                • English erst

                  • English erstwhile
              • Frankish *ērist

                • Dutch eerste first
              • Old High German ērist earliest, first

                • German erste first
          • Germanic *airlīkaz early "early-like"

            • North Germanic

              • Old Norse árla early
            • West Germanic

              • Old English ǣrlīċ

                • English early
        • Hellenic

          • Classical Greek ἦρι êri in the morning, early

            • Classical Greek ἠριγένεια ērigéneia early-born (Homeric epithet of Eos), dawn, day
            • Classical Greek ἠριγέρων ērigérōn groundsel "early-old-man"

              • Translingual Erigeron taxonomic genus in the Aster family
          • Hellenic *ayeryos

            • Classical Greek ἠέριος ēérios early in morning, at dawn
          • Hellenic *ayeriston

            • Classical Greek ἄριστον áriston breakfast

  Visual

  

  Collected English words

  air, Erigeron, erst, aurora, soar, erstwhile, aero-, Orleans, east, New Orleans, aurora australis, Austria, Aurora, Eärendil, Australia, aura, Easter, early, Au, aria, malaria, Eos, ere, Orla, Buenos Aires

  Footnotes

  1. ^

     Only Germanic langauges use cognates to "Easter" to refer to the Christian holiday. Most other languages use descendants of the Hebrew פָּסַח pasách: "Passover". For example, Italian Pasqua, Russian Па́сха Pásxa, Irish Cáisc (with regular p to c in early Latin borrowings).

  2. ^

     Latin words for cardinal directions, in this case oriens/levant, were replaced or supplemented in most Romance languages by borrowings from Old English like ēast to French est. Weird.

  3. ^

     In the Old Japanese 天鈿女 Ama no Uzume—a dawn goddess with some story elements in common with Vedic 𑀉𑀱𑀲𑁆 uṣás—the meaning and origin of the uzu element is unclear, with the rest of the name translating as "[Uzu?]-Woman of Heaven". One possibility among several is that it is an adaptation of the Sanskrit name, and thus "Dawn-Woman of Heaven".

  4. ^

     Both Old English ​​Earendel and Gothic 𐌰𐌿𐌶𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌻 auzandil are used to translate the Biblical φωσφόρος/lucifer: "light-bringer" as a title of Christ in the Second Epistle of Peter.

  5. ^

     Buenos Aires was originally settled by Sardinian Jesuits under the authority of the Crown of Aragon. It was named (in Aragonese) Ciudat de Nuestra Sinyora Santa Maria del Buen Ayre: "City of Our Lady Saint Mary of the Fair Wind" after the Sardinian epithet for Mary as Segnora del Bonaria: "Lady of the Fair Wind". This then became Spanish (Ciudad de Nuestra Señora Santa Maria de los) Buenos Aires.