Teaser

terahertz, Britain, Sanskrit, Paris, Jakarta

Full Text

• Early Proto-Indo-European

  • Anatolian

    • Hittite 𒆪𒂊𒅕𒍣 ku-e-er-zi cuts, cuts up, cuts off
    • Cuneiform Luwian 𒆪𒉿𒅈𒋾 ku-wa-ar-ti to cut

      • Cuneiform Luwian 𒆳𒊭𒀸𒊭𒀭 kur-ša-aš-ša-an (military) division?
  • Proto-Indo-European *kʷer- to do, to make, to build, to cause by magic

    • Proto-Indo-European *kʷért root perfective

      • Celtic *kʷert

        • Brythonic *perɨd

          • Welsh peri to cause

            • Welsh peiriant machine, engine
      • Indo-Iranian *kárt

        • Indo-Iranian *Hákart with augment aorist

          • Indo-Aryan *Hákart

            • Sanskrit 𑀅𑀓𑀭𑁆 ákar done, made aorist
          • Iranian *Hákart

            • Avestan 𐬗𐬋𐬭𐬆𐬝 cōrᵊt̰ aorist
            • Northern Iranian

              • Ossetian кӕнын kænyn to do
            • Pashto کول kawә́l to do, to make
            • Western Iranian

              • Northwestern Iranian

                • Kurdish kirin to do, to make
              • Old Persian 𐎠𐎤𐎢𐎫𐎠 a-ku-u-t-a

                • Persian کردن kardan to do, to make

                  • Persian ـکردن -kardan derives verbs from nouns

                    • Persian کار کردن kâr kardan to work, to function
      • Proto-Indo-European *kʷern̥ts participle of root prefective

        • Hellenic

          • Classical Greek τέρας téras marvel, wonder, omen, portent, monster

            • Greek τέρας téras monster
            • Classical Greek τεράστιος terástios

              • Greek τεράστιος terástios huge, monstrous
            • English teras

              • English terato-

                • English teratogenic
              • New Latin tera- SI prefix for multiplying by 10¹²

                • English tera-
                • English terahertz
                • English tebi-
    • Proto-Indo-European *kʷr̥ti

      • Balto-Slavic

        • East Baltic

          • Lithuanian kùrti to light, to build, to create, to establish
        • West Baltic

          • Old Prussian kūra he built only attested as 3rd sing. past.; identical to the same conjugation of Lithuanian kùrti
    • Proto-Indo-European *kʷr̥néwti imperfective

      • Indo-Iranian *kr̥náwti

        • Indo-Aryan

          • Vedic Sanskrit 𑀓𑀾𑀡𑁄𑀢𑀺 kṛṇóti does, makes

            • Sanskrit 𑀓𑀭𑁄𑀢𑀺 karóti

              • Elu

                • Dhivehi ކުރަނީ kuranī to do, to work
                • Sinhala කරනවා karanawā to do
              • Magadhi

                • Bengali করা kôra to do
                • Rohingya gor to do
              • Maharashtri

                • Marathi करणे karṇe to do
              • Pali 𑀓𑀭𑁄𑀢𑀺 karoti to create, to do, to act
              • Sauraseni 𑀓𑀭𑁂𑀤𑀺 karedi

                • Madhya Sauraseni

                  • Hindi करना karnā to do, to make, to work, to hire

                    • Hindi -करना -karnā derives verbs from nouns and adjectives
                • Northwestern Sauraseni

                  • Kalasha karik to do, to say, to make
                  • Kashmiri کَرُن karun to do
                  • Nepali गर्नु garnu to do, to perform
                  • Punjabi ਕਰਨਾ karnā to do, to act, to perform
                • Western Sauraseni

                  • Gujarati કરવું karvũ to do
                  • Romani kerel to do, to make, to produce
        • Iranian

          • Avestan 𐬐𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬀𐬊𐬌𐬙𐬌 kərənaoiti makes, does
          • Western Iranian

            • Old Persian 𐎤𐎢𐎴𐎢𐎫𐎡𐎹 ku-u-n-u-t-i-y does
        • Nuristani *kunóti

          • Ashkun ko
          • Kamviri ku
    • Proto-Indo-European *kʷoréyeti causative

      • Indo-Iranian *kāráyati

        • Indo-Aryan

          • Sanskrit 𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀬𑀢𑀺 to cause to do, to make someone do

            • Elu

              • Sinhala කාර්යය kāryaya
    • Proto-Indo-European *kʷr̥tós done, made adjective

      • Celtic *kʷritos

        • Celtic *kʷritanī ^[1]

          • Early Brythonic *Prɨtanī

            • Classical Greek Πρεττανία Prettanía Britain

              • Latin Britannia

                • Western Romance

                  • Old French Bretaigne

                    • English Britain
                    • English Brittany
            • Brythonic *Prɨtėn

              • Welsh Prydain Britain
              • Latin Brittō oblique stem Brittōn-

                • Western Romance

                  • French Breton
                • English Briton

                  • English Brittonic
                • Brythonic *Brɨθon Briton

                  • Breton brezhon

                    • Breton brezhoneg Breton (language)
                  • Welsh Brython

                    • Welsh Brythoneg

                      • English Brythonic
          • Celtic *kʷritenī variant

            • Brythonic

              • Welsh Prydyn Picts
            • Old Irish Cruithen Picts

              • Irish Cruthne Picts
      • Indo-Iranian *kr̥tás

        • Indo-Aryan *kr̥tás

          • Sanskrit 𑀓𑀾𑀢 kṛtá done, made, prepared, deed, work

            • Hindi कृत kŕt done, complete, work, project
            • Telugu కృతము kr̥tamu act, deed, done, complete
            • Sanskrit 𑀲𑀁𑀲𑁆𑀓𑀾𑀢 saṃskṛta completely done, perfected, purified, sanctified, Sanskrit

              • Elu

                • Sinhala සකු saku
              • Maharashtri 𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀬 sakkaya Sanskrit
              • Pali 𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀢 sakkata Sanskrit, honored

                • Burmese သက္ကတ sakkata Sanskrit
              • Sauraseni 𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀬 sakkaya Sanskrit
              • Bengali সংস্কৃত śoṅskrito Sanskrit
              • English Sanskrit
              • Hindustani

                • Hindi संस्कृत sanskŕt Sanskrit, perfect, refined
                • Persian سنسکریت sanskerit Sanskrit
              • Telugu సంస్కృతము saṁskr̥tamu Sanskrit
              • Thai สันสกฤต sǎnsàgrìt Sanskrit
            • Sanskrit 𑀧𑁆𑀭𑀸𑀓𑀾𑀢 prakṛti as done, natural, original, ordinary, vernacular, Prakrit

              • Pali 𑀧𑀸𑀓𑀢 pākata

                • Kannada ಪಾಗದ pāgada original
              • English Prakrit
              • Hindustani

                • Hindi प्राकृत prākŕt Prakrit
              • Telugu ప్రాకృతము prākr̥tamu common, vulgar
              • Thai ปรากฤต bpraagrìt Prakrit
            • Sanskrit 𑀰𑀽𑀭𑀓𑀾𑀢 śūrakṛta place name: Brave Deed

              • Javanese ꦯꦸꦫꦑꦂꦡ surakarta

                • Indonesian Surakarta

                  • English Surakarta
            • Sanskrit 𑀅𑀬𑁄𑀥𑁆𑀬𑀸𑀓𑀾𑀢 ayodhyākṛta place name: Unconquerably Made

              • Javanese ꦔꦪꦺꦴꦒꦾꦏꦂꦠ ngayogyakarta

                • Indonesian Yogyakarta

                  • English Yogyakarta
        • Iranian *kr̥táh

          • Avestan 𐬐𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬀 kərəta done
          • Western Iranian *karta

            • Old Persian 𐎣𐎼𐎫 k-r-t
            • Western Iranian *-karta made by, founded by, suffix in place names

              • Northwestern Iranian

                • Parthian -𐭊𐭓𐭕 -gird⁠

                  • Old Armenian -կերտ -kert founded by, made of

                    • Old Armenian չակերտ čʿakert quotation marks, guillemet lit. "made from չ čʿ"

                      • Armenian չակերտ čʿakert quotation marks, guillemet
                    • Old Armenian Տիգրանակերտ Tigranakert place name, Founded-by-Tigranes

                      • Koine Greek Τιγρανόκερτα Tigranόkerta

                        • Latin Tigranocerta

                          • English Tigranocerta
                      • Armenian Տիգրանակերտ Tigranakert

                        • English Tigranakert
                    • Armenian -կերտ -kert

                      • Armenian Ստեփանակերտ Stepʿanakert place name, Founded-by-Stepan (Shaumian)

                        • English Stepanakert
                  • Parthian 𐭃𐭎𐭕𐭊𐭓𐭕 dastgird⁠ estate

                    • Old Armenian դաստակերտ dastakert estate
                  • Parthian 𐭅𐭓𐭅𐭃𐭊𐭓𐭕 Wērōdgird place name, Founded-by-Orodes

                    • Persian بروجرد Borūjerd

                      • English Borujerd
              • Old Persian *-karta

                • Old Persian *Zardakarta? place name, Made of Yellow? Founded-by-Starlings?

                  • Classical Greek Ζαδρακάρτα Zadrakarta

                    • Latin Zadracarta

                      • English Zadracarta
                • Persian ـگرد -gerd

                  • Persian سوسنگرد Susangerd

                    • English Susangerd
    • Proto-Indo-European *kʷr̥yos

      • Celtic *kʷaryos cauldron

        • Brythonic *pėr

          • Welsh pair cauldron, boiler, furnace
        • Gaulish *parios cauldron

          • Vulgar Latin *parium cauldron

            • Western Romance

              • Catalan pèr cauldron
            • Vulgar Latin *pariolum

              • Central Romance

                • Italian paiolo copper cooking pot, cauldron
              • Western Romance

                • Catalan perol cauldron

                  • Spanish perol cauldron
          • Gaulish *Parii-?- of the cauldron? possibly referencing hot springs? compare Bourbon and Worms

            • Latin Parīsiī Parisii, a Gaulish ethnicity

              • Latin Lutetia Parīsiōrum place name: Lutetia of the Parisii with Lutetia, place name from Gaulish *lutos: "swampy", related to Latin lutum: "dirt, mud"

                • Western Romance

                  • Old French Paris

                    • French Paris
                    • English Paris
        • Old Irish coire cauldron

          • Irish coire cauldron, boiler, corrie, whirlpool, pit
          • Scottish Gaelic coire kettle, cauldron, boiler, corrie, whirlpool

            • English corrie
    • Proto-Indo-European *kʷḗrs root noun, lengthened acrostatic

      • Balto-Slavic

        • East Baltic

          • Lithuanian kẽras divination, enchantment, sorcery
        • Slavic *čarъ magic, sorcery

          • East Slavic čarŭ

            • Russian чары čary spell, magic, charm
            • Ukrainian чар čar
          • South Slavic

            • Bulgarian чар čar
            • Serbo-Croatian чар čar charm, allure, spell, magic
          • West Slavic

            • Polish czar spell, magic, charm, allure
          • Slavic *čarodějь magician, wizard lit. "magic-doer"

            • East Slavic čaroděi

              • Russian чародей čarodej magician, wizard
              • Ukrainian чародій čarodij magician, wizard
            • South Slavic

              • Bulgarian чародей čarodej magician, wizard
            • West Slavic

              • Czech čaroděj magician, wizard
              • Polish czarodziej magician, wizard
    • Proto-Indo-European *kʷérmn̥ deed, action action/result noun

      • Indo-Iranian *kárma(n)

        • Indo-Aryan *kárma(n)

          • Sanskrit 𑀓𑀭𑁆𑀫𑀦𑁆 kárman action, work, obligation, result, action leading to inevitable results, fate, karma, grammatical object

            • Prakrit 𑀓𑀫𑁆𑀫 kamma

              • Elu

                • Dhivehi ކަން kan̊ action, work, verb, necessity
                • Sinhala කම kama
              • Magadhi

                • Bengali কাম kam work, job, function
                • Rohingya ham work
              • Maharashtri 𑀓𑀫𑁆𑀫 kamma

                • Old Marathi 𑘎𑘰𑘦 kāma

                  • Marathi काम kāma work, duty, function
              • Pali 𑀓𑀫𑁆𑀫 kamma deed, action, work, karma, ceremony

                • Khmer កម្ម kam deed, action, activity, karma, consequence, fate

                  • Khmer កម្មករ kamkɑɑ worker, laborer
                  • Khmer សហពលកម្ម saʼhaʼpŭəllĕəʼkam coallition lit. "together-strength-action"
                • Thai กรรม gam death, action, deed, ceremony, sin, misfortune, karma, grammatical object
              • Sauraseni 𑀓𑀫𑁆𑀫 kamma

                • Madhya Sauraseni

                  • Hindi काम kām work, task, job, function
                • Northwestern Sauraseni

                  • Kalasha krom work
                  • Kashmiri کٲم kạ̄m work, labor, task, action
                  • Punjabi ਕੰਮ kamm work, task, job
            • Bengali কর্ম kormo deed, action, karma, fate, consequence
            • Middle Chinese 羯磨 kɨɐt̚ muɑ karma

              • Mandarin 羯磨 jiémó karma (archaic)
              • Japanese 羯磨 katsuma karma
            • English karma
            • Hindi कर्म karm action, fate, karma, grammatical object, accusative case
            • Japanese カルマ karuma karma
            • Kushean kārm karma, deed
            • Malay karma
            • Portuguese carma karma
            • Sinhala කර්ම karma karma
            • Telugu కర్మ karma action, deed, grammatical object
            • Telugu కర్మము karmamu action, deed
    • Proto-Indo-European *kʷertōr agentive noun

      • Indo-Iranian *kartā

        • Indo-Aryan

          • Sanskrit 𑀓𑀭𑁆𑀢𑀸 kartā maker, doer, agent, grammatical subject

            • Pali 𑀓𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀭𑁆 kattar maker, doer, agent, grammatical subject

              • Burmese ကတ္တား katta: grammatical subject
            • Sauraseni

              • Northwestern Sauraseni

                • Punjabi ਕਰਤਾਰ kartār creator, god

                  • Punjabi ਕਰਤਾਰਪੁਰ kartārpur place name: City of God

                    • English Kartarpur
            • Hindi कर्ता kartā doer, grammatical subject
            • Telugu కర్త karta doer, author, grammatical subject
            • Sanskrit 𑀚𑀬𑀓𑀭𑁆𑀢𑀸 jayakarta place name: Victory-Maker

              • Indonesian Jakarta

                • English Jakarta
            • Sanskrit 𑀓𑀭𑁆𑀢𑀾𑀢𑁆𑀯 kartṛtva state of making or doing, agency, authorship

              • Hindi कर्तृत्व kartŕtva agency, management
    • Proto-Indo-European *kʷóros agentive noun

      • Indo-Iranian *kā́ras

        • Indo-Aryan

          • Sanskrit 𑀓𑀭 kara doer, maker, hand, tax

            • Pali 𑀓𑀭 kara

              • Khmer ករ kɑɑ doer, -er, agentive suffix

                • Khmer កម្មករ kamkɑɑ worker, laborer
            • Hindi कर kar hand, arm, tax
            • Sanskrit 𑀓𑀭𑀺𑀦𑁆 karin elephant lit. "handed, having a hand", parallel to 𑀳𑀲𑁆𑀢𑀺𑀦𑁆 hastín same meanings

              • Hindi करी karī elephant
        • Iranian *kā́rah

          • Western Iranian

            • Persian کار kâr work, deed, job, business

              • Gulf Arabic كار kār busy, busy person, hard worker
              • Ottoman Turkish كار kâr business, profit, gain

                • Turkish kâr profit
                • Armenian քյար kʿyar gain, profit
              • Persian ـگر -gar doer, -er, agentive suffix
              • Persian کار کردن kâr kardan to work, to function
              • Persian کارخانه kârxâne factory, workshop lit. "work-house"

                • Georgian ქარხანა karxana factory
                • Hindi कारख़ाना kārxānā workshop, factory
                • Ottoman Turkish كارخانه kârhane factory, workshop, brothel "brothel" meaning perhaps by merger with Persian قر qar

                  • Turkish kerhane brothel
                  • Romanian cherhana fishery
    • Proto-Indo-European *kʷerōr agentive?

      • Hellenic *qelōr

        • Classical Greek πέλωρ pélōr monster, monstrously large animal variant form télōr

          • Classical Greek πελώριος πελώριος monstrous, prodigious, huge

            • Greek πελώριος pelórios huge, gigantic
    • Proto-Indo-European *kʷértis abstract/action noun

      • Indo-Iranian *kŕ̥tiš

        • Indo-Aryan

          • Sanskrit 𑀓𑀾𑀢𑀺 kṛtí action, creation, work, magic

            • Sauraseni

              • Punjabi ਕਿਰਤ kirat work, labor, business
    • Proto-Indo-European *kʷértus action noun, oblique stem *kʷr̥téws

      • Celtic *kʷritus

        • Brythonic *prɨd

          • Welsh pryd shape, form, appearance, time, mealtime, when
        • Old Irish cruth shape, form

          • Irish cruth

            • Irish -chruthach -(i)form, having the shape of
    • Proto-Indo-European *kʷéros abstract/action noun

      • Germanic *hweraz cauldron

        • East Germanic

          • Gothic *ƕair cauldron? pot? name of the letter 𐍈 recorded by Alcuin as uuaer
        • North Germanic

          • Old Norse hverr cauldron, boiler, hot spring

            • Icelandic hver hot spring
        • West Germanic

          • Old English hwer kettle
      • Indo-Iranian *káras

        • Iranian *kárah
        • Iranian *patikárah

          • Northern Iranian

            • Sogdian 𐫛𐫤𐫐𐫀𐫡𐫀 ptkʻrʻ
          • Western Iranian

            • Northwestern Iranian

              • Parthian 𐭐𐭃𐭊𐭓 pdkr image, statue

                • Old Armenian պատկեր patker icon, image, painting, likeness, face, doll, symbol, plan

                  • Armenian պատկեր patker portrait, likeness, resemblance, shape, icon

                    • Armenian եռապատկեր eṙapatker triptych
            • Old Persian 𐎱𐎫𐎡𐎣𐎼 p-t-i-k-r picture, statue, representation

              • Middle Persian 𐭯𐭲𐭪𐭫 patkar
              • Persian پیکر peykar
              • Aramaic

                • Classical Syriac ܦܬܟܪܐ pəṯaḵrā idol, image
                • Arabic فتكر fitakr something intense or bad, calamity, misfortune from pejorative use of "idol"
              • Elamite 𒁁𒋾𒆳𒌇 bat-ti-kur-raš probably a proper name from Old Persian
    • Proto-Indo-European *kʷóryos

      • Indo-Iranian *kā́ryas

        • Indo-Aryan

          • Sanskrit 𑀓𑀸𑀭𑁆𑀬 kāryà act, work, result, goal, to be done, proper

            • Prakrit 𑀓𑀚𑁆𑀚 kajja

              • Magadhi

                • Bengali কাজ kaj work, effort, job, duty
              • Sauraseni

                • Madhya Sauraseni

                  • Hindi काज kāj task, work, goal, purpose
                • Western Sauraseni

                  • Gujarati કાજ kāj work, business, goal, purpose
            • Hindi कार्य kārya work, task, action, job
            • Malay kerja work, job, to work
            • Tamil காரியம் kāriyam task, deed, effect, result, final rites
        • Iranian

          • Avestan 𐬐𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀 kaᶤriia
    • Proto-Indo-European *kʷēreh₂

      • Balto-Slavic

        • Slavic *čara bowl, drinking bowl

          • East Slavic

            • Russian чара čara cup, glass, bowl, goblet (archaic)

              • Russian чарка čarka cup, glass, unit of liquid volume diminutive
              • Polish czara bowl, cup, goblet
            • Ukrainian чара čara
    • Proto-Indo-European *kʷernos

      • Balto-Slavic

        • Slavic *čẽrnъ stem, offshoot, handle

          • East Slavic

            • Russian черен čeren handle (archaic)

              • Russian черенок čerenok handle, hilt, stalk

                • Russian Черенков Cherenkov surname

                  • English Cherenkov radiation
              • Russian черешок čerešok handle, stalk
          • South Slavic

            • Bulgarian чрен čren
            • Serbo-Croatian черјен čerjen
          • West Slavic

            • Czech čeřen
            • Polish trzon stem, stalk, trunk, nucleus

              • Polish trzonowiec molar
              • Czech třeň stem (especially of a mushroom)
    • Proto-Indo-European *kʷer-?-

      • Tocharian *kar-?- cauldron? drum ^[2]

        • Arshian karel drum
        • Kushean kerū drum
    • Proto-Indo-European *kʷerH- root extension?

      • Proto-Indo-European *kʷerHeh₂

        • Pre-Albanian *tšerkā

          • Albanian sarkë building, frame

Visual

Collected English words

teras, terato-, teratogenic, tera-, terahertz, tebi-, Britain, Brittany, Briton, Brittonic, Brythonic, Sanskrit, Prakrit, Surakarta, Yogyakarta, Tigranocerta, Tigranakert, Stepanakert, Borujerd, Zadracarta, Susangerd, Paris, corrie, karma, Kartarpur, Jakarta, Cherenkov radiation

Footnotes

1. ^

   Celtic *kʷritus: "a shaping, a making, a depicting" (noun of action) is the origin of Welsh pryd: "shape, form, appearance" and Irish cruth: "shape, form". The corresponding adjective/past participle *kʷritos presumably means "shaped, made, shown, decorated" and is the likely origin of *kʷritanī: "Picts, Britons" (Welsh Prydyn: "Picts" and Irish Cruithen: "Picts").

   Latin pictus: "decorated, painted, portrayed, Pict" is probably a translation. And Classical Greek Πρεττανία Prettanía and Latin Britannia are the untranslated borrowings of *kʷritanī (P-Celtic *prɨtanī).

2. ^

   The common Tocharian ancestor of Arshian karel and Kushean kerū—both attested with the meaning "drum"—probably meant "cauldron" at one point and then "drum shaped like a cauldron", based on the parallels in Russian чара čara, Irish coire, Icelandic hver, Sanskrit 𑀘𑀭𑀽 carū, etc..