Teaser

original, arboretum, orthodox, run, ride, palfrey, road, ruin

Full Text

• Proto-Indo-European *h₃er- to move, to stir, to rise

  • Proto-Indo-European *h₃r̥néwti

    • Anatolian

      • Hittite 𒅈𒉡𒊻𒍣 ar-nu-uz-zi to send, to address
    • Old Armenian յառնեմ yaṙnem to rise, to stand, to awake

      • Armenian հառնել haṙnel to get up, to stand up
    • Hellenic

      • Ancient Greek ​​ὄρνῡμῐ órnūmi to set in motion, to awaken, to excite, to stir up
    • Indo-Iranian *Hr̥náwti

      • Indo-Aryan

        • Sanskrit 𑀋𑀡𑁄𑀢𑀺 ṛṇóti to go, to move, to rise
  • Proto-Indo-European *h₃r̥yéti ye- intransitive

    • Italic *orjōr

      • Latin orior I rise, I appear, I become visible, I come to exist

        • Eastern Romance

          • Romanian a urca to rise, to ascend, to mount, to board (a vehicle)
        • Latin ortus risen, made visible, birth, sunrise, east

          • Western Romance

            • Italian orto sunrise, east
            • Spanish oroto sunrise
        • Latin oriēns rising, originating, sunrise, east

          • Western Romance

            • French Orient Orient

              • English Orient
              • French orienter to orient, to set direction, to guide

                • English orient
                • French orientation

                  • English orientation
            • Italian oriente east, Orient
            • Spanish oriente east
          • Latin orientālis eastern, rising

            • Western Romance

              • French oriental

                • English oriental
        • Latin orīgō birth, origin, source oblique stem orīgin-

          • Western Romance

            • Old French orine heritage, breeding
            • Italian origine origin, derivation
            • Spanish origen origin
          • French origine origin

            • English origin
          • Latin orīginālis original

            • Western Romance

              • Old French orinel
              • Italian originale original, authentic, creative
              • Spanish
            • French original original, unique, eccentric

              • English original
            • French originel original, first
  • Proto-Indo-European *h₃ernis adjective

    • Germanic *arniz

      • Germanic *ernustuz fight, struggle, strength, seriousness, earnestness

        • West Germanic

          • Old English eornost earnestness, vigour

            • English earnest
          • Frankish *ernust

            • Dutch ernst seriousness
          • Old High German ernust serious

            • German ernst serious
            • Old High German Ernust Serious Boy (personal name)

              • German Ernst
              • Czech Arnošt
              • English Ernest

                • English Ernie
  • Proto-Indo-European *h₃értis movement, disturbance, quarrel noun

    • Balto-Slavic

      • Slavic *ortь war, battle

        • East Slavic

          • Russian рать ratʹ army, battle, war archaic/poetic
        • South Slavic

          • Old Church Slavonic рать ratĭ war, battle, enemy army
          • Serbo-Croatian ра̏т rȁt war
        • Slavic *ortьnikъ warrior "battle-nik"

          • East Slavic

            • Russian ра́тник rátnik warrior, soldier archaic
          • South Slavic

            • Serbo-Croatian ра̏тнӣк rȁtnīk warrior
    • Hellenic

      • Ancient Greek ἔρῐς éris strife, quarrel, rivalry, discord

        • Greek έριδα érida strife, feud
        • Ancient Greek Ἔρις Éris divinity of strife

          • English Eris
      • Hellenic

        • Mycenaean Greek 𐀁𐀪𐀝 e-ri-nu

          • Ancient Greek Ἐρῑνῡ́ς Erīnū́s divinity of vengeance, a Fury

            • Latin Erinys

              • English Erinys
    • Indo-Iranian

      • Indo-Aryan

        • Sanskrit 𑀋𑀢𑀺 ṛtí quarrel, strife, attack
  • Proto-Indo-European *h₃érmn̥ action or result noun

    • Greco-Armenian *h₃érmn̥ a rising, a plant coming up out of the ground

      • Old Armenian արմն armn root, tree trunk

        • Armenian արմ arm root, tree trunk
        • Old Armenian արմատ armat root, origin, foundation, stock

          • Armenian արմատ armat root (including mathematical and linguistic senses)
      • Hellenic

        • Ancient Greek ὄρμενος órmenos shoot, sprout, stalk
  • Proto-Indo-European *h₃erdʰeti resultative verb

    • Proto-Indo-European *h₃erdʰ- to rise, high, to increase, to grow re-analyzed root

      • Proto-Indo-European *h₃erdʰsḱéti sḱe- imperfective

        • Tocharian

          • Kushean *ārtk- to be make abundant

            • Kushean artkiye abundance
      • Proto-Indo-European *h₃r̥dʰnéwti nw- imperfective

        • Indo-Iranian *Hr̥dʰnáwti

          • Indo-Aryan

            • Sanskrit 𑀋𑀥𑁆𑀦𑁄𑀢𑀺 ṛdhnóti
      • Proto-Indo-European *h₃r̥dʰyéti ye- imperfective

        • Indo-Iranian *Hr̥dʰyáti

          • Indo-Aryan

            • Sanskrit 𑀋𑀥𑁆𑀬𑀢𑀺 ṛdhyáti
      • Proto-Indo-European *h₃r̥dʰōs a height, a grown thing

        • Italic *arðōs

          • Latin arbor tree

            • English arbor

              • English Arbor Day
              • English Ann Arbor
            • Latin arborētum

              • English arboretum
            • Latin arboreus

              • English arboreal
      • Proto-Indo-European *h₃ŕ̥dʰtis growth abstract action noun

        • Indo-Iranian *Hŕ̥ddʰiṣ

          • Indo-Aryan

            • Sanskrit 𑀋𑀤𑁆𑀥𑀺
      • Proto-Indo-European *h₃r̥dʰwós high, grown, upright adjective

        • Celtic *ardwos high

          • Brythonic *arð

            • Welsh ardd high
          • Old Irish ard

            • Irish ard high, tall, loud, ambitious
          • Celtic *ardo-windā? Height-Blessed?, place (forest) name ^[1]

            • Brythonic

              • English Arden
            • Gaulish Arduenna

              • Latin Arduenna (Silva)

                • Western Romance

                  • French Ardennes

                    • English Ardennes
        • Hellenic *ortʰwós

          • Mycenaean Greek 𐀃𐀵𐀺- o-to-wo-

            • Mycenaean Greek 𐀃𐀵𐀺𐀹𐀋 o-to-wo-wi-je probable personal name
          • Ancient Greek ὀρθός orthós straight, upright, true, correct, prosperous

            • English ortho-
            • Ancient Greek ὀρθόδοξος orthódoxos

              • English orthodox
        • Indo-Iranian *r̥Hdʰwás high, upright metathesis

          • Indo-Aryan

            • Sanskrit 𑀊𑀭𑁆𑀥𑁆𑀯
        • Italic *arðwos

          • Latin arduus high, steep, difficult to reach

            • English arduous
      • Proto-Indo-European *h₃r̥dʰtós high, grown, upright adjective

        • Indo-Iranian *Hr̥ddʰás

          • Indo-Aryan

            • Sanskrit 𑀋𑀤𑁆𑀥
      • Proto-Indo-European *h₃erdʰros risen adjective

        • Hellenic *ortʰros

          • Ancient Greek ὄρθρος órthros dawn, sunrise, morning twilight
  • Proto-Indo-European *h₃ryéti transitive or deponent verb

    • Proto-Indo-European *h₃reyH- to move, to set in motion, to flow re-analyzed root

      • Proto-Indo-European *h₃rinéHti

        • Albanian rij to humidify, to moisten
        • Balto-Slavic

          • Slavic rìnõti
        • Germanic *rinnanã to run, to rush

          • East Germanic

            • Gothic 𐍂𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 rinnan to run, to flow

              • Gothic *runna runner, walker, traveller

                • Gothic *haljōrunna witch, sorceress assumed to be lit. "hell-walker"

                  • Latin haliurunna Gothic witch
          • North Germanic

            • Old Norse rinna to flow, to run, to hurry, to melt

              • Danish rinde to flow, to secrete
              • Icelandic renna to flow, to slide, to slip, to melt
          • West Germanic

            • Old English rinnan to run

              • English run
            • Frankish *rinnan

              • Dutch rennen to run, to hurry, to flow, to leak, to combine
            • Old High German rinnan

              • German rinnen to flow, to leak, to trickle
        • Hellenic

          • Ancient Greek ὀρῑ́νω orī́nō
        • Indo-Iranian *HrináHti
      • Proto-Indo-European *h₃réy(H)tis

        • Germanic *rīþiz
        • Indo-Iranian *HriHtíš
      • Proto-Indo-European *h₃riHtós adjective

        • Italic *rītos

          • Italic *enrītos
          • Latin irrītō I incite, I instigate, I provoke, I irritate

            • English irritate
      • Proto-Indo-European *h₃riHnós adjective

        • Albanian ren clouds, mist
        • Celtic *rēnos river
        • Messapian ῥινός cloud
      • Proto-Indo-European *h₃riHwós adjective

        • Italic *rīwos

          • Latin rīvus a small stream, brook, channel, gutter ^[2]

            • Eastern Romance

              • Romanian râu river
            • Western Romance

              • French ru small stream
              • Italian rio
              • Italian rivo
              • Spanish río
            • Latin rīvulus

              • Western Romance
              • Old French

                • English rivulet ^[2]
              • Italian rivolo
            • Latin rīvālis related to a small stream, competitor for water rights

              • English rival ^[2]
            • Latin rīvō

              • Latin dērīvō I divert (as a stream of water), I draw off, I derive

                • English derive ^[2]
    • Proto-Indo-European *h₃reyHdʰh₁éti resultative

      • Proto-Indo-European *h₃réy(H)dʰh₁- re-analyzed root

        • Proto-Indo-European *h₃réy(H)dʰh₁eti moves imperfective

          • Celtic *rēdeti
          • Germanic *rīdanã to ride

            • North Germanic

              • Old Norse ríða to ride

                • Danish ride to ride
                • Icelandic ríða to ride
            • West Germanic

              • Old English rīdan to ride

                • English ride
              • Old High German rītan to ride

                • German reiten to ride
              • Frankish rīdan to ride

                • Dutch rijden to ride, to drive
            • Finnic *raććas

              • Finnish ratsastaa to ride
        • Proto-Indo-European h₃roydʰh₁éyeti sets in motion, sends causative

          • Balto-Slavic *ráidīˀtei
        • Proto-Indo-European *h₃rey(H)dʰh₁éh₁ti stative?

          • Balto-Slavic *reidḗˀtei
        • Proto-Indo-European *h₃rey(H)dʰh₁-os action/result noun

          • Celtic *rēdos a ride

            • Gaulish reda chariot
            • Old Irish ríad journey, ride
            • Celtic *uɸorēdos horse lit. "under-ride"

              • Brythonic *gworuɨð

                • Welsh gorwydd horse
              • Gaulish *werēdos

                • Latin verēdus fast or light breed of horse

                  • Byzantine Greek βέρεδος posthorse

                    • Arabic بَرِيد barīd mail, postal service
                  • Latin verēdārius courier, horse-mounted messenger

                    • Western Romance

                      • Spanish veredero courier
                  • Latin paraverēdus

                    • Western Romance

                      • Old French palafrei small riding horse, palfrey

                        • French palefroi palfrey
                        • English palfrey
                      • Old Occitan

                        • Italian palafreno palfrey
                        • Spanish palafrén
                    • West Germanic *parafred horse

                      • Frankish *parifrid

                        • Dutch paard
                      • Old High German pfarifrit

                        • German Pferd
                        • Yiddish פֿערד ferd
              • Celtiberian *werēda

                • Vulgar Latin

                  • Spanish vereda path, lane, horsepath, sidewalk
        • Proto-Indo-European *h₃roy(H)dʰh₁eh₂ collective, action, or abstract noun

          • Germanic *raidō ride, journey, the rune ᚱ

            • East Germanic

              • Gothic 𐍂𐌴𐌳𐌰 rēda the letter 𐍂
            • North Germanic

              • Old Norse reið the rune ᚱ

                • Danish red
                • Icelandic reið ride, chariot
            • West Germanic

              • Old English rād journey, ride, expedition, the rune ᚱ

                • English road
                • Scots raid expedition, raid

                  • English raid
              • Old High German reita
            • Finnic

              • Finnish raide track, railroad
            • Samic *rājδō

              • Northern Sami ráidu line of reindeer
            • English raido the rune ᚱ
  • Proto-Indo-European *h₃rwós moving, fast adjective

    • Proto-Indo-European *h₃rew- to run, to hurry re-analyzed root

      • Proto-Indo-European *h₃reweti hurries primary verb

        • Italic *rowō

          • Latin ruō I hurry, I rush, I fall down, I fail

            • Sardinian ruere
            • Western Romance

              • French ruer to struggle, to fight, to kick (of a horse)
              • Spanish ruir to collapse
            • Latin ruīna a falling down, a collapse, ruins, debris

              • Western Romance

                • French ruine

                  • English ruin
                • Italian rovina destruction, collapse, bane, ruins, debris, mess
                • Spanish ruina ruin, decay, decline, ruins
            • Latin corruō

              • Western Romance

                • French crouler

                  • French écrouler
                • Italian crollàre
            • Latin dīruō

              • Western Romance

                • Spanish derruir
      • Proto-Indo-European *h₃róweti hurries o-stem verb

        • Hellenic *orówō

          • Ancient Greek ὀρούω oroúō to rush, to spring forward
      • Proto-Indo-European *h₃rowsos rush, movement action noun

        • Balto-Slavic *raušas

          • Slavic *rȗxъ movement

            • East Slavic

              • Ukrainian рух rux movement, traffic
            • West Slavic

              • Polish ruch movement, traffic
            • Slavic *ruxnǫti to move

              • East Slavic

                • Russian ру́хнуть rúxnutʹ to collapse, to crash, to fall

Visual

Collected English words

Orient, orient, orientation, oriental, origin, original, earnest, Ernest, Ernie, Eris, Erinys, arbor, Arbor Day, Ann Arbor, arboretum, arboreal, Arden, Ardennes, ortho-, orthodox, arduous, run, irritate, rivulet, rival, derive, ride, palfrey, road, raid, raido, ruin

Footnotes

1. ^

   In Celtic *ardo-windā?: "Height-Blessed?, place (forest) name"—the presumed ancestor of both the English Forest of Arden and the French Forest of Ardennes—the *ardo-: "height" part is fairly certain; the *windos: "blessed, fair, white" is much less certain.

2. ^

   The Latin rīvus: "a small stream, brook, channel, gutter" gives Spanish río: "river", as well as English rivulet, rival (originally someone you are feuding with over water rights), and derive (originally to divert a stream of water); but not river! river is from Latin rīpa instead, from PIE *h₁reyp-: "to tear" (PIE *h₁reyp- gives English "riven", but not English rip!)