Teaser

economy, vicinity, village, New York, sandwich

Full Text

• Proto-Indo-European *weyḱ- settlement, to settle

  • Proto-Indo-European *wiḱéti settles, joins settlement

    • Balto-Slavic

      • East Baltic

        • Lithuanian viešė́ti to visit ^[1]
    • Indo-Iranian *wićáti

      • Indo-Aryan *wiśáti

        • Sanskrit 𑀯𑀺𑀰𑀢𑀺 viśáti enters
  • Proto-Indo-European *wewóyḱe is settled, is part of a settlement stative

    • Indo-Iranian *wawáyća

      • Indo-Aryan

        • Sanskrit 𑀯𑀺𑀯𑁂𑀰 vivéśa entered
      • Iranian

        • Avestan 𐬬𐬍𐬎𐬎𐬍𐬯𐬈 vīuuīse ^[2]
  • Proto-Indo-European *wéyḱs root noun

    • Indo-Iranian *wíćš

      • Indo-Aryan *wíṭṣ

        • Sanskrit 𑀯𑀺𑀰𑁆 víś settlement, house, community, wealth
      • Iranian *wícš

        • Avestan 𐬬𐬍𐬯 vīs village, clan
        • Western Iranian

          • Old Persian 𐎻𐎰 viθ

            • Persian ویس vis clan; also Vis, a given name

              • Persian ويس و رامين Vis o Rāmin Vis and Ramin (Parthian epic)

                • English Vis and Ramin
  • Proto-Indo-European wóyḱos agentive noun

    • Hellenic *wóikos

      • Mycenaean Greek 𐀺𐀒 wo-ko home
      • Classical Greek οῖκος oîkos house, room, estate

        • Greek οίκος oíkos
        • Classical Greek οἰκονόμος oikonómos head of household, steward, manager

          • Classical Greek οἰκονομῐ́α oikonomía management of a house, administration

            • Latin oeconomia management of a house, arrangement, economy

              • English economy
              • French économie

                • Haitian Creole ekonomi
              • German Ökonomie
              • Russian экономия ekonomija
        • German Ökologie ecology learned formation by Ernst Haeckel

          • English ecology

            • English arcology
        • Classical Greek οἰκέω oikéō I inhabit, I settle in, I reside at

          • Classical Greek οἴκημᾰ oíkēma
          • Classical Greek οἴκησις

            • Classical Greek διοίκησις dioíkēsis housekeeping, government, administration

              • Latin dioecesis

                • Old French diocese

                  • French diocèse
                  • English diocese
          • Classical Greek (ἡ) οἰκουμένη (γῆ) (hē) oikouménē (gê) (the) inhabited (earth), the known world

            • Classical Greek οἰκουμενικός relating to the whole world, relating to everyone

              • Late Latin oecumenicus

                • English ecumenic

                  • English ecumenical
  • Proto-Indo-European *wéyḱos action or result noun

    • Tocharian *wjäike

      • Kushean īke place, location
  • Proto-Indo-European *wéyḱis

    • Albanian vis place, land, country
    • Balto-Slavic *weiśis

      • East Baltic

        • Latvian viesis visitor
      • Slavic *vь̀sь village

        • East Slavic весь vesĭ village
        • South Slavic

          • Old Church Slavonic вьсь vĭsĭ village
          • Serbo-Croatian вес ves village
        • West Slavic

          • Polish wieś
  • Proto-Indo-European *wéyḱós

    • Indo-Iranian *wayćás

      • Indo-Aryan *wayśás

        • Sanskrit 𑀯𑁂𑀰 veśá inhabitant, neighbor
      • Iranian *waycáh

        • Avestan 𐬬𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬀 vaēsa (houshold) servant
    • Italic *weikos

      • Latin vīcus neighborhood, village

        • Central Romance

          • Italian vico village, district
          • Latin vīcīnus neighbor, near, similar

            • Central Romance

              • Italian vicino near, neighbor, neighborhood
            • Eastern Romance

              • Romanian vecin neighbor, neighboring
            • Western Romance

              • French voisin neighbor, neighboring
              • Spanish vecino neighbor, neighboring, freeman
            • Albanian fqinj nieghbor
          • Latin vīcīnitās neighborhood, proximity

            • Central Romance

              • Italian vicinità closeness, proximity
            • Eastern Romance

              • Romanian vecinătate neighborhood, vicinity, proximity
            • Western Romance

              • French vicinité vicinity

                • English vicinity
              • Spanish vecindad vicinity, neighborhood
          • Latin vīculus village, hamlet, side-street

            • Central Romance

              • Italian vicolo alley
            • Latin vīlla country house, estate, villa

              • Central Romance

                • Italian villa

                  • English villa
              • Western Romance

                • French ville town, city

                  • French -ville town (in compound names)

                    • English -ville
                • Spanish villa
              • Old High German wīlāri

                • German Weiler small village, hamlet
              • Latin vīllāticus village

                • Western Romance

                  • French village

                    • English village
              • Latin vīllānus farm worker, villager, serf

                • Central Romance

                  • Italian villano lout, peasant
                • Western Romance

                  • Old French

                    • French vilain villain, peasant, disagreeable
                    • English villain
                    • English villein
                  • Spanish villano lout, peasant
        • Germanic *wīkō village, town, harbor, bay

          • North Germanic

            • Old Norse vík bay, cove, inlet

              • Danish vig inlet, fjord
              • Icelandic vík bay, cove
              • Old Norse Reykjavík Bay of Smokes

                • Icelandic Reykjavík

                  • English Reykjavík
              • Old Norse víkingr ^[3]

                • Icelandic víkingur viking
                • English viking

                  • Japanese バイキング Baikingu Viking

                    • Japanese バイキング(料理) Baikingu (ryōri) smorgasbord, buffet ^[4]
          • West Germanic

            • Old English wīc settlement, village, bay or wīċ

              • Old English Beowīc Bee-Town

                • English Bewick

                  • English Buick
              • Old English Eoforwīċ Boar-Town ^[5]

                • Norman Éverouic
                • Old Norse Jórvík

                  • English York

                    • English New York
              • Old English Gippeswic

                • English Ipswich
              • Old English Sandwic Sand-(Habor)-Town

                • English Sandwich

                  • English sandwich ^[6]

                    • English -wich
                    • Arabic سَانْدْوِيتْش sandwitš
                    • French sandwich
                    • Greek σάντουιτς sántouits
                    • Hawaiʻian kanauika
                    • Japanese サンドイッチ sandoitchi
                    • Russian са́ндвич sándvič
                    • Spanish sándwich
                    • Tibetan སན་ཊ་ཝིཆི san ṭa wichi
                    • Vietnamese xăng-uých
                  • English Sandwich Islands ^[6]
              • Old English Werwic Weir-Town

                • English Warwick
              • English bailiwick
            • Old High German wīh

              • Old High German wīhbilidi

                • German Weichbild city appearance, metropolitan region
            • Frankish *wīk

              • Dutch wijk nieghborhood, district
  • Proto-Indo-European *wéyḱsom

    • Germanic *wīhsã

      • East Germanic

        • Gothic 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌷𐍃 weihs village, countryside
  • Proto-Indo-European *wiḱpótis head of household, lord, chief

    • Pre-Albanian *dzwāpt

      • Albanian zot master, boss, lord, sir, Mr.
    • Balto-Slavic *wiśpatis

      • East Baltic

        • Lithuanian viēšpats lord
    • Indo-Iranian *wićpátiš

      • Indo-Aryan *wiśpátiṣ

        • Sanskrit 𑀯𑀺𑀰𑁆𑀧𑀢𑀺 viśpáti chief, headman
      • Iranian *wicpátih

        • Avestan 𐬬𐬍𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 vīspaiti chief, master
    • Tocharian

      • Arshian wikpots chief, master
    • Proto-Indo-European *wiḱpótnih mistress of household, lady

      • Pre-Albanian *dzwāptnjā

        • Albanian zonjë lady, Mrs.

          • Albanian zonjë e mirë smallpox ^[7]
      • Balto-Slavic

        • East Baltic

          • Lithuanian viēšpati lady, mistress, queen
        • West Baltic

          • Old Prussian waispattin mistress of household
      • Indo-Iranian *wićpátniH

        • Indo-Aryan *wiśpátniH

          • Sanskrit 𑀯𑀺𑀰𑁆𑀧𑀢𑁆𑀦𑀻 viśpátnī mistress of household, lady

Visual

Collected English words

Vis and Ramin, economy, ecology, arcology, diocese, ecumenic, ecumenical, vicinity, villa, -ville, village, villain, villein, Reykjavík, viking, Bewick, Buick, York, New York, Ipswich, Sandwich, sandwich, -wich, Sandwich Islands, Warwick, bailiwick

Footnotes

1. ^

   Despite the fact that Lithuanian viešė́ti means "to visit" and also looks an awful lot like "visit", Latinate English visit is unrelated, as is Russian на-вести́ть na-vestítʹ: "to visit" for that matter. Both of those are from *weyd-: "to see" instead.

2. ^

   Avestan 𐬬𐬍𐬎𐬎𐬍𐬯𐬈 vīuuīse is in the The Vendidad, chapter 2, paragraph 4. But I'm not sure what it means, "Make use"?

3. ^

   If Old Norse víking is from Old Norse vík: "bay, cove, inlet", then it is effectively "bay-man". This is one of several possible origins for viking. Eldar Heide has recently made some good arguments for it coming from a word related to "week" (*weyk- instead of *weyḱ-), meaning "to take turns, for one thing to follow another"; in this case, a long sea voyage requiring multiple shifts of rowers.

4. ^

   Japanese バイキング(料理) Baikingu (ryōri): "smorgasbord, buffet", literally "Viking (cuisine)". The idea of the smorgasbord was imported to Japan from Sweden in the late 1950's, when the Kirk Douglas film "The Vikings" was also very popular in Japan. Viking was much easier to adapt to a catchy Japanese word than smörgåsbord!

   In a fun coincidence, this ties "sandwich" and "viking" back together by a different route, as Swedish smörgåsbord means "sandwich-table" (or "butter-goose-table", or "smear-goose-board").

5. ^

   York ultimately comes from Brythonic *Eburākon: "Yew-Place", which is still represented by Welsh and Irish names from the place: Efrog and Eabhrac, respectively.

   *Eburākon was Latinised as Eburacum. Then Ebura- re-analyzed as Germanic *eburaz: "boar" -> Old English Eofor- and -cum translated as -wic to give Old English Eoforwic, still represented by Norman Éverouic.

   Then Eoforwic was adapted to Old Norse Jórvík after York was conquered by Ivar "the Boneless" Ragnarsson. In a later variant, the Old Norse was shortened to Jórk, and finally this variant was borrowed back into Middle English as York.

6. ^

   The sandwich is named after John Montagu, Fourth Earl of Sandwich, so that he could eat without leaving either the gambling table or his work desk, depending on whether you believe his critics or his supporters.

   The Sandwich Islands were also, but separately, named after John Montagu who, as First Lord of the Admiralty, granted the funding for Captain James Cook's expedition.

7. ^

   As far as I can tell, Albanian zonjë e mirë: "smallpox" literally means "The Good Lady". Possibly I'm misinterpreting that. If I'm not, I assume it is a euphemism designed not to anger Old King Plague. Compare "Eumenidies" ("the Kindly Ones") for the Furies, or "the Good Folk" for fairies.