December theme: Religion 📿
Introduction
This is the family that no matter how long I work on it, it's never done. That's what I get for trying to explore the possibility that two extremely important and productive roots may be connected: *h₂er-, related to cosmic order, and *h₃reǵ-, related to societal order.
This is originally the transitional post between December 2017's Religion theme and January 2018's Noble Titles theme.
Teaser
rational, art, aristocracy, arm, read, ritual, arithmetic, royal, rich, Austria, Henry
Full Text
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂er- fit, fix, put together
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Anatolian
- Hittite 𒀀𒀀𒊏 āra right, proper
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Tocharian
- Arshian yär- to wash
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂er thus, so
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Balto-Slavic *ir
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Baltic
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East Baltic
- Lithuanian ir and, even, exactly, and so
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West Baltic
- Old Prussian ir and, even
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Hellenic
- Classical Greek ἄρα ára then, therefore, consequently
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥neti ne- imperfective
- Old Armenian առնեմ aṙnem
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥téys
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Italic *artis
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Latin ars / artem art, skill, craft, power
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Central Romance
- Italian arte art
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Western Romance
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Old French art art
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Middle French art
- French art art
- Haitian Creole la art
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Middle English art art
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English art art
- Japanese アート āto art
- Scots airt art, skill
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- Spanish arte art, skill
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Latin *artefactum
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Central Romance
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Italian artefatto artificial
- English artifact
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Latin iners / inertem unskilled, incompetent, lazy
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French inerte inert, inactive
- English inert
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Latin inertia lack of art, laziness
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French inertie inertia
- English inertia
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥tós fitted
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Indo-Iranian *Hr̥tás
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Indo-Aryan
- Sanskrit ṛtáḥ ऋतः order, law, rule, piety, faith, truth, righteousness, oath
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Iranian
- Avestan 𐬀𐬴𐬀 aṣ̌a truth, righteousness, order, existence
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Western Iranian
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Old Persian 𐎠𐎼𐎫 arta
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Middle Persian
- Persian ارد ard
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Old Persian 𐎠𐎼𐎫𐎧𐏁𐏂 / 𐎠𐎼𐎫𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎠 Artaxšaça Artaxšaçā personal name: Truth-Reign
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Middle Persian
- Persian اردشیر Ardešir
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Classical Greek Ἀρταξέρξης Artaxérxēs refashioned after Ξέρξης Xérxēs
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Latin Artaxerxes
- English Artaxerxes
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- Hebrew אַרְתַּחְשַׁשְׂתָּא artaḥšásta Artaxerxes
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Italic
- Latin artus narrow, fitted, confined, dense
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂éristHos most fitted, best fitted, fittest
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Hellenic
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Classical Greek ἄριστος áristos best, noblest, most fortunate, most useful
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Classical Greek ἀριστοκρατία aristokratía rule by the best, rule by nobles
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Medieval Latin *aristocratia
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French aristocratie aristocracy
- English aristocracy
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Classical Greek Ἀριστοτέλης Aristotélēs personal name: Best-Result
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Latin Aristotelēs Aristotle
- English Aristotle
- Geʿez አርሰጣጣሉ ʼarǝsṭāṭālu wizard
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- Classical Greek Ἀριστογείτων Aristogeítōn personal name: Best-Neighbor
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Classical Greek eὐάριστος euaristos
- Greek ευάρεστος evárestos reasonable, satisfactory
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Classical Greek Εὐάριστος Euaristos personal name: Well-Pleasing
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Latin Evaristus
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French Évariste
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French Évariste Galois
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French théorie de Galois Galois theory
- English Galois theory
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French corps de Galois Galois field
- English Galois field
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥mós (the act of) fitting, joint
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Balto-Slavic
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Slavic *ormę
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South Slavic
- Serbo-Croatian раме rame shoulder
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West Slavic
- Polish ramię arm
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Germanic *armaz arm (body part)
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East Germanic
- Gothic 𐌰𐍂𐌼𐍃 arms arm
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North Germanic
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Old Norse armr arm
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Old East Norse
- Danish arm arm
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Old West Norse
- Icelandic armur arm
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West Germanic *arm
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Old English earm arm
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Middle English arm arm
- English arm
- Scots airm arm
- Yola arme / earme arm
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Frankish *arm
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Middle Dutch arm
- Dutch arm arm, branch
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Old High German arm arm
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Middle High German arm / arn
- German Arm arm, branch, sleeve
- Yiddish אָרעם orem arm
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Hellenic
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Classical Greek ἁρμός harmós joint, link, bolt, peg
- Classical Greek ἁρμόζω harmózō I fit together, I join, I betrothe, I arrange, I govern
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Indo-Iranian
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Iranian
- Avestan arəm correctly, properly
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Italic
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Latin arma armor, weapons, soldiers
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Central Romance
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Italian arma
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Italian all'arme to arms
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French alarme
- English alarm
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Western Romance
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Old French arme weapon
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Middle French arme weapon
- French arme weapon
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Middle English armes from pl.
- English arms
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Latin armāre to arm, to equip, to mobilize
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Latin armātūra
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Western Romance
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Old French armeure armor
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Middle French armure armor
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French armure armor
- English armure
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Middle English armure / armore
- English armor / armour
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Old French armeurie
- Middle English armurie / armerie
- English armory / armoury
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- English armature
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Latin armarium
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Old French armaire / almaire / aumaire
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Middle French armoire
- French armoire
- English armoire
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Middle English almerie
- English ambry
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Portuguese
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Hindustani
- Hindi अलमारी almārī
- English almirah
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Latin armāmentum
- English armament
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂ermō
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Balto-Slavic
- Slavic *arьmò yoke
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥monih₂
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Hellenic
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Classical Greek ἁρμονία harmoníā a fitting together, a joining
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Latin harmonia harmony, music, peace
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Old French harmonie / armonie
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Middle French
- French harmonie harmony
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Middle English armonye
- English harmony
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French harmonium harmonium
- English harmonium
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Italian armonia harmony
- English armonica / harmonica coined by Benjamin Franklin based on Italian
- Spanish armonía harmony
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂értus
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Indo-Iranian
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Indo-Aryan
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Sanskrit ṛtúḥ ऋतुः a point in time, the right time, season, epoch, period, order, rule
- Bengali ঋতু ritu season
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Hindustani
- Hindi ऋतु ŕtu season
- Urdu رتو ritū
- Khmer រដូវ rɔdəw season
- Sinhala ඍතුව ṛtuwa season
- Thai ฤดู rʉ́-duu moment, occasion, opportunity, season, time
- Telugu ఋతువు r̥tuvu season
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Hellenic *artús
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Classical Greek ἀρτύς artús
- Classical Greek ἀρτύω artúō I arrange, I devise, I prepare, I season
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Italic
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Latin artus joint, sinew, strength, limbs
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Latin articulāre
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Latin articulātus jointed, distinct, articulated
- English articulate
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Latin articulus joint, knuckle, limb, finger, short clause, word, article
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Central Romance
- Italian artiglio talon, claw
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Western Romance
- French orteil toe
- Spanish artejo knuckle
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French article article, joint, articulation
- English article
- Italian articolo article
- Spanish artículo article
- German Artikel article, entry, paragraph, clause
- Irish airteagal article
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂ereh₂ksneh₂ sew together?, order-weaver?
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Hellenic
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Classical Greek ἀράχνη arákhnē spider, spider web
- Greek αράχνη spider, spider web
- Latin Arachne
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French arachnide arachnid
- English arachnid
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Latin arānea spider, spider web, threads
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Central Romance
- Italian aragna spider
- Italian rogna scabies, mange, bother, trouble
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Eastern Romance
- Romanian râie scab, scabies, itch
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Western Romance
- French araignée spider
- French rogne ringworm, anger
- Spanish araña spider
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂reh₁- re-analyzed root
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂réh₁ti to fit, to fix, to put together basic verb form
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Italic *rēzi
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Latin rērī to reckon, to calculate, to think
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Latin ratiō / ratiōnem calculation, account, explanation, method
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Central Romance
- Italian ragione reason, motive, right, argument, proportion, rate
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Western Romance
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Old French reson / raison
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Middle French
- French raison reason
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Middle English reson / resoun
- English reason
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- Spanish razón reason, reasoning, correctness, ratio
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French ration ration
- English ration
- Italian razione ration, share
- Spanish ración portion, ration
- English ratio
- French ratio ratio
- Spanish ratio ratio
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Latin rata calculated, considered, fixed, authoritative
- Italian rata installment, dose
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Old French rate
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Middle English rate
- English rate
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Latin ratiōnālis accounts, rational, reasonable, syllogistic, pertaining to a ratio
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Old French rationel
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Middle French
- French rationnel rational
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Middle English
- English rational
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- Italian razionale rational
- English rationale
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Latin ratiōnābilis rational, capable of reasoning
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Central Romance
- Italian ragionevole reasonable, sensible
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Western Romance
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Old French resnable
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Middle French
- French raisonnable reasonable, just, fair, resigned
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Middle English
- English reasonable
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- Spanish razonable reasonable
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Latin ratificare
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French ratifier to ratify
- English ratify
- Italian ratificare to approve, to ratify
- Spanish ratificar to ratify
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥h₁téh₂
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Hellenic
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Classical Greek ἀρετή aretḗ goodness, excellence, virtue, glory, reputation, miracle
- Greek αρετή aretí
- Coptic ⲁⲣⲉⲧⲏ aretē virtue
- English arete
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥éh₁h₂r̥h₁eti *h₂r̥éh₂r̥h₁eti reduplicative imperfective
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥h₁h₂r̥h₁sḱéti *h₂r̥h₂r̥h₁sḱéti reduplicative plus ∅-sḱeti iterative/durative
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Hellenic
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Classical Greek ἀραρίσκω ararískō I join, I fasten, I construct, I prepare, I fit, I furnish, I am fixed, I am suited to, I am agreeable
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Classical Greek ἄρθρον árthron joint, limb, articulation, connecting word, article
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Greek άρθρο árthro article
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English arthro- to do with joints
- English arthropod
- English arthritis
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂reh₁-dʰh₁- *h₂reh₁-dʰ- to think, to arrange, to accomplish
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂réh₁dʰh₁eti primary verb
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Germanic *rēdaną to decide, to advise
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West Germanic *rādan
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Old English rǣdan
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Middle English
- English read
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West Germanic *rādislī
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Old English rǣdels
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Middle English
- English riddle
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂roh₁dʰh₁éyeti causative
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Balto-Slavic
- Slavic *raditi to care about, to heed
- Germanic *rōdijaną to speak, to talk about
- Indo-Iranian *HraHdʰHáyati
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂réh₁dʰh₁os resultative noun
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Germanic *rēdaz
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West Germanic
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Old English rǣd
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Middle English
- English rede
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Germanic *Albirēdaz personal name: Elf-Counsel
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West Germanic
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Old English Ælfrēd
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Middle English
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English Alfred
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Italian Alfredo
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Italian fettuccine Alfredo
- English fettuccine Alfredo
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Proto-Indo-European *reh₁-? *Hreh₁-? to bestow?
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Proto-Indo-European *reh₁ís wealth, goods
- Indo-Iranian
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Italic *reis thing, matter
- Umbrian ri of a thing
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Latin rēs / rem thing, stuff, matter, issue remodelled from expected *rīs
- Latin rēs pūblica / rēspūblica
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂rey- to order, to customize, to regulate, to count re-analyzed or extended root
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂réytus
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Italic
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Latin rītus / rītum rite, ceremony, habit, custom
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Central Romance
- Italian rito rite, ritual
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Western Romance
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French rite rite
- English rite
- Spanish rito rite, ritual
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Latin rītuālis related to a rite or repeated set of actions
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Old French
- French rituel ritual
- English ritual
- Italian rituale ritual
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- Proto-Indo-European *h₂ridʰmós
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Celtic *rīmā number
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Brythonic *riβ̃ number
- Welsh rhif number
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Old Irish rím number, the act of counting, the act of telling
- Irish ríomh enumeration, calculation, narration
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Germanic *rīmą calculation, number
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West Germanic
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Old English rīm number, counting, sum, calendar
- English rhyme
- Old English rīmcræft arithmetic
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Hellenic
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Classical Greek ἀριθμός arithmós number, sum, quantity, rank, rhythm
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Classical Greek ἀριθμητική arithmētikḗ arithmetic lit. "number-tech" i.e., "the art/craft of numbers"
- Greek αριθμητική arithmitikí arithmetic
- Russian арифметика arifmetika arithmeitc
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Latin arithmētica arithmetic
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Old French arismetique
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Middle French
- French arithmétique arithmetic
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Middle English arsmetike
- English arithmetic
- German Arithmetik arithmetic
- Italian aritmetica arithmetic
- Spanish aritmética arithmetic
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂erd- re-analyzed or extended root
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂ordHō
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Italic
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Latin ōrdō / ōrdinem methodical series, arrangement, order, series, class, rank, company of soldiers, command of a company of soldiers
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Central Romance
- Dalmatian jorden order
- Italian ordine
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Insular Romance
- Sardinian ordini
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Western Romance
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French ordre order
- English order
- Spanish orden
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Latin ōrdināre to arrange, to put in order, to rule, to appoint to office
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Central Romance
- Italian ordinare
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Insular Romance
- Sardinian odrinai
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Eastern Romance
- Romanian urdina to return regularly, to trot, to have diarrhea
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Western Romance
- Spanish ordeñar to milk
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Old French ordiner
- French ordonner to organize, to prescribe, to ordain
- English ordain
- West Germanic *ordinōn
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Latin ōrdinārius orderly, regular, ordinary
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Old French
- French ordinaire
- English ordinary
- Italian ordinario
- Spanish ordinario
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Latin ōrdinātus arranged, ordered, governed
- English ordinate
- English inordinate
- English subordinate
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Latin ōrnāre to furnish, to equip, to adorn, to decorate, to praise
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Latin ōrnātus
- English ornate
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Latin ōrnāmentum
- English ornament
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Latin adōrnāre adōrnāre
- English adorn
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Proto-Indo-European *h₃reǵ- to straighten, to right oneself, right, just
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Proto-Indo-European *h₃réǵeti to be straightening, to be setting upright root thematic imperfective
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Celtic *regeti to stretch, to straighten
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Brythonic
- Welsh re
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Old Irish reig / at·reig to rise, to get up
- Irish éirigh to rise, to get up, to start to become
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Germanic *rekaną to rake up, to pile up, to heap up
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East Germanic
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Gothic 𐍂𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌽 rikan to heap up
- Italian recare to carry, to bring, to give
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Germanic *rekô a rake, a straightener
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North Germanic
- Old Norse reka shovel
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West Germanic
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Old English raca rake
- English rake
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Frankish *reko
- Dutch riek pitchfork
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Old High German recho
- German Rechen rake
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Hellenic
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Classical Greek ὀρέγω orégō I reach, I stretch, I reach out for, I yearn
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Classical Greek ὄρεξῐς órexis desire, longing, appetite
- English anorexia
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Italic
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Latin regere to direct, to keep straight, to guide, to rule, to govern
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Latin dirigere to arrange in lines, to guide, to steer, to distribute
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Western Romance
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French diriger to steer, to direct, to aim, to oversee
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French ballon dirigeable / dirigeable steerable balloon, dirigible, blimp
- English dirigible
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Latin directus arranged in lines, straight, direct, steered, distributed
- English direct
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Vulgar Latin drictus straight, right (side), right (entitlement)
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Central Romance
- Dalmatian drat straight
- Italian dritto straight, direct, right (side), upright, obverse
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Sicilian drittu straight, direct, right (side), upright, obverse
- Maltese dritt right (entitlement), right (just)
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Eastern Romance
- Romanian drept right (side), right (just), straight
- Albanian drejtë direct, straight, right (just), right (correct)
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Western Romance
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Old French dreit / droit right (just), right (correct), right (side), correct, justified
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Middle French
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French droit right (side), right (entitlement), right (angle), straight, law
- French adroit skilled, apt
- English adroit
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Latin *dērēctus
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Central Romance
- Italian diritto straight, direct, right (side), upright, obverse
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Insular Romance
- Sardinian deretu
- Western Romance
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Spanish derecho straight, right (side), right (correct)
- English derecho
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Vulgar Latin *dīrēctiāre to guide, to straighten, to put in order
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Latin *adīrēctiāre
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Western Romance
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Old French adrecier to straighten, to correct, to point in the right direction
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Middle French
- French adresser to direct, to address
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Middle English adressen
- English address
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- Spanish aderezar to dress, to adorn, to season
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Latin *redīrēctiāre
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Western Romance
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Old French redrecier to stand back up, to recover
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Middle French redresser
- French redresser to straighten, to rectify, to restore, to recover, to turn around
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Middle English redressen
- English redress
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Central Romance
- Italian drizzàre to straighten, to erect
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Western Romance
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Old French drecier / dresser
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Middle French
- French dresser to raise, to build, to prepare, to tame, to stand
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Middle English dressen
- English dress
- Japanese ドレス doresu a dress
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English dressing
- English ranch dressing / ranch
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Old French drecëur
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Middle English dressure / dressour
- English dresser
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Vulgar Latin *indīrēctiāre
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Central Romance
- Italian indirizzàre to direct, to guide, to refer, to address
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Western Romance
- Spanish enderezar to straighten
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Latin ērigere to raise up, to elevate, to erect
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Central Romance
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Italian ergere to erect, to raise, to lift
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Italian erta a height, a steep slope, a lookout
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Italian all'erta to the heights to watch out for danger
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French à l'erte
- English alert
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Latin erectus erected, set up, built, elevated
- English erect
- Translingual Homo erectus
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Latin corrigere
- English correct
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French corriger to correct, to grade
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French corrigible correctable, corrigible
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English corrigible
- English incorrigible
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Latin rectus straight, upright, correct
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Latin directus arranged in lines, straight, direct, steered, distributed
- English direct
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Vulgar Latin drictus straight, right (side), right (entitlement)
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Central Romance
- Dalmatian drat straight
- Italian dritto straight, direct, right (side), upright, obverse
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Sicilian drittu straight, direct, right (side), upright, obverse
- Maltese dritt right (entitlement), right (just)
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Eastern Romance
- Romanian drept right (side), right (just), straight
- Albanian drejtë direct, straight, right (just), right (correct)
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Western Romance
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Old French dreit / droit right (just), right (correct), right (side), correct, justified
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Middle French
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French droit right (side), right (entitlement), right (angle), straight, law
- French adroit skilled, apt
- English adroit
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Latin *dērēctus
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Central Romance
- Italian diritto straight, direct, right (side), upright, obverse
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Insular Romance
- Sardinian deretu
- Western Romance
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Spanish derecho straight, right (side), right (correct)
- English derecho
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Vulgar Latin *dīrēctiāre to guide, to straighten, to put in order
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Latin *adīrēctiāre
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Western Romance
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Old French adrecier to straighten, to correct, to point in the right direction
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Middle French
- French adresser to direct, to address
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Middle English adressen
- English address
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- Spanish aderezar to dress, to adorn, to season
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Latin *redīrēctiāre
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Western Romance
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Old French redrecier to stand back up, to recover
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Middle French redresser
- French redresser to straighten, to rectify, to restore, to recover, to turn around
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Middle English redressen
- English redress
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Central Romance
- Italian drizzàre to straighten, to erect
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Western Romance
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Old French drecier / dresser
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Middle French
- French dresser to raise, to build, to prepare, to tame, to stand
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Middle English dressen
- English dress
- Japanese ドレス doresu a dress
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English dressing
- English ranch dressing / ranch
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Old French drecëur
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Middle English dressure / dressour
- English dresser
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Vulgar Latin *indīrēctiāre
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Central Romance
- Italian indirizzàre to direct, to guide, to refer, to address
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Western Romance
- Spanish enderezar to straighten
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Latin erectus erected, set up, built, elevated
- English erect
- Translingual Homo erectus
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Latin rectanglus / rectangulum
- English rectangle
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Latin rectum intestinum
- English rectum
-
Latin rēctitūdō / rēctitūdōnem
- English rectitude
-
Latin regimen
- English regimen
-
-
-
-
Indo-Iranian *Hráȷ́ati
-
Indo-Aryan
- Sanskrit 𑀭𑀸𑀚𑀢𑀺 rā́jati to direct, to steer, to rule
-
-
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₃r̥neǵti to be straightening, to be setting upright ne imperfective
-
Germanic *rinkaną
-
Germanic *ranakz erect, upright
-
West Germanic
-
Old English ranc proud, haughty, noble, strong
-
Middle English rank
- English rank
-
-
Frankish
-
Middle Dutch
- Dutch rank slender
-
Old French reng position, rank
-
Middle French
- French rang row or line, position, rank, series of land plots
-
Middle English rank
- English rank
- Italian rango rank, station, degree
- Spanish rango rank, status, prestige, range
-
Old French rengier to line up, to form ranks
-
Middle French
-
French ranger to order, to arrange, to put away
-
Spanish ranchar / rancharse
-
Spanish rancho ranch, barn
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English ranch
- English ranch dressing / ranch
- English rancho
-
-
-
-
-
Middle English rengen
- English range
-
-
-
-
-
North Germanic
-
Old Norse rankr
-
Old East Norse
- Danish rank
-
Old West Norse
- Icelandic rakkur
-
-
-
-
-
Indo-Iranian
-
Indo-Aryan
- Sanskrit 𑀋𑀜𑁆𑀚𑀢𑁂 ṛñjate directs, stretches
-
-
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₃roǵéyeti to straighten, to make straight
-
Celtic *rogīti to stretch, to extend (transitive)
-
Brythonic *rroɣid
- Welsh rhoi to give, to put, to place conflated with Celtic *ɸro-dīti, Brythonic *rrodid
- Old Irish rogaid
-
-
Germanic *rakjaną
-
East Germanic
-
Gothic *rakjan
- Gothic 𐌿𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 ufrakjan to stretch, to reach out
-
-
North Germanic
-
Old Norse rekja to unwind, to unfold, to track, to follow
-
Old East Norse
- Danish række
-
Old West Norse
- Icelandic rekja to unwind, to unfold, to track, to follow
-
-
-
West Germanic *rakkjan
-
Old English reċċan
-
Middle English
- English rack
-
-
Frankish
-
Middle Dutch
- Dutch rekken to stretch, to prolong
-
-
Old High German recchen
-
Middle High German
- German recken to stretch
-
-
West Germanic *rakjā
-
Frankish
-
Middle Dutch
-
Dutch rek a rack or stand
- English rack
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-
-
-
-
-
Indo-Iranian
-
Iranian
- Avestan 𐬭𐬁𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬈 rāzaiieite to direct, to lead
-
-
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₃reǵdʰleh₂
-
Italic *regðla
-
Latin regula a rule, a bar, a ruler (tool)
-
Western Romance
-
Old French reille
-
Middle French
- French reille a type of ploughshare
- French rille a small piece of pork (dialectic)
-
Middle English rail / rayl
-
English rail
- French rail
-
-
-
-
Old French reule
- English rule
-
Middle French regle
- French règle a rule, a regulation, a ruler (tool)
-
Latin regulatus
- English regulate
- English regula
-
Brythonic *rreɣol
- Welsh rheol
-
West Germanic *regulā a rule
-
Old English regol a rule, a ruler (tool)
-
Middle English rail / rayl
-
English rail
- French rail
-
-
-
Frankish
-
Middle Dutch regel
- Dutch regel a line to write on, a rule, a narrow slat, a ruler
-
Old French regol
-
Middle French rigole
- French rigole
-
Middle English rigol
- English rigol
- Welsh rhigol
- English regal
-
-
-
Old High German
-
Middle High German
- German Regel a rule, a default, a norm
-
-
-
-
-
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₃réǵeh₂yéti
-
Germanic *rekanōną to count, to explain
-
North Germanic
-
Old Norse reikna to calculate, to compute
-
Old West Norse
- Icelandic reikna to calculate, to compute
-
-
-
West Germanic
-
Old English recenian
-
Middle English
- English reckon
- Scots rekkin reckon
-
-
Old High German rehhanōn
-
Middle High German
- German rechnen to count, to reckon, to calculate, to compute, to expect
- Yiddish רעכענען rekhenen to reckon, to figure, to calculate, to plan
-
-
-
-
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵs chief, king, ruler
-
Balto-Slavic
-
Baltic
-
West Baltic
- Old Prussian rikis lord
-
-
-
Celtic *rīxs
-
Celtic *Toutorīxs personal name: Tribe-King, Territory-King
-
Brythonic *Tʉdörix
-
Welsh Tudur
- English Tudor
-
-
-
Brythonic *riɣ king
-
Middle Welsh
- Welsh rhi king
-
-
Gaulish rīx king
-
Gaulish Albiorīx personal name: (Upper) World-King
- English Albiorix moon of Saturn
-
Gaulish *Rigomagos place name: King-Field
-
Latin Rigomagus
-
Old High German Rigimago
-
German Remagen
- English Remagen
-
-
-
-
Gaulish *Uerkengetorīxs personal name: Over-king of Warriors
-
Latin Vercengetorīx
- English Vercengetorix
-
- Gaulish *Dubnorix personal name: World-King
-
-
Hispano-Celtic
- Gallaecian Deuori divine name, possibly *dēwo-rīxs: "God-King"
- Celtiberian reikis king
-
Primitive Irish ᚏᚔᚌᚐᚄ rigas of the king only attested in the genitive
-
Old Irish rí king
-
Middle Irish
-
Irish rí king
-
Irish Átha an Rí place name: Ford of the King
- English Athenry
-
-
-
-
-
Germanic *rīks
-
Germanic *Hildirīks personal name: Battle-King
-
East Germanic
-
Vandalic *Hildireiks
-
Latin Hildericus Vandal king, c. 530
-
Central Romance
- Italian Ilderico
- English Hilderic
-
-
-
-
West Germanic
-
Frankish *Hildirīk
-
Latin Childericus Frankish king c. 450
-
Western Romance
-
French Childéric
- English Childeric
-
-
- Dutch Hilderik
-
-
-
-
Germanic *Albirīks personal name: Elf-King
-
West Germanic
-
Old English Ælfric
-
Middle English
- English Elric
-
-
Old High German Alberih
-
Middle High German
- German Alberich
-
Old French Alberon
-
Middle English Auberon
- English Oberon
-
French Aubrey
- English Aubrey
- English Avery
-
-
Lombardic
-
Italian Alberico
- Italian Alberici patronymic
-
-
-
-
-
Germanic *Friþurīks personal name: Peace-King
-
North Germanic
-
Old Norse Friðríkr
- Icelandic Friðrik
-
-
West Germanic
-
Frankish
- Dutch Frederik
- French Frédéric
-
Old High German
-
German Friedrich
-
English Frederick
- English Fred
-
- Italian Federico
- Spanish Federico
-
-
- Estonian Vidrik
- Latin Fridericus
-
-
Germanic *Rīkaharduz personal name: King-Brave
-
North Germanic
-
Old Norse Ríkharðr
- Icelandic Ríkharður
-
-
West Germanic
-
Frankish *Rīkahard
-
French Richard
-
English Richard
-
English Rick pet form
-
English Dick rhyming pet form
- English dick
-
English Dixon patronymic
- English Dixie
-
English Hick rhyming pet form
- English Hitchcock
- English hick
-
-
Welsh Richard
-
Welsh ap Richard patronymic
- English Prichard
-
-
-
- Spanish Ricardo
-
-
Old High German
- German Rikard
-
-
-
Germanic *Aiwarīks personal name: Eternal-King or Forever-Rich
-
East Germanic
-
Gothic *Aiwareiks
-
Latin Eurichus
-
Western Romance
- Spanish Eurico
- English Euric
-
-
-
-
North Germanic
-
Old Norse Eiríkr
- Danish Erik
- Icelandic Eiríkur
- English Eric
-
-
-
Germanic *Audarīks personal name: Wealth-King
-
North Germanic
- Old Norse Auðríkr
-
West Germanic *Audarīk
-
Old English Ēadrīc
-
Middle English
- English Edric
-
- Old High German Ōtrich
-
-
-
Germanic *Haimarīks personal name: Home-King
-
North Germanic
-
Old Norse Heimríkr
-
Old East Norse
- Danish Henrik
-
Old West Norse
- Icelandic Heinrekur
-
-
-
West Germanic *Haimarīk
-
Frankish *Haimrik
-
Middle Dutch
-
Dutch Hendrik
-
English Hendrik
-
English Hendriks originally patronymic
- English Hendrix
-
-
-
-
Latin Henricus
-
Central Romance
- Italian Enrico
-
Western Romance
-
Old French Henri
-
Middle French
- French Henri
-
Middle English Henry
- English Henry
-
English Harry from the French pronunciation ɑ̃.ʁi
-
Welsh ap Harry son of Harry/Henry
- English Perry
-
-
-
- Spanish Enrique
-
-
-
Old High German Heimerih
-
Middle High German
- German Heinrich
-
Italian Amerigo
-
New Latin America
- English America
-
Spanish América
-
Spanish americano
-
Navajo bilagáana white man, Anglo, American
- Hopi Pölakaana American
-
-
-
New Latin Americium
- Translingual Am
-
-
-
-
-
Germanic *Hrōþirīks personal name: Fame-King
-
East Germanic
-
Gothic *hrōþireiks
-
Spanish Rodrigo
- Italian Rodrigo
-
-
-
North Germanic
-
Old Norse
-
Old East Norse Hrø̄rīkʀ
-
Old East Slavic Рюрикъ Rjurikŭ
-
Russian Рюрик Rjurik
-
English Rurik
- English Rurikid
-
-
-
-
Old West Norse Hrórekr
- Icelandic Hrærekur
-
-
-
West Germanic *Hrōþirīk
- Old English Hrēþrīċ
-
Frankish *Hrōþrīk
-
Middle Dutch Roedric
- Dutch Roderik
-
-
Old High German Hrōderich
-
Middle High German
- German Roderich
- English Roderick
-
-
-
Germanic *Þeudarīks personal name: Tribe-King "tribe-king", see also Toutorīxs, but unrelated to Greek Theodore
-
East Germanic
-
Gothic *þiudareiks
-
Latin Theodericus
- English Theorderic
- Byzantine Greek Θευδέριχος Theudérikhos
- Italian Teodorico
-
-
-
North Germanic
-
Old Norse ᚦᛁᛆᚢᚱᛁᚴᛧ / Þjóðrekr
-
Old East Norse
- Swedish Tjudrek / Tjudrik
-
Old West Norse
- Icelandic Þjóðrekur / Þjóðríkur
-
-
-
West Germanic *Þeudurīk
- Old English Þēodrīċ
-
Frankish *Þiodarīk Þiorīk
-
Middle Dutch Diederik / Dieric
-
Dutch Diederik / Dirk
- English Dirk
-
-
Old French Thierri / Tierri
-
Middle French
- French Thierry
-
Middle English
- English Terry
-
-
-
Old High German Diotrih
-
Middle High German Dietrich
- German Dietrich
- Czech Dětřich
-
-
Old Saxon *Thiodarīk
-
Middle Low German Dēderic
- Danish Didrik
- English Derek
-
-
-
-
-
Indo-Iranian *Hrā́ćš
-
Indo-Aryan *Hrā́ṭṣ
-
Vedic Sanskrit 𑀭𑀸𑀝𑁆 rā́ṭ king, chief oblique stem rā́j-
-
Sanskrit 𑀲𑀫𑁆𑀭𑀸𑀝𑁆 samrā́ṭ supreme ruler, universal rule lit. "one-king" or "entire-king"
- Hindi सम्राट samrāṭ emperor, sovereign
-
-
-
Iranian *Hrā́š
-
Western Iranian
- Old Persian *rāz- queen bee
- Persian راز / رز râz roz hornet, (large) bee
-
-
-
Italic *rēks
- Faliscan 𐌓𐌄𐌗 rex king
-
Latin rex king
-
Central Romance
- Italian re
-
Western Romance
-
Old French rei / roi
-
Old French fis du roy / fis roy son of the king
-
Middle English
- English Fitzroy
-
-
Middle French roy
-
French roi
-
Haitian Creole lwa god, spirit, loa
- English loa
-
-
-
-
Spanish rey
-
Spanish Monterrey King's Mountain
- English Monterey
-
-
- Translingual Tyrannosaurus rex
-
Latin regalis pertaining to a king, royal, regal
-
Western Romance
-
Old French reial / roial
-
Middle French roial / royal
- French royal
-
Middle English royal
- English royal
-
- Spanish real
-
-
Old French regal
- Middle French regal
-
Middle English regal
- English regal
-
-
Latin regnum kingship, royalty, royal power, kingdom, reign
-
Central Romance
- Italian regno
-
Old French regne
-
Middle French regne
- French règne
-
Middle English
- English reign
-
- Spanish reino
-
-
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵō king
-
Germanic *rekô
-
Germanic *anudrekô male duck, drake lit. "duck-king"
-
North Germanic
-
Old Norse
-
Old East Norse
- Swedish andrake male duck, drake
-
-
-
West Germanic
-
Old English *andraca *draca male duck, drake
-
Middle English drake
- English drake
-
Scots draik male duck, drake
- Scottish Gaelic ràc male duck, drake
-
-
Frankish *anadrako
-
Middle Dutch andrake
- Dutch draak
-
-
Old High German anutrehho
-
Middle High German antrëche
- German Enterich male duck, drake
-
-
-
-
-
Indo-Iranian *Hrāĵā
-
Sanskrit 𑀭𑀸𑀚𑀦𑁆 rājan king
-
Magadhi
- Bengali রাজা raja
-
Maharashtri
- Sinhala රජ raja
-
Pali rājā king
-
Pali śrī rājā king's glory
-
Thai ศรีราชา sǐi-raa-chaa king's glory, Si Racha (town)
- English sriracha sauce / sriracha
-
-
-
Sauraseni
-
Hindustani
-
Hindustani mahārājā
- Hindi महाराजा mahārājā maharaja, king, emperor
- English maharaja
- Hindi राजा rājā prince, king
-
-
Pahari
- Nepali राजा rājā
- Punjabi ਰਾਜਾ rājā
-
Western Sauraseni
- Romani rai gentleman, lord
-
-
Dravidian *aracan
-
Telugu అరుసు arusu
- Tamil அரசன் aracaṉ king, sovereign, prince, Jupiter
- Kannada ಅರಸು arasu king
-
-
-
-
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵnih₂ queen
-
Celtic *rīganī queen
-
Celtic *Moro-rīganīs
- Old Irish Morrígan Divinity of Fate and Doom lit. "Phantom Queen"
-
Brythonic *rriɣėn queen
-
Middle Welsh riein
-
Sindarin rían crowned (fem.), queen
- Sindarin Celebrían personal name: Silver-Queen
- Welsh rhiain lady, maiden
-
-
Brythonic *riɣėntona great queen
- Welsh Rhiannon
-
-
Old Irish rígan queen
-
Middle Irish
- Irish ríon queen, lady
-
-
-
Indo-Iranian *Hrā́ĵniH
-
Indo-Aryan *Hrā́ȷ́niH
-
Sanskrit 𑀭𑀸𑀚𑁆𑀜𑀻 rā́jñī queen
-
Magadhi
- Bengali রাণী raṇi queen
-
Pali rājinī
- Thai ราชินี raa-chí-nii queen
-
Sauraseni
-
Madhya Sauraseni
-
Hindi रानी rānī queen, princess
-
English rani queen or princess in India
- English Rahnee the She-Wolf
-
-
-
Western Sauraseni
- Romani rani ma'am, lady
-
- Telugu రాణి rāṇi queen
-
-
-
-
Italic *rēginā
-
Latin regina queen
-
Central Romance
- Italian regina queen
-
Western Romance
-
Old French royne / reïne
-
Middle French
- French reine queen
-
-
Spanish reina queen
- Tagalog reyna queen
-
-
-
-
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₃rēǵyós kingly, royal
-
Celtic *rīgyos
-
Germanic *rīkijaz kingly, royal, powerful, rich
-
East Germanic
-
Gothic 𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍃 reikeis
-
Spanish rico
-
Spanish Costa Rica Rich Coast
- English Costa Rica
-
Spanish Puerto Rico Rich Port
- English Puerto Rico
-
-
-
-
North Germanic
-
Old Norse ríkr rich
-
Old East Norse
- Danish rig
-
Old West Norse
- Icelandic ríkur
-
-
Finnic
- Finnish rikas rich, opulent
-
-
West Germanic
-
Old English rīċe powerful, mighty; rich
-
Middle English
- English rich
- Scots rik mighty, great, rich, valuable, splendid
-
-
Frankish *rīki rich
-
Middle Dutch
- Dutch rijk rich, abundant
-
Old French riche
- Middle French riche
- French riche rich
-
Frankish *lantrīki Surname: Land-Rich originally used in a handful of villages near Poitiers
-
Old French
-
Middle French
- French Landry
-
-
-
-
Old High German rīhhi rich
-
Middle High German
- German reich rich
- Yiddish רײַך raykh rich
-
Lombardic
- Italian ricco rich
-
-
-
-
-
Indo-Iranian
-
Indo-Aryan
-
Sanskrit 𑀭𑀸𑀚𑁆𑀬 rājyá royalty, kingship, sovereignty, empire
-
Sauraseni 𑀭𑀚𑁆𑀚 rajja
-
Madhya Sauraseni
-
Hindi राज rāj reign, rule, kingdom, empire, state
- English British Raj
-
-
- Telugu రాజ్యము rājyamu rule, government, sovereignty, kingdom, state
-
-
-
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₃rēǵyóm kingly, royal
-
Celtic *rīgyom kingship, kingdom
-
Brythonic *rriɣɨð
- Middle Welsh rihyt
- Old Irish ríge kingship, sovereignty
-
Gaulish *rīgyom
-
Gaulish *Noviorīgyom place name: New-Kingdom
- Latin Novioregum
-
-
Germanic *rīkiją rulership, authority, realm, kingdom
- Germanic *aljarīkiją other kingdom
-
Germanic *kuningarīkiją kingdom
-
North Germanic
-
Old Norse konungríki kingdom
-
Old East Norse
- Danish kongerige kingdom
-
Old West Norse
- Icelandic konungsríki kingdom
-
-
-
West Germanic
-
Old English cyningrīce kingdom
-
Middle English
- Scots kinrik
-
-
Old High German kuningrīhhi kingdom
- German Königreich kingdom
-
-
-
East Germanic
- Gothic 𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌹 reiki dominion
-
North Germanic
-
Old Norse ríki realm
-
Old East Norse
- Danish rige kingdom, realm
-
Old West Norse
- Icelandic ríki kingdom, realm, state
-
Old Norse *Svía ríki Swedish kingdom
- Danish Sverige Sweden
- Swedish Sverige Sweden
-
-
-
West Germanic
-
Old English rīce power, authority, dominion, kingdom
-
Middle English riche / rice / rik
- Scots rik kingdom, realm, Kingdom of Heaven
-
Old English bisċoprīċe
-
Middle English bischopriche
- English bishopric
-
-
-
Old High German rīhhi
-
Old High German Ostarīhhi Austria lit. "Eastern realm/kingdom"
-
Middle High German
- German Österreich Austria
-
Medieval Latin Austria
- English Austria
-
-
Middle High German
-
German Reich empire, state, realm
- English reich a German empire or nation
- Russian рейх rejx Reich, a German empire or nation
-
-
- Estonian riik state, country, polity, government
-
-
-
-
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵr̥ kingship, rule
-
Indo-Iranian
-
Iranian
- Avestan rāzar rule, direction
-
Western Iranian
- Kurdish rizgar free, independent also a personal name
-
-
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵtrom
-
Indo-Iranian
-
Indo-Aryan
-
Sanskrit 𑀭𑀸𑀱𑁆𑀝𑁆𑀭 rāṣṭrá kingdom, realm, people, nation
- Sanskrit 𑀫𑀳𑀸𑀭𑀸𑀱𑁆𑀝𑁆𑀭 mahārā́ṣṭra 𑀫𑀳𑀸𑀭𑀸𑀱𑁆𑀝𑁆𑀭 mahārā́ṣṭra Great-Kingdom, Maharashtra
-
Elu
- Dhivehi ރަށް raṣ̊ country, island, town
-
Pali 𑀭𑀝𑁆𑀞 raṭṭha country, kingdom
- Thai รัฐ rát state
-
-
-
-
-
Proto-Indo-European *Hreyǵ- to stretch out, to reach extended or re-analyzed root, NW only
-
Proto-Indo-European *Hréyǵti root imperfective
-
Balto-Slavic
-
Baltic
-
East Baltic
- Lithuanian reižti
-
-
-
Celtic *rigeti to stretch
-
Old Irish rigid to stretch, to distend
-
Middle Irish
-
Irish righ to reach, to arrive at archaic
- Irish righ a leas to need
-
-
-
-
-
Proto-Indo-European *Hroyǵéyeti causative
-
Germanic *raikijaną to stretch out, to reach
-
West Germanic
-
Old English rǣċan to reach, to attain
-
Middle English
- English reach
-
-
Frankish *reiken
-
Middle Dutch
- Dutch reiken to reach, to stretch, to extend
-
-
Old High German reichen to reach
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Middle High German
- German reichen to reach, to hand (to someone), to be enough
- Yiddish גרייכן greykhn to reach
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Proto-Indo-European *Hrek-? to plan, to decide
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Proto-Indo-European *Hrokénom
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Germanic *raginą decision, advice, the gods as deciders of fate
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Germanic *Raginaharjaz personal name: Advice-Warrior
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North Germanic
- Old Norse Ragnarr
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West Germanic *Raginahari
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Old English *Ræġenhere
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Middle English
- English Rayner / Rainer
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Frankish
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Old French Rainier / Reinier
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Middle French
- French Rainier / Rénier
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Middle Dutch Reynier
- Dutch Reinier
- Italian Raniero
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Old High German Reginheri
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Middle High German Reginher
- German Rainer / Reiner
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Germanic *Raginaharduz personal name: Advice-Brave
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West Germanic
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Frankish
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Middle Dutch Reynaerd
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Dutch Reinaart
- English Reynard
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Old French Renart
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Middle English
- English Reynard
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Old French Renart le Goupil Reynard the Fox
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Middle French renard fox
- French renard fox
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Old High German Reginhart
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Middle High German Reinhart
- German Reinhard
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Germanic *Raginamērijaz personal name: Advice-Famous
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East Germanic
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Gothic *Ranamērs
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Latin Ranamirus
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Spanish Ramiro
- Spanish Ramirez patronymic
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East Germanic
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Gothic 𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌹𐌽 ragin decree, judgment, opinion, task
- Gothic 𐍆𐌹𐌳𐌿𐍂𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰 fidurraginja
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North Germanic *ragina
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North Germanic ᚱᚨᚷᛁᚾᚨᚲᚢᛞᛟ raginakudo born of gods, divine in origin
- Old Norse reginkunnr born of gods, divine in origin
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- Germanic *raginōną to advise, to order
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Germanic *Raginawaldaz personal name: Advice-Ruler
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North Germanic
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Old Norse Rǫgnvaldr
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Middle English
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English Ronald
- Italian Ronaldo
- Spanish Ronaldo
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Old Irish Ragnall
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Middle Irish
- Irish Raghnall
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Scottish Gaelic Raghnall
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English Ronald
- Italian Ronaldo
- Spanish Ronaldo
- English Ranald
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- East Slavic Рогъволодъ Rogŭvolodŭ
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West Germanic
- Old English Ræġnold
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Old High German Reginwald / Raginoald
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Middle High German
- German Reinhold
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Latin Reginaldus
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Western Romance
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Old French
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Middle French
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French Renaud / Renault
- English Reno
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- English Reginald
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Visual
Collected English words
Fitzroy, Tudor, Alfred, fettuccine Alfredo, Elric, Oberon, Aubrey, Avery, Galois field, Frederick, Fred, Richard, Rick, Dick, dick, Dixon, Dixie, Hick, Hitchcock, hick, Prichard, Athenry, Euric, Eric, art, artifact, inert, inertia, Artaxerxes, aristocracy, arm, alarm, arms, armure, armour, armoury, armature, armoire, ambry, almirah, armament, harmony, harmonium, harmonica, articulate, article, arachnid, reason, ration, ratio, rate, rational, rationale, reasonable, ratify, arete, arthro-, arthropod, arthritis, read, riddle, rede, rite, ritual, rhyme, arithmetic, maharaja, order, ordain, ordinary, ordinate, inordinate, subordinate, ornate, ornament, adorn, Edric, Vercengetorix, rake, anorexia, correct, corrigible, incorrigible, dirigible, direct, adroit, derecho, dress, dressing, ranch dressing, dresser, address, redress, alert, erect, Homo erectus, rectangle, rectum, rectitude, regimen, rank, rank, ranch, rancho, range, rack, rack, rail, rule, regulate, regula, rigol, regal, reckon, Albiorix, Remagen, Hendrik, Hendriks, Hendrix, Henry, Harry, Perry, America, Am, Rurik, Rurikid, Roderick, Theorderic, Dirk, Terry, Derek, loa, Monterey, Tyrannosaurus rex, royal, regal, reign, drake, sriracha sauce, rani, Rahnee the She-Wolf, Costa Rica, Puerto Rico, rich, British Raj, bishopric, reich, Austria, reach, Reynard, Rayner, Ronald, Ranald, Reno, Reginald, Galois theory, Aristotle, Hilderic, Childeric
Footnotes
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There are three variants of Latin ratiō in most Romance languages (and in English, via French): 1) the native descendant, "reason", 2) the medieval re-borrowing, "ration(al)", and 3) the early modern re-borrowing, "ratio".
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It's unclear if Latin arānea is from Greek arákhnē, or independently developed from the same source.
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English rhyme is a merger of Old English rīm, "number, series" with Old French rime, "rhyme". It is unclear if the Old French comes from the related Frankish *rīm, or the unrelated Latin rhythmus, "rhythm".
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Germanic borrowed *riks from Celtic, which replaced native Germanic *rekô, now only seen in descendants of *anudrekô: "duck-king". (English drake: "male duck", unrelated to dragon/Draco/drake, from Ancient Greek δράκων drákōn: "monstrous serpent")
*riks was mostly replaced in turn by *kuningaz: "king".
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*rīkiją and *rīkijaz are a doublet pair in Germanic, both meaning "kingly". One borrowed with morphology applied in Celtic, one with the equivalent native morphology applied after borrowing from Celtic.
Germanic *rīkijaz is the root of the French riche, Italian ricco, and Spanish rico, via the three Germanic peoples which took over each of those Roman provinces: the Franks, the Langobards, and the Visigoths, respectively. Makes sense, though not that many words have that clean pattern. (The Italian could also be from Ostrogothic or a conflation of Ostrogothic and Lombardic).