Teaser
fermentation,
thermos,
warm,
petit four,
furnace,
gore,
frantic,
adrenaline
Full Text
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Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰer- warm, hot
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Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰéreti warms root imperfective
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Pre-Albanian *džera
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Pre-Albanian *džernja
- Albanian ziej I boil, I cook
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Celtic *gʷereti warms
- Celtic *uɸo-gʷereti
- Old Irish fo·geir to heat, to warm, to inflame, to irritate
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Hellenic *kʷʰérō
- Classical Greek θέρω thérō I heat, I become warm, I burn
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Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰr̥néwti warms -nw- imperfective
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Old Armenian ջեռնում ǰeṙnum to get warm, to be warmed, to get angry or excited, to burn (instransitve)
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Armenian ջեռանալ ǰeṙanal to get warm
- Armenian ջեռակ ǰeṙak hot water bottle
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Germanic *brinnanã
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East Germanic
- Gothic 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 brinnan to burn
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North Germanic
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Old Norse brinna to burn
- Danish brænde to burn, to roast, to cremate, to sting
- Icelandic brenna to burn
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West Germanic
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Old English biernan to burn
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Old High German brinnan to burn
- German brinnen to burn archaic
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Indo-Iranian *gʰr̥náwti
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Indo-Aryan
- Sanskrit 𑀖𑀾𑀡𑁄𑀢𑀺 ghṛṇóti burns, shines, sprinkles and/or from *gʰer-: "to rub, to smear"
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Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰigʷʰérti warms reduplicative imperfective
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Indo-Iranian *ǰʰigʰárti
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Indo-Aryan *ȷ́igʰárti
- Sanskrit 𑀚𑀺𑀖𑀭𑁆𑀢𑀺 jígharti shines
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Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰréh₁(ye)ti is warm -eh₁- stative
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Pre-Albanian *grāja
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Pre-Albanian *en-grāja
- Albanian ngroh I warm, I heat
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Balto-Slavic *grḗˀtei
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Slavic *grěti to warm, to heat, to shine
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East Slavic грѣти grěti
- Russian греть gretʹ to heat
- Ukrainian грі́ти hríty to radiate heat (instransitive), to heat up
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South Slavic
- Bulgarian гре́я гре́я to heat, to warm up, to shine
- Old Church Slavonic грѣꙗти grějati
- Serbo-Croatian грејати grejati to heat, to warm
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West Slavic
- Czech hřát to warm
- Polish grzać to heat, to warm, to fight
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Slavic *grě̃xъ sin
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East Slavic грѣхъ grěxŭ
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Russian грех grex sin, fault
- Ukrainian гріх hrix sin, fault
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South Slavic
- Bulgarian грях grjah sin, error, fault
- Old Church Slavonic грѣхъ grěxŭ sin
- Serbo-Croatian грије̑х grijȇh sin
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West Slavic
- Czech hřích sin
- Polish grzech sin
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Hellenic *kʷʰeréyō
- Classical Greek θερέω theréō
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Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰegʷʰór-e is warm reduplicative stative
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Balto-Slavic *garḗˀtei
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East Baltic
- Lithuanian garė́ti to boil, to steam, to evaporate
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Slavic *gorěti to burn (instrans.)
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East Slavic
- Russian горе́ть gorétʹ to burn (intrans.), to be on fire, to be lit, to flush, to gleam
- Ukrainian горі́ти horíty to burn (intrans.)
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South Slavic
- Bulgarian горя́ gorjá to burn (trans. or intrans.), to sting (trans.), to have a fever, to crave)
- Old Church Slavonic горѣти gorěti to burn (intrans.)
- Serbo-Croatian го̀рјети gòrjeti to burn (intrans.), to be lit, to blaze, to glow
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West Slavic
- Czech hořet to burn, to feel strongly
- Polish gorzeć to glow, to flush
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Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰoréyeti heats, makes warm causative
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Celtic *gʷorīti
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Brythonic
- Welsh gori to brood, to incubate, to keep warm
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Old Irish
- Irish gor to incubate, to brood, to warm, to burn, to blush
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Hispano-Celtic
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Galician gorar to addle, to spoil, to covet
- Galician goro incubated, but unfertilized egg
- Portuguese gorar to addle, to miscarry
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Old Spanish gorar
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Old Spanish guero unfertilized egg
- Spanish huero vain, empty
- Spanish güero light-skinned person Mexican Spanish; semantic shift from "sickly" physical, not cultural like gringo;
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Indo-Iranian *gʰaráyati
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Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰéros heat, warm weather
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Old Armenian ջեր ǰer heat, warmth, sunny weather, warm, clear
- Armenian ջեռ ǰeṙ warm, bright, shining
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Balto-Slavic *géras heat, glowing embers
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West Baltic
- Old Prussian goro ash pit
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Slavic *žarъ heat, glow
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East Slavic жаръ žarŭ
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Russian жар žar heat, fever, embers, fervor
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Russian жар-пти́ца žar-ptíca firebird, phoenix
- Russian Жар-птица Žar-ptíca (Stravinsky's) The Firebird
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South Slavic
- Serbo-Croatian жа̑р žȃr fervor, embers
- Hungarian zsarátnok embers
- Romanian jar burning coals, heat, glow, fire
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West Slavic
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Polish żar embers, heat
- Polish żarówka (incandescent) light bulb
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Hellenic *kʷʰéros
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Classical Greek θέρος théros heat, summer, harvest
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Classical Greek θερινός therinós of summer
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Greek θερινός therinós of summer
- Greek θερινή ώρα theriní óra summer time, daylight saving time
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Indo-Iranian *ǰʰáras
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Indo-Aryan *źʰáras
- Vedic Sanskrit háras flame, fire
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Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰérmn̥
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Old Armenian ջերմն ǰermn fever, heat
- Armenian ջերմ ǰerm fever, warmth, warm, warmly, passionate, tender
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Germanic *bermô yeast, leven
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West Germanic
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Old English beorma yeast, leaven, beerhead
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Old Saxon *berma
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Low German Bärme
- Danish bærme dregs
- Estonian pärm yeast
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Italic *xʷermen
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Italic *xʷermentom
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Latin fermentum fermentation, leavening, yeast, passion
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Latin fermentō I ferment, I leaven, I break up, I loosen, I spoil
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Eastern Romance
- Romanian a frământa to knead, to churn, to agitate, to work, to fret
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French fermenter to ferment
- Italian fermentàre to ferment
- Spanish fermentar to ferment
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Latin fermentātiō fermentation
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Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰermós warm
- Old Armenian ջերմ ǰerm
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Hellenic *kʷʰermós
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Classical Greek θερμός thermós warm, hot, hotheaded, active
- Greek θερμός thermós warm, hot, fervent, heartfelt
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German Thermos company/product name for a vacuum flask
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English Thermos
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English thermos
- Greek θερμός thermós thermos, vacuum flask
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Classical Greek θερμο- thermo-
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Classical Greek Θερμοπῠ́λαι Thermopúlai Hot-Gates (place name), Thermopylae
- Greek Θερμοπύλες Thermopýles Thermopylae
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Latin Thermopylae
- Classical Greek θερμοφῠ́λᾰξ thermophúlax kettle lit. "heat guard"
- English thermo-
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French thermo-
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Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰerméh₂ warmth de-adjectival noun
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Pre-Albanian *džerma
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Hellenic *kʷʰermá
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Classical Greek θέρμη thermē
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French thermal thermal learned coinage from Greek, 1756
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Phrygian
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Classical Greek Γέρμη Gérmē Germa, place name
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Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰermih₂
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Indo-Iranian *gʰarmi
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Iranian *garmi
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Western Iranian
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Old Persian
- Persian گرمی garmi warmth, heat
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Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰormós
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Balto-Slavic *garmas
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Germanic *warmaz
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North Germanic
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Old Norse varmr warm
- Danish varm warm, hot
- Icelandic varmur warm (archaic)
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West Germanic
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Old English wearm warm
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Frankish *warm
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Old High German warm
- German warm warm
- Yiddish וואַרעם varem warm
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Germanic *warmijanã to warm, to heat
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East Germanic
- Gothic 𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽 warmjan to warm, to keep warm, to cherish
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North Germanic
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Old Norse verma to warm, to heat
- Icelandic verma to warm, to heat
- Swedish värma to warm, to heat
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West Germanic *wermijan
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Old English werman to warm, to heat
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Frankish *wermen
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Old High German wermen
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Italic *xʷormos warm
- Latin formos warm (archaic)
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Italic *xʷormokaps warm-catcher, tongs
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Latin forceps tongs, forceps, pincers
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Western Romance
- English forceps
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Indo-Iranian *gʰarmás
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Indo-Aryan *gʰarmás
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Sanskrit 𑀖𑀭𑁆𑀫 gharmá heat, warmth, warm weather, sunshine
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Maharashtri 𑀖𑀫𑁆𑀫 ghamma
- Pali 𑀖𑀫𑁆𑀫 ghamma
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Sauraseni
- Nepali घाम ghām sunlight, sun, heat of the sun
- Romani kham sun
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Iranian *garmáh
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Northern Iranian
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Western Iranian
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Northwestern Iranian
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Old Persian
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Persian گرم garm warm, hot, friendly, passionate
- Hindi गर्म garm warm, hot, active, fresh, angry
- Malay gêram angry
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Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰornós
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Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰr̥nós
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Balto-Slavic *gurnas
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Slavic *gъrnъ
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East Slavic горнъ gornŭ cauldron, pot, oven
- Russian горн gorn fireplace, furnace, forge
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South Slavic
- Serbo-Croatian грно grno heart
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West Slavic *gъrnъ
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West Slavic *gъrnьcь diminutive
- Czech hrnec cooking pot
- Polish garnek cooking pot
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Slavic *gъrnidlo furnace
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East Slavic гърнило gŭrnilo
- Russian горни́ло gornílo furnace
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South Slavic
- Old Church Slavonic грънилъ grŭnilŭ
- Serbo-Croatian грнил grnil
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Indo-Iranian *gʰr̥nás
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Indo-Aryan
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Sanskrit 𑀖𑀾𑀡 ghṛṇá heat, ardor, sunshine
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Sanskrit 𑀖𑀾𑀡𑀸 ghṛṇā́ hatred, malice
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Sauraseni
- Hindi घिन ghin hatred, scorn, contempt
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Italic *xʷornos
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Latin furnus oven, bakery
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Vulgar Latin
- Sardinian forru oven
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Eastern Romance
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Western Romance
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French four oven, stove
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French petit four petit four, a small cake
- Italian forno oven, bakery
- Spanish horno oven, furnace
- Albanian furrë oven, kiln, bakery
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Koine Greek φούρνος foúrnos oven, bakery, furnace
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Aramaic 𐡐𐡅𐡓𐡍𐡀 phurna
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Arabic فرن furn oven, bakery, furnace
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Old Armenian փուռն pʿuṙn oven, kiln
- Armenian փուռ pʿuṙ oven, bakery
- Turkish fırın oven
- Georgian ფურნე purne bakery
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Old Irish sorn oven, furnace, kiln
- Irish sorn furnace, stone
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Vulgar Latin *furnellus diminutive
- Sardinian forredhu
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Western Romance
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Old French fornel
- French fourneau stove, bowl of a pipe
- Italian fornello stove, burner, hot plate
- Spanish hornillo hot plate, camp stove
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Latin furnārius baker
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Western Romance
- Italian fornaio baker
- Italian Furnari Baker (occupational surname) presumably from the Latin vocative
- Italian Fornaro Baker (occupational surname)
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Sicilian furnaru
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Spanish hornero baker, hornero (bird)
- Translingual Furnarius taxonomic genus of hornero birds
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Latin fornāx oven, furnace, kiln apparently "warm-ish"?
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Western Romance
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Old French fornais furnace
- French fournaise furnace, oven
- English furnace
- Irish foirnéis furnace
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Latin Fornax Roman divinity of ovens
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New Latin Fornax The Furnace, a winter constellation in the Southern Hemisphere
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Proto-Indo-European
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Balto-Slavic
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Slavic *gȍře grief, suffering
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East Slavic
- Russian го́ре góre grief, distress, trouble, disaster
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West Slavic
- Czech hoře grief (archaic)
- Old Polish gorze distress, woe
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Germanic *gurã feces, filth, half-digested stomach contents
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North Germanic
- Old Norse gor cud
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Finnic *kura
- Finnish kura mud, dirt, diarrhea
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West Germanic *gor
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Old English gor dirt, dung, feces
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Frankish
- Dutch goor dirty, filthy, disgusting
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Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰrḗn gut, stomach, seat of emotions and/or thought
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Balto-Slavic
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Slavic *grě̑nь blaze, rot, puss
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East Slavic
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South Slavic
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Bulgarian гран gran rot
- Bulgarian грани́в graniv rotten, a dirty yellow or orange color
- Slovene grénək bitter
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Germanic *gruniz
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North Germanic
- Old Norse grunr doubt, uncertainty, suspicion
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Hellenic
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Classical Greek φρήν phrḗn midriff, stomach, seat of emotions and appetite, seat of the mind, will
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Classical Greek Λῠκόφρων Lukóphrōn Wolf-Mind (personal name)
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Classical Greek σώφρων sṓphrōn of sound mind, sane, prudent, sober
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Classical Greek σωφροσῠ́νη sōphrosúnē moderation, sanity, self-control, temperance
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Classical Greek φρονέω phronéō I think, I understand, I am prudent, I consider
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Classical Greek φρόνησῐς phrónēsis prudence, wisdom
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Classical Greek φρενῖτις phrenîtis inflammation of the mind, inflammation of the brain
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Latin phrenītis
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Classical Greek φρενῑτικός phrenītikós
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Latin phrenēticus mad, delirious
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Old French frenetike
- French frénétique frenetic, frantic
- English frantic
- English frenetic
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Classical Greek *phrénēsis variant of phrenītikós
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Latin phrenesis madness, delirium, frenzy
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Old French frenesie
- French frénésie frenzy
- English frenzy
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Italic xrēn
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Latin rēn kidney
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Vulgar Latin *rene
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Eastern Romance
- Romanian rână the two sides of the body
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Western Romance
- French rein kidney, lower back, waist
- Albanian rrâni kidney
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Vulgar Latin *rēniō
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Western Romance
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French rognon kidney (cooking)
- Italian rognone kidney (cooking)
- Spanish riñón kidney, hematite
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Vulgar Latin *renicāre
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Vulgar Latin *derenicāre
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Eastern Romance
- Romanian a dărâna to wear out, to exhaust
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Western Romance
- Italian direnare
- Spanish derrengar to bend, to twist, to wear out
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Latin rēnālis of the kidneys
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Latin rēniculus
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Vulgar Latin rēniclus
- Sardinian arrigu
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Eastern Romance
Visual
Collected English words
burn,
barm,
barmy,
ferment,
fermentation,
Thermos,
thermos,
Thermopylae,
thermo-,
thermometer,
thermal,
Germa,
warm,
forceps,
petit four,
hornero,
Furnarius,
furnace,
Fornax,
gore,
Lycophron,
sophrosyne,
phronesis,
phrenitis,
frantic,
frenetic,
frenzy,
renal,
adrenal,
adrenaline
Footnotes