Introduction
The PIE word *yóh₁r̥ : "year" becomes both the native English "year" and also the Latinate "hour". Fascinatingly, Greek ὥρᾱ hṓrā (whence the Latin) is also borrowed, post-Alexander, into Classical Sanskrit along with the Hellenistic-Babylonian astronomy/astrology, eventually giving such descendants as Thai โหร hǒon : "astrologer, prophet, magician"!
Teaser
year ,
hour ,
encore ,
horoscope
Full Text
Proto-Indo-European *yóh₁r̥ year
Indo-Iranian *yáHr̥
Indo-Aryan *yār
Sanskrit *yār
Sanskrit 𑀧𑀭𑁆𑀬𑀸𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻 paryāríṇī calving after a year
Iranian *yār
Avestan 𐬫𐬁𐬭𐬆 yārə year
Iranian *Hhuyārah good year (non-drought year) with PIE *h₁su-
Avestan 𐬵𐬎𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀 huiiāiriia good year, non-drought year, good harvest
Iranian *dušyārah bad year (drought year) with PIE *dus-
Avestan 𐬛𐬎𐬲𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀 dužiiāyriia bad year, drought year, bad harvest
Western Iranian
Northwestern Iranian
Parthian 𐫅𐫢𐫏𐫀𐫡 dušyār drought
Parthian dižyārīft famine
Old Persian 𐎯𐏁𐎹𐎠𐎼𐎶 dušiyāram bad year, drought year, bad harvest
Proto-Indo-European *yéh₁ros
Germanic *jērã year, the rune ᛃ
East Germanic
Gothic 𐌾𐌴𐍂 jēr year, the letter 𐌾
North Germanic
Old Norse ár year, harvest, abundance, the rune ᛡ
Danish år year
Icelandic ár year
West Germanic
Old English ġēar year, the rune ᛡ
English year
Old English ġeāra long ago "of years"?
Frankish *jār
Old High German jār year
German Jahr year
Yiddish יאָר yor year
English Jera the rune ᛃ/ᛡ/ᛄ/ᛅ
Proto-Indo-European *yóh₁ros
Balto-Slavic *jāˀrā́ˀ
Slavic *jȃro spring
East Slavic ꙗра jara spring
South Slavic
Serbo-Croatian ја̏ра jȁra spring
West Slavic
Hellenic
Ancient Greek ὥρᾱ hṓrā any period of time, season, climate, time of day, youth
Koine Greek
Greek ώρα óra hour, time
Latin hōra hour, time, season
Sardinian òra
Eastern Romance
Romanian oară time, instant, instance
Albanian herë time
Western Romance
Old French ore
French heure hour, time, o'clock
Haitian Creole lè hour, when
Middle English
English hour
Scots oor hour
Italian ora hour, time, now
Spanish hora hour, time, appointment
Cebuano oras hour, duration, instant
Navajo óola hour, o'clock
Quechua ura hour
Tagalog oras time, hour
Tagalog orasan clock, to time
Latin ad hanc hōram at this hour, at this time
Latin in hanc hōram at this hour, at this time
Western Romance
French encore still, again, yet
Italian ancora still, again, more, yet, even
Latin hāc hōram as of this hour, as of this time
Albanian orë hour, clock
Basque oren hour
Brythonic *ọr
Old Irish úar hour, time, occasion
Latin ad illam hōram at that hour
Western Romance
French alors then, so, hence
Italian allora so, well then, then, at the time
Spanish alora then, at that moment
Sanskrit 𑀳𑁄𑀭𑀸 horā rising of an astrological sign, hour, mark, horoscope, astrology
Pali 𑀳𑁄𑀭𑀸 horā
Burmese ဟူးရား hu:ra: astrology, astrologer, soothsayer
Old Khmer
Thai โหร hǒon astrologer, prophet, magician
Hindi होरा horā astrology, hora
Telugu హోర hōra hour
Middle Chinese 火羅 hua la astrology, hora
English hora
Koine Greek ὡρολόγιον hōrológion clock, mechanism for telling time
Greek ρολόι rolói clock, timepiece, wristwatch, clock tower, meter
Latin horologium clock, mechanism for telling time, waterclock, sundial
Eastern Romance
Western Romance
Old French
French horloge clock, timepiece
Dutch horloge watch
English horologe
Italian orologio clock
Old Occitan relotge
Basque erloju clock, watch
Spanish reloj clock, watch
Sicilian ralogiu clock, watch
Latin horologia
Koine Greek ὡροσκόπος hōroskópos
Medieval Latin horoscopus
English horo-
Italic *jōros year
Italic *jōrnos year (attributive)
Italic *ho-jōrnos this year (attributive), this year's
Latin hōrnus this year's, grown this year
Visual
Collected English words
year ,
yore ,
Jera ,
hour ,
encore ,
hora ,
horologe ,
horology ,
horoscope ,
horo-
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