Introduction
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ew: "away from, since, again" cannot be formally tied to *h₂epó: "off, away", but the similarity is suggestive. Perhaps Pre-Proto-Indo-European *b became either *p (by fortition) or *w (by lenition) in almost all cases, accounting for the paucity of *b in PIE.
In any case, the later (re?)-merger of the two etymons in Italic and Celtic convinced me to present them together.
Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwh₂os: "maternal grandfather, maternal uncle" similarly merges with *h₂ew: "from" in the Irish ó/ua, and has plausible semantic relationship, so I've included that also even though I don't have an explanation for where the *-h₂os came from.
The root *h₂ews-: "sunrise" is probably also connected, especially in light of *h₂éwgeh₂: "sunrise, dawn"
Teaser
nickname,
autism,
negotiate,
uncle,
author,
August,
Yugoslavia,
waist,
of,
off,
bodega,
alert,
avocation,
position,
after,
awkward
Full Text
-
Pre-Proto-Indo-European *h₂eb-?
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ew away from, since, again
- Old Armenian հաւ haw beginning, rise, origin
-
Balto-Slavic *au
-
Slavic *u away from, at, near
-
East Slavic
- Russian у u at, by, near, from, of, belonging to
- Ukrainian у u in, at phonological merger with *vъ from PIE *h₁én: "in"
-
South Slavic
- Bulgarian у u at the home of, chez, with, among, in the possession of
- Serbo-Croatian у u at the home of, chez partially merged with *vъ from PIE *h₁én: "in"
- Czech u at, by
- Polish u of, by, at, with, chez, from, among
-
Celtic *aw of, from
-
Brythonic
-
Old Irish ó from, of, with, since, after
-
Hellenic
- Classical Greek αὖ again, in turn, further, on the other hand
-
Indo-Iranian *Hu
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ew- away from, since, again prefix
-
Pre-Albanian *awa-
-
Balto-Slavic *au- away from
-
East Baltic
-
West Baltic
-
Old Prussian *au-
- Old Prussian aumūsnan washing off, ablution
- Old Prussian auklextes chaff, waste from winnowing
-
Sudovian *au-
- Sudovian aucima village, countryside
-
Italic *au-
- Latin au- from, away, off, completely
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ew-ge with intensifying particle <*g(ʰ
-
Germanic *auk and, but, also, furthermore
-
East Germanic
- Gothic 𐌰𐌿𐌺 auk because, but, but also
-
North Germanic
-
Old Norse auk and
- Danish og and, also
- Icelandic auk in addition to
- Icelandic og and
-
West Germanic
-
Old English ēac also, too, either, along with
-
Middle English eke
-
Middle English ekename nickname, an additional name
- English nickname by rebracketing an ekename to a nekename and then further modification
-
Frankish *ōk
- Dutch ook also, too, either
-
Old High German ouh
- German auch also, too, even
-
Yiddish אויך oykh also, even
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ew-kʷe
-
Hellenic
- Classical Greek αὖτε aûte again, furthermore, on the other hand
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewti(s)
-
Hellenic
- Classical Greek αὖτις back, again, in turn
- Classical Greek αὖτε aûte again, furthermore, on the other hand
-
Italic *auti either, or
-
Latin aut or, otherwise, else
-
Central Romance
-
Insular Romance
- Sardinian a question marker
-
Eastern Romance
- Romanian au really? or (archaic)
-
Western Romance
- French ou or
- Spanish o or
- Oscan aut(i) but, or
- Umbrian ute or
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewtos
-
Hellenic
-
Classical Greek αὐτός autós self, the same, he/she/it
- Greek αυτός aftós this, that, he/she/it
-
German Autismus
-
Greek και αυτός ποιος and who is this one?, who's this clown?
-
Turkish kıtıpiyos ordinary, unimportant, worthless
- Laz კიტიპიროზი ǩiťip̌irozi stingy
- Laz ხიტიპიჲოზი xiťip̌iyozi swindler, conman
- Phrygian αυτος autos self
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewtyos left behind, deserted, empty
-
Germanic *auþijaz empty, deserted, barren, void
-
East Germanic
- Gothic 𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌴𐌹𐍃 auþeis deserted, barren, wild
-
North Germanic
-
Old Norse auðr desolate
- Danish øde desolate, waste, wilderness
- Icelandic auður empty, desolate
-
Old East Norse *auðkin desert
-
West Germanic
- Old English īeþe empty, barren
-
Old High German ōdi empty, desolate, void
- German öde empty, bleak, deserted, dull, tedious
-
Finnic *autijo deserted, desolate, uninhabited
- Finnish autio desolate, empty, abandoned
-
Samic *awta
-
Samic *vuovtē forest
- Northern Sami vuovdi forest
-
Hellenic *awtsios
- Classical Greek αὔσιος aúsios idle
-
Italic *autiom
-
Latin ōtium leisure, free time, idleness, peace
- Italian ozio sloth, idleness
- Spanish ocio leisure, recreation, diversion
-
Latin negōtium business, labor, trouble "not leisure"
-
Central Romance
- Italian negozio shop, store, deal, transaction
- French négoce business
-
Latin negotiari to do business, to trade, to bank
-
Central Romance
- Italian negoziàre to negotiate, to trade, to deal
-
Eastern Romance
- Romanian a neguța to engage in trade, to bargain, to negotiate
- French négocier to negotiate
-
Latin negotiatus past participle
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewo
-
Celtic *aw
- Old Irish úa from, from their, of which
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwh₂(o)s maternal grandfather, maternal uncle
-
Anatolian
- Hittite 𒄷𒄴𒄩𒀸 ḫu-uḫ-ḫa-as grandfather
-
Luwian
- Cuneiform Luwian 𒄷𒌋𒄩 ḫūḫa- grandfather
- Hieroglyphic Luwian 𔕳𔓷 huha- grandfather
-
Lydian 𐤨𐤰𐤨𐤠𐤮 kukaś grandfather, personal name: Grandfather
- Akkadian 𒄖(𒊌)𒄖 gu-(ug)-gu Gyges
-
Classical Greek Γύγης Gúgēs
-
Old Armenian հաւ haw grandfather, ancestor, uncle
- Armenian հավ hav
-
Old Armenian *havuk diminutive/affectionate
- Cappadocian Greek αβούκα avoúka grandfather
-
Italic *awos
-
Latin avus
-
Latin avunculus partly, but mostly from lost <*awō(n
-
Vulgar Latin *unculus uncle
-
Eastern Romance
- Romanian unchi
-
Old Albanian ungël
-
Western Romance
-
Old French oncle uncle
-
French oncle uncle
-
German Onkel uncle
- Yiddish אָנקל onkl uncle
-
English uncle
- Hawaiʻian ʻanakala uncle
- Irish uncail uncle
-
Tocharian
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwh₂eh₂ grandmother, aunt
-
Germanic *awǭ
-
East Germanic
- Gothic 𐌰𐍅𐍉 awō grandmother
-
Italic *awā
-
Latin ava grandmother, old wive's tale
-
Central Romance
- Italian ava female ancestor, ancestress
-
Insular Romance
- Sardinian aba grandmother
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwh₂ō oblique stem *h₂uh₂n-
-
Celtic *awū (maternal) uncle
-
Celtic *altrawū foster uncle with *altros: "foster", related to Latin alma mater, English old
-
Brythonic *alltrọw
- Welsh athro teacher, professor
-
Middle Irish altra foster father
-
Middle Irish banaltra foster-mother, nurse lit. "woman-foster-uncle"
-
Irish banaltra (female) nurse
- Irish banaltra fir (male) nurse lit. "woman-foster-uncle of man"
-
Celtic *awontīr (maternal) uncle with agentive *-tīr, "uncler"
-
Brythonic *ọɨntir
- Old Irish amnair maternal uncle
-
Germanic *awô grandfather
-
North Germanic
- Old Norse ái great-grandfather
-
Germanic *awahaimaz maternal uncle with *haimaz: "home"
-
West Germanic *auhaim
-
Old English ēam (maternal) uncle
- Scots eme maternal uncle, friend
-
Frankish *ōm
- Old High German ōheim uncle
-
Italic *awō oblique stem *awun-
-
Italic *awunkolos
-
Latin avunculus partly, but mostly from lost <*awō(n
-
Vulgar Latin *unculus uncle
-
Eastern Romance
- Romanian unchi
-
Old Albanian ungël
-
Western Romance
-
Old French oncle uncle
-
French oncle uncle
-
German Onkel uncle
- Yiddish אָנקל onkl uncle
-
English uncle
- Hawaiʻian ʻanakala uncle
- Irish uncail uncle
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewh₂yós
-
Balto-Slavic *auˀis maternal uncle
-
West Baltic
- Old Prussian awis uncle
-
Slavic *ujь maternal uncle
-
East Slavic
- Ukrainian вуй vuj maternal uncle, old man
-
West Slavic
- Polish wuj maternal uncle
-
Slavic *ujьkъ
-
South Slavic
- Bulgarian вуйчо vujčo maternal uncle
- Serbo-Croatian ујак ujak maternal uncle
-
West Slavic
-
Balto-Slavic *auˀinas
-
East Baltic
- Lithuanian avynas maternal uncle
-
Celtic *auyos descendant, grandchild
-
Brythonic *uwer with excrescent *r or instead from *ɸuweros cognate to Latin puer: "child, boy"
- Gaulish aua grandaughter
-
Primitive Irish ᚐᚃᚔ avi descendant
-
Old Irish aue grandson, descendent
-
Irish ó
-
Irish Ó
-
Irish iníon uí daughter of descendant of
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂wg-
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewg- to increase, to enlarge
-
Germanic *auk and, but, also, furthermore
-
East Germanic
- Gothic 𐌰𐌿𐌺 auk because, but, but also
-
North Germanic
-
Old Norse auk and
- Danish og and, also
- Icelandic auk in addition to
- Icelandic og and
-
West Germanic
-
Old English ēac also, too, either, along with
-
Middle English eke
-
Middle English ekename nickname, an additional name
- English nickname by rebracketing an ekename to a nekename and then further modification
-
Frankish *ōk
- Dutch ook also, too, either
-
Old High German ouh
- German auch also, too, even
-
Yiddish אויך oykh also, even
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwgeti primary verb
-
Balto-Slavic *augtei
-
Germanic *aukaną to increase, to grow
-
East Germanic
- Gothic 𐌰𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽 aukan to increase, to grow
-
North Germanic
-
Old Norse auka to add, to increase, to surpass
- Danish øge to increase, to enhance
- Icelandic auka to increase, to augment
-
West Germanic
-
Old English ēacan to increase, to enlarge, to become pregnant
- Frankish *ōkan
- Old High German ouhhan
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ugséti se imperfective
-
Hellenic
- Classical Greek αὐξάνω auxánō to make grow, to increase, to promote, to honor
-
Indo-Iranian *Hukšáti
-
Indo-Aryan
- Sanskrit 𑀉𑀓𑁆𑀱𑀢𑀺 ukṣati to be strong
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂owgéyeti causative
-
Italic *augezi
-
Latin augēre to increase, to augment, to spread, to strengthen, to enrich
-
Latin augmentum an increase, a growth, an augmentation
- English augment
-
Latin augmentare
-
Latin auxilium help, aid, remedy
-
Latin auxiliarius assistant, ally, auxiliary
-
Latin auctor creator, originator, author, vendor
- English author unetymologic h, possibly by conflation with unrelated authentic
- English auteur
-
Latin auctoritas credibility, prestige, reputation, power, authority
-
Latin auctorizo
- English octroy
- English authorize
-
Latin auctio an increase, a profit, an auction
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ugrós large, strengthened adjective
- Indo-Iranian *Hugrás powerful, strong
- Venetic 𐌀𐌖𐌙𐌀𐌓 augar uncertain meaning on a votive offering
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwgos an increase noun
- Indo-Iranian *Háwǰas
-
Italic *augos an increase
- Latin augur
-
Italic *augostos increased
-
Latin augustus
- English august
- English Augustus
- English August
- English Aosta
-
Latin Caesaraugusta place name
- English Kaiseraugst
- English Saragossa
- English Zaragoza
-
Latin Augusta Vindelicorum place name
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwgō an increase noun
-
Germanic *aukô increase, addition
-
North Germanic
-
Old Norse auki
- Icelandic auki increase, addition
-
West Germanic
-
Old English ēaca addition, increase, supplement
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwgeh₂ sunrise, dawn secondary noun: collective or feminine
-
Pre-Albanian *(h)aug-
-
Albanian ag dawn, predawn light, shine, fog, pupils
-
Albanian vegoj to appear, to look blurry, to barely see
- Albanian vegim mirage, illusion, dream
-
Albanian agull dawn, predawn light, fog diminutive
- Albanian vagëlloj to barely see, to blink, to glow dimly, to dim, to weaken
-
Hellenic
-
Classical Greek αὐγή augḗ sunlight, dawn, sheen
- Greek αυγή avgí dawn, beginning
-
Balto-Slavic
-
Slavic *jùgъ south, south wind
-
South Slavic
- Bulgarian юг jug south
-
Serbo-Croatian југ jug south
-
Serbo-Croatian Југославија Jugoslavija
- Albanian jug south
-
West Slavic
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwgs-
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ugstos grown adjective
-
Balto-Slavic
-
East Baltic
- Lithuanian áukštas high, tall, noble
-
Finno-Ugric *kawsa-
-
Finno-Ugric *kaswa- regular metathesis
-
Finnic *kasva- to grow
- Finnish kasvaa to grow, to become, to increment
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂weg-
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂wégseti se imperfective
-
Germanic *wahsijaną
-
West Germanic
-
Old English weaxan to grow
-
Hellenic *awéksō
- Classical Greek αὔξω aúxō to increase, to promote archaic
-
Indo-Iranian *Hwakšáyati
-
Iranian
- Avestan 𐬎𐬑𐬱𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬍 uxšiieitī grows
-
Western Iranian
- Persian وخشیدن vaxšidan to grow (archaic)
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂wégses
-
Indo-Iranian *Hwákšas
-
Indo-Aryan
-
Sanskrit 𑀯𑀓𑁆𑀱𑀲𑁆 vákṣas chest, breast
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂wégstus result noun
-
Germanic *wahstuz size, growth
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂wegrom
-
Celtic *wegrom grass, hay
-
Brythonic *gweɣr
-
Old Irish fér grass
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂wógros
-
Germanic *wōkraz gain, yield, offspring, interest, usury
-
East Germanic
-
North Germanic
-
Old Norse okr
- Danish åger usury
- Icelandic okur usury
- Middle English o(c)ker
-
West Germanic
- Old English wōcor
-
Frankish *wōkar
-
Old High German wuohhar
- German Wucher usury, price-gouging
- Yiddish וואָכער vokher
-
Finnic *vookra
- Finnish vuokra lease, rent
-
Proto-Indo-European
-
Balto-Slavic
- Slavic *ovoťe fruit, yield
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó off, away
-
Anatolian
- Hittite 𒀀𒀊𒉺 a-ap-pa behind, afterward, back, again
-
Luwian
- Cuneiform Luwian 𒀀𒀊𒉺 a-ap-pa back, again
-
Pre-Albanian *apa
- Albanian pa without, minus, not including
-
Pre-Albanian *pər apa lit. "front away"
- Albanian prapë again, back, anew
-
Celtic *aw of, from
-
Brythonic
-
Old Irish ó from, of, with, since, after
-
Germanic *ab
-
Hellenic *apó
- Mycenaean Greek 𐀀𐀢 a-pu from
-
Classical Greek ἀπό apó from, away, because of
- Greek από
-
Classical Greek ἀπο- apo-
-
Classical Greek ἀφαιρέω aphairéō I take away, I deprive, I rob, I abstract away
-
Classical Greek ἀφορίζω aphorízō I mark off, I set apart, I define
-
Classical Greek ἀποκαλύπτω apokalúptō I reveal, I disclose
-
Classical Greek ἀποκόπτω apokóptō I cut off
-
Classical Greek ἀπολογία apologíā speech in defense of something, justification, apology
-
Classical Greek ἀποπλήσσω apoplḗssō I strike down, I cripple, I become dazed
-
Classical Greek ἀπόπτωσις apóptōsis a falling away, a depositing, a vanishing
-
Classical Greek ἀφίστημι aphístēmi I stand away, I depart
-
Classical Greek ἀποστρέφω apostréphō I turn away
-
Classical Greek ἀποθεόω apotheóō I deify, I make a god
-
Classical Greek ἀποθήκη apothḗkē repository, warehouse "put away"
- English apothecary
- English boutique
- English bodega
-
Classical Greek ἀποτρέπω I cause to turn away, I halt
-
Indo-Iranian *Hapá off, away, from
-
Indo-Aryan
- Sanskrit 𑀅𑀧- apa- away, off, back, down
-
Iranian
- Avestan 𐬀𐬞𐬀 apa
-
Western Iranian
- Old Persian 𐎠𐎱 a-p(a) away
- Armenian ապա apa then, after that, so, therefore, however, but but also compare Georgian აბა aba: "so, well, right"
-
Italic
-
Latin ab from, with, out of, after, at
-
Central Romance
-
Italian a to, at, with, by
- English a cappella
- English alarm
- English alert
-
Western Romance
-
French à to, on, at, in
- French aujourd’hui today
- English a la mode
- English apropos
- Spanish a
-
Latin ab-
-
Latin abundare
- English abound
- English abundance
-
Latin avocare
-
Latin amanuensis
-
Latin absolvere
- Latin au- from, away, off, completely
- Messapian ΑΠΑ apa from, out of, by
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂pó
- Balto-Slavic *pa
- Celtic *φo
-
Italic *po
- Latin po- off, away
-
Italic *pozinezi "away-put"
-
Latin pōnere to place, to put, to ordain, to set up passive participle: positus
- English post
- English posit
-
Latin positiō position, place, framing, attitude
-
Latin compōner "place together"
-
Latin dēpōnere "place away"
- English depose
- English deposit
- English deponent
-
Latin dispōnere "place apart"
-
Latin expōnere "place out"
- English expose
- English expound
- English exposition
-
Latin impōnere "place in"
-
Latin oppōnere "place against"
- English oppose
- English opponent
-
Latin postpōnere "place after"
-
Latin praepōnere "place before"
-
Latin prōpōnere "place forward"
-
Latin repōnere "place back"
-
Latin suppōnere "place under"
-
Latin trānspōnere "place across"
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂poneh₁
-
Germanic *fanē from
-
West Germanic
-
Frankish *fan
-
Old High German fon
- German von from, of, by, with
- Yiddish פֿון fun of, from, by
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂eps
-
Hellenic
- Classical Greek ἄψ áps back, again, in return
-
Italic
- Latin abs archaic alternative to ab
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂eperos
-
Germanic *aferą
-
East Germanic
- Gothic 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 afar after, following, according to
- North Germanic
-
West Germanic
-
Old High German aber
- German aber but, however, though, again, to a surprising degree
-
Indo-Iranian *áparas
-
Indo-Aryan
-
Sanskrit 𑀅𑀧𑀭 ápara later, following, another, different, western, distant
-
Magadhi *avara
- Bengali আর ar and
- Bengali ও ō and, also
-
Sauraseni 𑀅𑀯𑀭 avara
-
Madhya Sauraseni
- Hindi और aur other, more, and
-
Northwestern Sauraseni
- Punjabi ਹੋਰ hor more, another, different
-
Western Sauraseni
- Telugu అపరము aparamu other, another
-
Iranian
- Avestan 𐬀𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬀 apara later, further back
-
Western Iranian
- Old Persian 𐎠𐎱𐎼 apara later, after
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂epteros contrastive
-
Germanic *afteraz back, behind
-
Germanic *after after, behind locative adverb
-
North Germanic ᚨᚠᛏᛖᚱ after after on the Tune Stone
- Old Norse eptir after, afterwards, along
-
West Germanic
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂epotm̥mos furthest back, furthest away
-
Indo-Iranian *Hapatamás
-
Iranian
-
Western Iranian
-
Old Persian *apatama
- Persian افدم afdom last, end, oldest, finale
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂épyeh₂ an awaying? a turning back?
-
Germanic *abjǭ an ebb
-
North Germanic
-
West Germanic *abbjā
-
Old English ebba an ebb, a tide
-
Finnic *apaja bay, fishing spot
- Finnish apaja fishing spot, fishing waters
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂époh₃kʷos looking back
-
Balto-Slavic
-
East Baltic
- Lithuanian apúokas eagle owl for being able to turn their head around and look backward
-
Slavic *opakъ
-
South Slavic
- Serbo-Croatian опак opak wicked, spiteful, severe
-
Germanic *abuhaz backwards, inverted, wicked
-
East Germanic
- Gothic 𐌹𐌱𐌿𐌺𐍃 ibuks backward, back
-
North Germanic
-
Old Norse ǫfugr backward, unkind, harsh
- Danish avet backward
- Icelandic öfugur backward, inverted, wrong, inside out, queer
-
English awk
-
West Germanic
-
Indo-Iranian
-
Indo-Aryan
- Sanskrit 𑀅𑀧𑀸𑀜𑁆𑀘𑁆 apāñc facing backward, behind, western
Visual
Collected English words
nickname,
autism,
negotiate,
Gyges,
uncle,
O'-,
eke (out),
augment,
augment,
auxiliary,
author,
auteur,
authority,
octroy,
authorize,
auction,
august,
Augustus,
August,
Aosta,
Kaiseraugst,
Saragossa,
Zaragoza,
Augsburg,
Yugoslavia,
wax,
waist,
of,
off,
apheresis,
aphorism,
apocalypse,
apocope,
apology,
apoplexy,
apoptosis,
apostate,
apostrophe,
apotheosis,
apothecary,
boutique,
bodega,
apotropaic,
a cappella,
alarm,
alert,
a la mode,
apropos,
abound,
abundance,
avocation,
amanuensis,
absolve,
post,
posit,
position,
compose,
depose,
deposit,
deponent,
dispose,
expose,
expound,
exposition,
impose,
oppose,
opponent,
postpone,
preposition,
propose,
repose,
suppose,
transpose,
after,
ebb,
awk,
awkward
Footnotes